Chapter 4: The Expansion of American Industry
Chapter 4: The Expansion of American Industry
A Technological Revolution
Daily Life in 1865
What did people use for general lighting?
-Candles and Oil Lamps.
-The sun set the rhythm of the day.
What would life be like w/out electricity?
Ice was cut from frozen ponds and stored in sawdust for later use.
The Mail! (Communications)
1860
-East to Midwest = ten (10) days
-East to West = three (3) weeks
-Europe to West = Months
How did the sewing machine change daily life?
Daily Life in 1900
New inventions and ideas changed American life.
Between 1790 – 1860 (70 years)
-36,000 patents(?)
Between 1860 – 1890 (30 years)
-500,000 patents.
Name three inventions from 1860 – 1890?
-typewriter
-sewing machine
-phonograph (?)
What helped to expand new/old industries?
-European/American investors
Standard of Living (?) rose along with productivity.
Railroads Improve Transportation
Why was train travel dangerous before the Civil War?
-No standard signals
-Brakes unreliable
How was pre-Civil War trains costly to passengers and industry?
-short lines.
-No standard gauge.
-Train switching
Transcontinental Railroad
A railway from coast to coast.
-began in 1862.
Could it be built w/private investors only?
-NO
-It needed government involvement.
What two (2) private companies built the railway?
-Central Pacific (eastward)
-Union Pacific (westward)
What group(s) of people built the railway?
-Immigrants
-Irish on the Union Pacific
-Chinese on the Central Pacific
May 10, 1869
-At Promontory Point, Utah; Leland Stanford (president of the Central Pacific)joined the two lines.
Rail Problems and Solutions
Trains were noisy, dirty, and uncomfortable.
Steel replaces iron. WHY?
Gauges were standardized.
1869
-George Westinghouse develops a better air braking system.
1887
-Granville Woods develops the on-train telegraph.
-Why was this so important?
--To prevent collisions.
Railroads and Time Zones
1883, national system of time zones adopted.
-National v. Solar time?
How does shipping cost effect the economy?
Advances in Communications
-The Telegraph
--Samuel F.B. Morse patented the telegraph. His first message was in 1844.
-Western Union Telegraph Company
--1870 = 100,000 miles of wire.
---9 million messages.
--1900 = 900,000 miles of wire.
---63 million messages per year.
How has the telegraph effected communication v. mail?
-The Telephone
--March 7, 1876
---Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone.
----1878 = 21 customers
-----1900 = 1.5 million customers
Electric Power
-Edison, a Master of Inventions
--Thomas A. Edison
---stock ticker (?)
---phonograph (1877)
---electric lights (1880)
-Lewis Latimer
--son of an escaped slave.
--Improved the light bulb.
1880s
-people needed personal generators
1890
-power stations
Westinghouse and Alternating Current
-1885, George Westinghouse
--Improved Alternating Current (AC)
Why is AC better than DC?
-travel distance.
1890s
-Westinghouse Electric and General Electric created.
1898
-3,000 power stations
-2 million light bulbs
Electricity’s Impact on Daily Life
How was the refrigerator revolutionary?
-reduced food spoilage.
Electricity created jobs.
-ready made cloths.
Turning Point: The Bessemer Process
-Henry Bessemer/William Kelly
--process to make steel. (1856)
--Why is steel better than iron?
---Lighter
---Stronger
---More flexible
The Brooklyn Bridge
-John A. Roebling
--designed a suspension bridge from Manhattan to Brooklyn.
---1,595 feet high.
---Longest in world (at the time)
---Began in 1869
---Completed in 1883
Chapter 4-2: The Growth of Big Business
What two (2) terms do historians use to describe powerful industrialists
in the late 1800s?
-Robber Baron
-Captains of Industry
Robber Baron(?)
-business leaders built their fortunes by stealing from the public.
-Drained natural resources.
-Persuaded public officials to interpret laws.
-Drove competitors to ruin.
-Workers paid meager wages and worked under dangerous conditions.
Captains of Industry(?)
-increasing supply of goods.
-Built factories
-Raise productivity
-Expanding markets
-Created Jobs
-Funded museums, libraries, and universities.
Andrew Carnegie
-Born in Scotland in 1835.
-1848, age 13, moved to US.
-Age 30; 1865, making 50K per year.
-1870s, Pittsburgh, founded first steel plant to use Bessemer Process.
--Carnegie Steel Company, est. 1889.
--Cut prices, ran competitors out.
--Controlled American Steel Industry. (Mines – Production – Shipping)
-became a major public figure
-donated to 3,000 public libraries, artistic and research institutions.
-Died in 1919. Gave away $350 million.
Social Darwinism(?)
Charles Darwin “natural selection.”(?)
-adapted to workers v. employers.
-Society should do as little as possible to interfere with the pursuit of success.
-Gov’t should stay out!
-The “fit” will get rich!
--Lack of taxes and labor laws.
Gaining a Competitive Edge
-Fair v. Unfair
-Paid as little as possible for materials, labor, and shipping.
-Goal: Control all of Industry.
Monopolies & Cartels
Monopoly(?)
-complete control of a product or service.
How does one create a monopoly?
-bought/drove out competitors.
What would happen to prices?
-owners could charge any price.
-Unfair to consumers.
Late 1800s, laws passed, but not much done.
Cartel(?)
-a loose association of business that make the same product.
-Limit supply = high prices.
The Standard Oil Company
Who proved that oil could be extracted from the ground through a well?
-Edwin L. Drake (1858)
1870, John D. Rockefeller
-Formed the Standard Oil Company (S.O.C.)
-Used illegal refunds from shipping to lower his prices to hurt his competitors.
-Wanted to buy stock(?) from other companies. Law said NO!
Solution?!?
-Trust(?)
--Management of companies by a board of directors (9 individuals).
--Developed by Samuel Dodd in 1882.
Government Response
1890, Sherman Antitrust Act.
-outlawed any combination of companies that restrained interstate trade or commerce.
Methods of Industrial Control
Horizontal Consolidation (?)
-to bring together firms in the same field.
Vertical Consolidation (?)
-gain control of different businesses that make up all phases of production.
Effects on American Society
Name a few of the mammoth companies in 1900.
-American Telephone and Telegraph
-Swift & Armour
-General Electric
-Westinghouse
-DuPont
Big business produced too much at high prices.
-sell lower to cut inventory.
-Lower wages to protect profits.
1893
-500 banks fail.
-15,000 businesses fail.
-4 year depression.
Business Cycle (?)
-boom and bust
PANIC!!!!!!!
-investors pull out.
-Sell off stock
-Business debt not paid; go-out-of business.
Unemployment.
Chapter 4-3: Industrialization & Workers
The Growing Work Force
How many people immigrated to the U.S. between 1860 to 1900?
-14 million.
Look at the graph on page 163.
What is the trend between 1860 to 1900?
Piecework(?)
-Paid for productivity, not by the hour.
Division of Labor(?)
-Task are performed by different individuals instead of by just one person.
Why did women have little chance for advancement in factory work?
-The majority of the jobs in factories were considered as a man’s job.
What percentage of the workforce in the 1880s, was made up of children?
-5%
Chapter 4-4: The Great Strikes
According to the 1890 census, what percentage of Americans held nearly 75% of the national wealth?
-9 %
Socialism(?)
-An economic and political philosophy that favors public control of property and income, not private control.
The National Labor Union
-Formed in 1866(Baltimore)
-60,000 members.
The Knights of Labor
-Formed by Uriah Stephens.
-Established in Philadelphia in 1869.
-Goal: organize all working men & women, skilled and unskilled, into a single union.
-Included: farmers, factory workers, shopkeepers, and office workers.
-Actively recruited African Americans.(60,000)
-Under new leadership of Terrence Powderly, pursued broad social reforms.
--Equal pay for equal work.
--Eight-hour workday.
--End child labor.
-Preferred not to use the strike as a tool.
-Highest membership was 700,000.
-1890s, disappeared.
The American Federation of Labor(AFL)
-Leadership of Samuel Gompers.
-Formed in 1886.
-Organize only skilled workers in a network on smaller unions.
-250,000 members between 1886 to 1892.
-Open to African Americans, but ways found to exclude them.
-Opposed to membership to women.
-Goals: Wages, hours, and conditions.
-Relied on strikes and boycotts.
-Collective Bargaining (?)
--A process in which workers negotiate as a group with employers.
Reaction of Employers
Measures to stop Unions:
-forbade union meetings.
-fired union organizers.
-Forced “yellow dog” contracts.
--Never to join unions or participate in strikes.
-Refused to bargain collectively.
-Refused to recognize unions.
Railroad Strikes of 1877
-Began on July 14, 1877.
-Against the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad wage cut of 10%.
-Baltimore workers reacted with violence.
-Rioting spread: Pittsburgh, Chicago, St. Louis, and other cities.
-President Hayes: sent in federal troops to put down strikes.(First time ever)
-Rioters killed in shooting in Pittsburgh.
-Employers began to use federal and state troops to end strikes after 1877.
Haymarket, 1886
-May 1, 1886: demonstrations began.
-May 3: Police break up fight between workers and scabs(?).
--Workers called in by an employer to replace striking workers.
-May 4: protest rally in Haymarket Square, Chicago.
--Bomb thrown into police formation.
--Gun fire between both. Dozens killed.
Homestead, 1892
-Summer of 1892.
-Henry Frick (Partner of Andrew Carnegie) cut wages.
-Strike called.
-July 1st, Pinkertons(?) called in.
--Private police force.
--300 moved on workers and killed several.
-July 23, Alexander Berkman tried to kill Frick(anarchist).
-Union called off strike on November 20.
--Under militia protection.
Pullman, 1894
-Railroad industry.
-Marked gov’t involvement in strikes.
-Pullman laid off workers and cut wages by 25%.
-May 1894, delegation protested.
-Pullman fired three of the workers.
--Refused to bargain and shut down plant.
--American Railway Union (Eugene V. Debs) called for boycott.
---Strikes followed.
-June 1894, 120,000 railway workers joined strike.
-Got out of hand. Disrupted delivery of mail and goods.
-July 4th, President Cleveland sent in 2,500 troops. Court order not to halt railway traffic.
-Strike ended week later.
................
................
In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.
To fulfill the demand for quickly locating and searching documents.
It is intelligent file search solution for home and business.
Related download
- chapter 4 the expansion of american industry
- chapter 11 technology culture and everyday life 1840 1860
- american history inventions 19th century history small
- teaching american history lesson plan template
- forging the national economy 1790 1860
- age of industrialization american inventors 1840 1910
- chapter 14 looking to the west 1860 1900
- chapter 11 technology culture and everyday life
- is america on the verge of a major economic transformation
Related searches
- the journal of american medicine
- chapter 4.2 overview of photosynthesis
- chapter 4 2 overview of photosynthesis
- chapter 1 the nature of science
- jama the journal of american medical association
- the failure of american schools
- the failure of american public education
- the features of american education
- chapter 4 the outsiders quiz
- the history of american education
- chapter 4 the outsiders questions
- chapter 10 the substance of justice