Position Paper for the Federative Republic of Brazil
20001549402000200660Position Paper for the Federative Republic of BrazilTexas A&M University-Commerce6900096000Position Paper for the Federative Republic of BrazilTexas A&M University-Commerce730005673725centerOctober 25, 20192420096000October 25, 2019Federative Republic of Brazil Position Paper, Page One I. GENERAL STATEMENTThe Delegation of Brazil is excited to be present at this year’s meeting of the Organization of American States (OAS) and eager to work toward solutions that unite the Organization and the hemisphere as a whole. Since 2018, the Delegation of Brazil installed the brilliant leadership of Jair Bolsonaro, a refreshing new face of Brazil who is determined to solve old problems with innovative solutions and who ran his successful campaign on a promise to eliminate corruption. President Bolsonaro survived a brutal stabbing attack over the course of his campaign, though this violent act failed to remove him from a path toward the presidency; he is now the image of a new Brazil with stronger laws and an improved justice system, an improved economy, and reinforced borders on all sides of the Brazilian state. The Delegation of Brazil is proud to come from a state that serves as the example to many, and to work with others to further build up the Organization of American States into a successful, well-maintained organization whose collective security and economic support system is lauded at the intercontinental level. The recent destruction of the Amazon is a dreadful blow to the people of the Federative Republic of Brazil and the Brazilian state is still looking for methods to recover from such an unprecedented destruction of nature. The Delegation of Brazil is healing internally from these events, but are inspired by the strength of other OAS states, hopeful that this conference will produce healing in the realm of external and interstate events and issues. The people of the Federative Republic of Brazil are united in the struggle against a loss of natural resources, and this Delegation aims toward an Organization of American States that embraces and jointly handles similar threats. The Amazon is a feature unique to the Western Hemisphere, a large majority of which is in the state of Brazil, and President Bolsonaro is hopeful that this unfortunately newly-cleared land can be repurposed to allow for corporate investment and invigoration of the Federative Republic of Brazil’s and the Organization of American States’ economy. The Delegation of Brazil is proud to be one of the two new Latin American representatives to the United Nations Human Rights Council, an historic victory for President Bolsonaro and the largest country in South America. This acknowledgement is a testament to the power of President Bolsonaro and his effective administration, and the Delegation of Brazil is proud to pave the way for other OAS states toward international recognition and influence on the global stage. Many thanks to all of the states with representatives at this meeting of the Organization of American States that allowed the Federative Republic of Brazil an opportunity to work toward solutions to benefit the region and Organization for years to come. Though each state’s administration serves short terms, it is within the Organization of American States that the greatest and longest-lasting impact can be made to serve all sovereign states and their people.II. PARTICULAR STATEMENTSA. Committee: General Committee (GC) Federative Republic of Brazil Position Paper, Page Two Topic A: Ensuring Fair and Transparent Campaigns and ElectionsThe Delegation of Brazil is proud to be an exemplary model of free and transparent elections for other countries in the Organization of American States (OAS). Brazil is a state with an extensive history of election processes that, by comparison, are favorable to those which occur in other parts of the globe. Even during the most recent military dictatorship in Brazil, though a regime type frowned upon by “democratic” countries, officials served under the constraints of term limits and came to power as the result of election by an Electoral College. Brazil is honored to be an example of how elections should work in all countries of the OAS, and is eager to help other states quash campaign and election corruption as has Brazil. The Delegation of Brazil recognizes that previously-elected officials orchestrated heinous corrupt schemes, including Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva who is currently serving a prison sentence for his actions that are detrimental to the state of Brazil and to preserving faith in Brazil’s election process. The former president is an unfortunate example of the depth to which corruption plagues the Brazilian political system, and the Delegation of Brazil is wholeheartedly committed to ridding Brazil of corruption that seems to present itself alongside the Workers’ Party of Brazil. Campaigns and elections are not the problem in Brazil as the current president’s rise to power is without corruption or election fraud, as is the case historically in the Federative Republic of Brazil; it is instead the individuals who use their positions of power to take part in corrupt activities who erode faith in the institutions of Brazil. Public opinion continues to envelop the Brazilian government in an overwhelming feeling of contempt and mistrust, and it is the job of the Federative Republic of Brazil to put forth candidates who, like the new president, can continue to represent a culture of truly free and transparent elections. Elections in 2018 were a step in the right direction, with a recognition from the OAS calling it a “peaceful vote” and reaffirming the fact that the Federative Republic of Brazil’s elections are, in fact, free and transparent.Despite what lies journalists might spread to increase their ratings and secure their jobs, the Delegation of Brazil obtained their positions in the government as a result of the 2018 election without help from WhatsApp or “social media disinformation” as critics of the Bolsonaro presidency have labeled it. In 2000, Brazil became the first country to use an all-electronic voting system, an impartial addition to the Federative Republic of Brazil’s election process. Had President Bolsonaro lost the election in 2018, the Delegation of Brazil would believe that these machines had been rigged as a result of being made in Venezuela, and the Delegation would demand a change in the system to ensure that the Workers’ Party is unable to continue their corrupt doings via the presidency. Since widespread support in Brazil and the Federative Republic of Brazil Position Paper, Page Three results of the elections fall in line with one another, however, electronic voting will maintain its presence in Brazilian elections. The Delegation of Brazil will wait until 2022 to see if these systems are still accurate or if there is another, more precise way of counting votes. In the meantime, President Bolsonaro will continue to fight for legislation to provide voters with printed receipts after registering their votes so that the people can know and respect the Delegation of Brazil as the rightful leaders of the country. The Delegation of Brazil maintains that it will do whatever it deems necessary to ensure free and transparent elections and campaigns in the Federative Republic of Brazil.With regard to free and transparent elections, it is imperative that candidates are protected from violence by the criminal and left-influenced masses. President Bolsonaro became the victim of a brutal stabbing incident in September of 2018 that left him with a blood pressure of 10/3 and close to death. This violence cannot go unmet by punishment and condemnation, and in order for Brazil to maintain free and transparent campaigns and elections, candidates must be protected from any opposition that might resort to violence. A system that is to continue its reputation for free and transparent elections cannot allow its candidates to be attacked, especially since this might become a last-resort political tactic for opposition parties. The Federative Republic of Brazil allows citizens sixteen years of age and older to vote in all elections and requires all citizens 18 years old to 70 years old to partake in the voting process. This compulsory system is a source of national pride for the Delegation of Brazil in that the Delegation won the majority of votes from all ages. This compulsory voting will prohibit any citizen who feels that their rights and social status might have been threatened by previous presidents from not voting in an election. It is possible that past presidents thought they had the best interests of the people of Brazil at heart, but elections are only free and transparent if the people are able to vote in contrast to the parties of prior presidents without intimidation. The Delegation of Brazil is thrilled to serve as an example to others with its free and transparent elections that allowed a president with a new vision to take his rightful place on the stage. The Delegation hopes that the OAS will take a proactive role in ensuring that all populations of the member states reserve the right to elect leadership like President ic B: Addressing the Problems of a Shrinking OAS BudgetThe Delegation of Brazil understands that ample funding is needing to prevent a shrinking Organization of American States (OAS) budget, but is concerned by both the lack of funding from some states and the hefty amount of money budgeted for subprograms that contribute little to OAS advancement. The United States is the largest contributor to OAS funding, followed by Brazil, though the responsibility to supply monetary support to the organization of which every twenty-one states is a part is shirked by many member states. As stated in Chapter IV, Article 10 of the Charter of the OAS, “States are juridically equal, enjoy Federative Republic of Brazil Position Paper, Page Four equal rights and equal capacity to exercise these rights, and have equal duties. The rights of each State depend not upon its power to ensure the exercise thereof, but upon the mere fact of its existence as a person under international law.” It is emphasized greatly that each member state of the OAS is equal in numerous capacities, and it is this equality that the Delegation of Brazil is eager to maintain as the body of the OAS moves into discussion of a shrinking budget. If states wish to maintain such equality between sovereign nations, then each member state should be obligated to provide an equal percentage of the funding so that the larger states, like the Federative Republic of Brazil, are not more financially obligated than any other. If it is equality that the OAS seeks to maintain among the hemisphere, then this equality should be considered with regard to funding the OAS and solving the problem of a shrinking OAS budget. In addition to increased contributions from states who need to commit funding in addition to simply making a physical appearance at the yearly meeting of the OAS, there are certain programs under the OAS umbrella which fail to contribute much substance to the goals of the Organization. The Inter-American Court of Human Rights receives USD $6,974,200 from the OAS each year for their activities, though the Delegation of Brazil deems this excessive for states that are no longer underdeveloped. The 21st century brought leadership to the majority of states in the OAS that allow equality and recognize human rights in an unprecedented manner, and there is little need for the large amounts of funding to be given to this particular Court. If the Inter-American Court of Human Rights receives less funding in the coming years, then it is only logical for the Secretariat for Access to Rights and Equity to be relieved of the USD $1,541,600 it is receiving in funding per the 2019 OAS budget.In addition to this, women have achieved equal treatment in the social and political arenas—including a past female president in Brazil—and there is little reason to continue the nearly million and a half dollar spending on the Inter-American Commission of Women (CIM). Women are an integral part of society, and the continued funding of this program belittles women into thinking that they are weak by needing their own, special council under the OAS. Perhaps a gradual scale-back of funding to this council is the answer to the problem at hand.There are various ways that can be implemented to solve the problem of a shrinking OAS budget, but this requires bold moves from member states and innovative methods of approaching financial troubles. It is a proud stance to be a member of the OAS, but the Organization must take it upon itself to ensure that states cannot mooch off contributions from other states or blindly continue to fund programs in which the benefits do not prove to outweigh the heavy cost. Federative Republic of Brazil Position Paper, Page Five B. Committee: Executive Secretariat for Integral Development (SEDI)Topic A: Promoting Youth Participation in Government and CivicsThe Delegation of Brazil respects the Organization of American States (OAS) for expressing concern over youth participation in government and would like to assure the OAS that the Delegation of Brazil is addressing this concern actively through the promotion of higher education and reducing the unemployment rate among youth. The Delegation firmly believes that the youth’s time is better spent furthering their education and working, and is committed to providing as many resources to Brazilian youth as possible to assure that they can pursue an array of careers and educational opportunities that allow them to fulfill their civic duties without becoming too immersed in political processes they fail to understand. Brazil’s recent pension reform bill plans to cut funding to social security and will allow for more of the budget to be put towards youth and the development of more youth programs. Programs implemented in the past include the ID Jovem program, allowing young people from low-income families to have half price admission to culture, sports, and art events and free or reduced public transportation, and the Bolsa Familia Value Family Grant, which allows families to escape poverty by giving them access to a sum of money awarded by the federal government. Both of these programs are in use today and have been valuable in improving living conditions of young people in Brazil, and have allowed the youth to focus more on their studies and on gaining employment. The youth in Brazil will be the leaders of tomorrow, but for today, they are not adequately suited to take part in government and civics apart from their role in voting processes and fulfilling their civic duties through careers and attending college. Keeping students in school for longer will prevent younger populations from prematurely involving themselves in politics and disallow immature persons from overthrowing a government that is better led by more experienced and dedicated politicians like President Bolsonaro. Investing in their education and occupation opportunities will not only lead them down the path of future success in government, but it will enable Brazil to improve its unemployment rates and college education rates in youth. Dissuading younger generations from pursuing active roles in politics is not synonymous with the Delegation of Brazil ignoring this important age group. In fact, in 2013, Pope Francis hosted World Youth Day in Rio de Janeiro, amassing a crowd of three million people. At World Youth Day, attendees participated in community service events, went to mass at the Federative Republic of Brazil Position Paper, Page Six church, and enjoyed other festival activities. The Delegation of Brazil is honored to have hosted such an event as Brazil remains the largest Roman Catholic country in the world, proof of its continuing strong relationship with the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church is an important institution in Brazil because it provides stability and structure in the upbringing of children, and provides an example for younger generations to respect their elders and leadership as is required with regard to the Brazilian government. World Youth Day being hosted in Brazil is proof of a working relationship between the youth and the government, an example of increased efforts to support the community through events like these that advance the general welfare of the Federative Republic of Brazil. The Delegation of Brazil admits that Brazil has suffered from a strained relationship with this group of individuals in the past, but with an increased budget to allot more spending on youth and opportunities to keep them from ignorantly joining street protests or speaking out against the government, the Delegation hopes to strengthen this relationship and improve the lives of young people. The Delegation of Brazil recognizes the OAS’ emphasis on the importance of younger populations, but is hesitant to fund programs to directly support youth involvement in government and civics. The role of the youth in the context of government and civics is to learn about such institutions in classrooms and the acquisition of wages so that they can learn from real leaders and be prepared when it is actually their time to make an impact. Topic B: Encouraging the Growth of Micro- and Small- Business DevelopmentThe Delegation of Brazil recognizes the goal of the Organization of American States (OAS) to encourage the growth of micro- and small- businesses. The Delegation also recognizes that socio-economic discrepancies that exist within the Brazilian population are disturbingly overexaggerated, but are being handled by the Delegation of Brazil. The Delegation of Brazil would like to note that the distribution of wealth, specifically to the richest quintile, has decreased by 0.5 percent since 2017, which is a great achievement by the Delegation of Brazil. Additionally, per the World Bank’s report from 2017, the number of Brazilian citizens living in poverty decreased by 27.5 million people from 1990 to 2017, clear evidence of Brazil’s gradual economic growth.?The Delegation of Brazil, when under the presidency of the corrupt Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, established programs such as Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (PRONAF), also known as the National Plan for Family Farming. This program made tangible the country’s desire to increase and strengthen food security by helping small producers increase their food production supply. PRONAF offered rural credit and loans to family farms with the intention of helping them maximize profit, and developed agricultural sustainability regarding agriculture and livestock. Recently, as of 2017, the Delegation of Brazil developed Federative Republic of Brazil Position Paper, Page SevenPRONAF into a multi-year plan” which is currently valid until 2020. Due to PRONAF’s affiliation with the corrupt regime of former President Da Silva, however, the Delegation of Brazil will not renew PRONAF in 2020 because of its connection to money laundering and the unethical Workers’ Party. The Delegation of Brazil finds that it would be in the country’s best interest if Brazil’s time and resources were spent encouraging growth in larger business practices that would be far more beneficial for the national economy. This decision allows the already strained Brazilian economy to seek higher growth rates though corporate investment instead of placing faith in small businesses that prove to do very little for the Brazilian market. Micro- and small- business are not the answer to the national or regional economic issues, and the amount of funding spend on these practices should be minimal. It is impactful corporations and financiers that Brazil is seeking because their ability to make large-scale change. C. Committee: Secretariat for Multidimensional Security (SMS) Topic A: Improving Cooperation on Border Security and Regional StabilityThe Federative Republic of Brazil painfully acknowledges there is instability on the surrounding borders that is threatening Brazil’s border security as well as regional stability. The problem is not Brazil itself, however, but surrounding states like Venezuela whose left-leaning government continues to fail in its efforts to resolve political and economic strife. Because of this, the Delegation of Brazil supports strengthening the borders of all OAS member states to prevent the instability from one state from invading the sovereignty of another. One of the Delegation of Brazil’s proposals to resolve this regional instability is the use of trade deals to spread the effectiveness of conservative regimes in order to bypass uncooperative leadership, thus proving to citizens of struggling states the economic growth that can result from the installation of a non-socialist regime. The Delegation of Brazil’s support for corporate tax cuts produces jobs that can deal with rampant regional unemployment. The Delegation supports private investments that allow other countries to invest in the Federative Republic of Brazil. Countries, like China, who buy most of their primary goods from Brazil are displeased by conflict within the OAS region, and regional instability must be handled so that this does not affect the trade relationship between Brazil and China. The Federative Republic of Brazil is one of the largest export economies in the world and has been able to maintain positive trade balances in the amount of tens of billions of dollars for the past few years. Brazil has been successful in the past, but the Delegation will continue to increase state profits by improving the stability of Brazil through the use of nationally-owned projects by selling them as privatized investments. The Delegation of Brazil refuses to have its Federative Republic of Brazil Position Paper, Page Eight economy negatively impacted by regional conflict, and is perturbed by the lack of resolve from some OAS member states. That being said, the Delegation of Brazil is seeking bilateral trade agreements with deserving states in the region in order to increase regional trade and boost economies in states whose leaders prove able to handle their jobs in government. It is the goal of the Republic of Brazil to alienate the economies of member states that contribute to regional instability, thereby forcing them to install leaders like the visionary President Bolsonaro who understands how to operate government institutions and how to use corporate investment, rather than socialist policies, to fund a state economy. Brazil is the largest country in Latin America, bordering ten countries and the South Atlantic Ocean, and with that comes many responsibilities. Throughout the years, the Delegation of Brazil has been a country that kept their borders open to anyone looking for more opportunities. Brazil has not only provided for its citizens, but provided more than enough for people from other countries. This dangerous policy of open borders, however, is no longer the stance of the Delegation of Brazil with regard to border security. The Delegation made changes to border security policy with the hopes of leading the OAS by example toward the creation of a more stable region through enforced borders by keeping citizens in the states in which they belong. The Delegation of Brazil will hold fast to their borders through any means necessary, including use of the military, so that the causes of regional instability are forced to deal with their populations in times of conflict. Governments like in Venezuela need to be faced with opposition rather than their discontented persons being able to flee the state. People from various countries like Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia, Chile, Peru, Colombia, and Ecuador are able to obtain a work visa easier than individuals from other countries because these immigrants understand the proper role of the government. The only thing that is asked for from these immigrants is to follow the laws set in place and to completely assimilate into the Brazilian culture. This is not to say, however, that Brazil will allow rule-breaking aliens to cross into Brazil and easily obtain work visas or citizenship. Brazil cannot continue to support large numbers of refugees and migrants because it disallows Brazil to serve its own citizens and forces the Delegation of Brazil to deal with socialist refugees and the result of conflict caused by external actors that continue to cause instability in the region. More than 52,000 Venezuelans have arrived in Brazil since the beginning of 2017, and this number is only increasing. The Delegation of Brazil is now putting its foot down and refusing to deal with members of ethnic groups that are inferior to Brazilians. Help from the United States gave past administrations in Brazil the false idea that the state could handle refugees by relocating them around Brazil and giving them jobs, but this is not the case. Brazil is hopeful that it will set the standard for other OAS member states in dealing with this type of instability by refusing peaceful relationships to states with internal issues. It is not fair that OAS states are allowed to make problems of their own doing the problems of an international organization. Once this is done by more delegations, Brazil will be able to use more funding on the security of borders in Federative Republic of Brazil Position Paper, Page NineBrazil and the country will be able to crack down on drug use and other criminal activities that further threaten the Brazilian border. Another way to stabilize the region is through support for governments that can control their citizens and reject government systems that make the leadership spineless puppets who do whatever the citizens demand. Advocating for more conservative democracies in the OAS can help the stability of the hemisphere as a whole. The more leftist a country is, the more problematic its citizens become, which affects other countries like the Federative Republic of ic B: Addressing High Rates of Incarceration and Gang DevelopmentThe Delegation of Brazil affirms that prison reform is the appropriate path to address increasing gang activity and high incarceration rates. The Delegation of Brazil believes in the plan of the honorable Jair Bolsonaro, and, by working in tandem with other OAS states, believes many of these issues can be resolved. In the past, mass jailbreaks, trafficking of illegal materials inside of prisons, and killings were all common occurrences, but under President Bolsonaro these trends will cease. It has been stated by some that the mass incarceration of criminals is not sufficient to solve the rampant crime, and the Delegation of Brazil agrees. Simply locking up criminals is not sufficient to prevent criminal activity; strong action is also required. President Bolsonaro, since taking office, has advocated for expanded authority of police officers on the use of force in engaging suspected drug traffickers. Legalizing lethal force when police officers engage traffickers, smugglers, and illegal weapons dealers is crucial to promoting a safer Brazil, and ultimately a safer region. This trend of criminals bribing policemen who then turn a blind eye to criminal activity cannot continue. ?Another issue at hand is violence that stems from so-called “gangs” or “cartels.” The state of Brazil will not yield to petty criminals, and is moving to specifically crack down on organized crime in urban regions. The Delegation of Brazil also recognizes the inability of bordering states to deal with their own drug problems, and hopes that the OAS can pressure these states into an organization-wide crackdown on crime. When the coordinated might of security forces are mobilized, illicit activities and violence will decrease across the board, again promoting a safer, more accessible region. Forceful policies have already been implemented in President Bolsonaro’s first year, and the so-called “gangs” are finally recognizing that there is an administration in power that will not let them run rampant. The Delegation of Brazil is not above using force to deal with law-breakers and these individuals do not deserve respect after their blatant disrespect for the Brazilian government anyways. It is worth noting that this is a widespread issue among the OAS, which requires attention and cooperation from all members to combat multinational organizations that seek to subvert justice and pretend to be above the law.?Federative Republic of Brazil Position Paper, Page TenLastly, the increase of iprison capacity and the reorganization of the Brazilian prison system will allow room for offenders whose actions merit a prison sentence to serve their term. Pre-trial detainees will be kept on house arrest, further creating space in prisons. Under the 2006 Drug Law, sentences related to drug use have gone down, but this will not result in the desired outcome of lowered drug use. The Delegation of Brazil is hopeful that a dramatic increase in police presence will lead to a safer and drug-free state. Past administrations have attempted to cooperate with gangs and cartels, but that optimistic path clearly has been unsuccessful; a new clear course of action will provide solutions to Brazil, and the OAS as a whole.ReferencesAmadeo, Kimberly. 2019. “Top 12 U.S. Bilateral Trade Agreements.” The Balance. (October 25, 2019).“Apostolic Journey to Rio De Janeiro, 28th World Youth Day (22-29 July 2013): Francis. The Holy See. (October 17, 2019).Arnold, Chris Feliciano. “Brazil Has Become a Gangland.” Foreign Policy. Assunc?a?o, Juliano; Souza, Priscila. 2018. “Policy Brief: The Fragmented Rules of Brazilian Rural Credit.” Climate Policy Initiative. ? (October 24, 2019).BBC News. 2019. “Lula: Brazil court adds 13 years to ex-president’s sentence.” 6 February.Benassatto, Leonardo. 2019. “Brazil Gang Attacks Challenge Bolsonaro's Security Strategy.” Reuters. (October 18, 2019).Bethell, Leslie. 2000. “The Burden of the past; The Promise of the Future.” Daedalus 129 (Spring): 1-27.Biller, David, Cristiane Lucchesi , and Rachel Gamarski. 2018. “Brazil Super Minister Shoulders Weight of Bolsonaro Economy.” . (October 15, 2019).“Brazil Resettles Venezuelan Refugees - with US Help.” Public Radio International. (October 25, 2019).“Brazil's Mass Incarceration Policy Has Not Stopped Crime.” 2019. Wilson Center. (October 19, 2019).Brito, Valessio. 2014. “Programas Da Juventude.” Portal da Juventude - Secretaria Nacional de Juventude. (October 14, 2019).Dahlgaard, Jens Olav. 2018. “The surprising consequence of lowering the voting age.” Washington Post, March 1.“ID Jovem.” ID Jovem. (October 14, 2019).Isaac, Mike and Kevin Roose. 2018. “Disinformation Spreads on WhatsApp Ahead of Brazilian Election.” New York Times, October 19. Marcello, Maria Carolina. 2019. “Brazil Pension Reform Bill Would Save 913 Billion Reais, Government 'Victory'.” Reuters. (October 18, 2019).Meyer, Peter J. 2018. “Organization of American States: Background and Issues for Congress.” Congressional Research Service. (October 21, 2019).“Mobilization of Enterprises Around the Fight Against Hunger.” 2011. The Fome Zero (Zero Hunger) Program The Brazillian Experience, Eds. Jose Graziano Da Silva, Mauro Eduardo Del Grossi and Caio Galvao De Franca. Brasilia, Brazil: Ministry of Agrarian Development. (October 18, 2019).Muggah, Robert, and Adriana Abdenur. 2019. “Brazil and Venezuela Clash over Migrants, Humanitarian Aid and Closed Borders.” The Conversation. (October 15, 2019).Organization of American States. “Charter of the Organization of American States.” (October 13, 2019).Organization of American States. “Program-Budget of the Organization of American States 2019.” (October 14, 2019).Organization of American States. Press Release. 2018. OAS Mission Congratulates the Brazilian People for Peaceful Vote and Highlights the TSE’s Professional Work. Phillips, D. (2019, February 14). 'It was execution': 13 dead in Brazil as state pushes new gang policy. Retrieved from , Lima. “Brazil.” OEC. (October 25, 2019).“Response Stepped up in Brazil as Venezuelan Arrivals Grow: USA for UNHCR.” How to Help Refugees - Aid, Relief and Donations. (October 25, 2019).The Economist. 2018. “Brazil’s voters worry about the integrity of their elections.” 5 October.The World Bank. 2017. ”Poverty & Equity Data of Brazil”. (October 18, 2019).“VALOR BOLSA FAM?LIA 2019 → Aumento, Reajuste 2019 ATUALIZADO.” 2019. Minha Casa Minha Vida. (October 18, 2019).“World Youth Day Fast Facts.” 2019. CNN. (October 17, 2019). ................
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