Chapter 4: The Expansion of American Industry



Chapter 4: The Expansion of American Industry

A Technological Revolution

Daily Life in 1865

What did people use for general lighting?

-Candles and Oil Lamps.

-The sun set the rhythm of the day.

What would life be like w/out electricity?

Ice was cut from frozen ponds and stored in sawdust for later use.

The Mail! (Communications)

1860

-East to Midwest = ten (10) days

-East to West = three (3) weeks

-Europe to West = Months

How did the sewing machine change daily life?

Daily Life in 1900

New inventions and ideas changed American life.

Between 1790 – 1860 (70 years)

-36,000 patents(?)

Between 1860 – 1890 (30 years)

-500,000 patents.

Name three inventions from 1860 – 1890?

-typewriter

-sewing machine

-phonograph (?)

What helped to expand new/old industries?

-European/American investors

Standard of Living (?) rose along with productivity.

Railroads Improve Transportation

Why was train travel dangerous before the Civil War?

-No standard signals

-Brakes unreliable

How was pre-Civil War trains costly to passengers and industry?

-short lines.

-No standard gauge.

-Train switching

Transcontinental Railroad

A railway from coast to coast.

-began in 1862.

Could it be built w/private investors only?

-NO

-It needed government involvement.

What two (2) private companies built the railway?

-Central Pacific (eastward)

-Union Pacific (westward)

What group(s) of people built the railway?

-Immigrants

-Irish on the Union Pacific

-Chinese on the Central Pacific

May 10, 1869

-At Promontory Point, Utah; Leland Stanford (president of the Central Pacific)joined the two lines.

Rail Problems and Solutions

Trains were noisy, dirty, and uncomfortable.

Steel replaces iron. WHY?

Gauges were standardized.

1869

-George Westinghouse develops a better air braking system.

1887

-Granville Woods develops the on-train telegraph.

-Why was this so important?

--To prevent collisions.

Railroads and Time Zones

1883, national system of time zones adopted.

-National v. Solar time?

How does shipping cost effect the economy?

Advances in Communications

-The Telegraph

--Samuel F.B. Morse patented the telegraph. His first message was in 1844.

-Western Union Telegraph Company

--1870 = 100,000 miles of wire.

---9 million messages.

--1900 = 900,000 miles of wire.

---63 million messages per year.

How has the telegraph effected communication v. mail?

-The Telephone

--March 7, 1876

---Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone.

----1878 = 21 customers

-----1900 = 1.5 million customers

Electric Power

-Edison, a Master of Inventions

--Thomas A. Edison

---stock ticker (?)

---phonograph (1877)

---electric lights (1880)

-Lewis Latimer

--son of an escaped slave.

--Improved the light bulb.

1880s

-people needed personal generators

1890

-power stations

Westinghouse and Alternating Current

-1885, George Westinghouse

--Improved Alternating Current (AC)

Why is AC better than DC?

-travel distance.

1890s

-Westinghouse Electric and General Electric created.

1898

-3,000 power stations

-2 million light bulbs

Electricity’s Impact on Daily Life

How was the refrigerator revolutionary?

-reduced food spoilage.

Electricity created jobs.

-ready made cloths.

Turning Point: The Bessemer Process

-Henry Bessemer/William Kelly

--process to make steel. (1856)

--Why is steel better than iron?

---Lighter

---Stronger

---More flexible

The Brooklyn Bridge

-John A. Roebling

--designed a suspension bridge from Manhattan to Brooklyn.

---1,595 feet high.

---Longest in world (at the time)

---Began in 1869

---Completed in 1883

Chapter 4-2: The Growth of Big Business

What two (2) terms do historians use to describe powerful industrialists

in the late 1800s?

-Robber Baron

-Captains of Industry

Robber Baron(?)

-business leaders built their fortunes by stealing from the public.

-Drained natural resources.

-Persuaded public officials to interpret laws.

-Drove competitors to ruin.

-Workers paid meager wages and worked under dangerous conditions.

Captains of Industry(?)

-increasing supply of goods.

-Built factories

-Raise productivity

-Expanding markets

-Created Jobs

-Funded museums, libraries, and universities.

Andrew Carnegie

-Born in Scotland in 1835.

-1848, age 13, moved to US.

-Age 30; 1865, making 50K per year.

-1870s, Pittsburgh, founded first steel plant to use Bessemer Process.

--Carnegie Steel Company, est. 1889.

--Cut prices, ran competitors out.

--Controlled American Steel Industry. (Mines – Production – Shipping)

-became a major public figure

-donated to 3,000 public libraries, artistic and research institutions.

-Died in 1919. Gave away $350 million.

Social Darwinism(?)

Charles Darwin “natural selection.”(?)

-adapted to workers v. employers.

-Society should do as little as possible to interfere with the pursuit of success.

-Gov’t should stay out!

-The “fit” will get rich!

--Lack of taxes and labor laws.

Gaining a Competitive Edge

-Fair v. Unfair

-Paid as little as possible for materials, labor, and shipping.

-Goal: Control all of Industry.

Monopolies & Cartels

Monopoly(?)

-complete control of a product or service.

How does one create a monopoly?

-bought/drove out competitors.

What would happen to prices?

-owners could charge any price.

-Unfair to consumers.

Late 1800s, laws passed, but not much done.

Cartel(?)

-a loose association of business that make the same product.

-Limit supply = high prices.

The Standard Oil Company

Who proved that oil could be extracted from the ground through a well?

-Edwin L. Drake (1858)

1870, John D. Rockefeller

-Formed the Standard Oil Company (S.O.C.)

-Used illegal refunds from shipping to lower his prices to hurt his competitors.

-Wanted to buy stock(?) from other companies. Law said NO!

Solution?!?

-Trust(?)

--Management of companies by a board of directors (9 individuals).

--Developed by Samuel Dodd in 1882.

Government Response

1890, Sherman Antitrust Act.

-outlawed any combination of companies that restrained interstate trade or commerce.

Methods of Industrial Control

Horizontal Consolidation (?)

-to bring together firms in the same field.

Vertical Consolidation (?)

-gain control of different businesses that make up all phases of production.

Effects on American Society

Name a few of the mammoth companies in 1900.

-American Telephone and Telegraph

-Swift & Armour

-General Electric

-Westinghouse

-DuPont

Big business produced too much at high prices.

-sell lower to cut inventory.

-Lower wages to protect profits.

1893

-500 banks fail.

-15,000 businesses fail.

-4 year depression.

Business Cycle (?)

-boom and bust

PANIC!!!!!!!

-investors pull out.

-Sell off stock

-Business debt not paid; go-out-of business.

Unemployment.

Chapter 4-3: Industrialization & Workers

The Growing Work Force

How many people immigrated to the U.S. between 1860 to 1900?

-14 million.

Look at the graph on page 163.

What is the trend between 1860 to 1900?

Piecework(?)

-Paid for productivity, not by the hour.

Division of Labor(?)

-Task are performed by different individuals instead of by just one person.

Why did women have little chance for advancement in factory work?

-The majority of the jobs in factories were considered as a man’s job.

What percentage of the workforce in the 1880s, was made up of children?

-5%

Chapter 4-4: The Great Strikes

According to the 1890 census, what percentage of Americans held nearly 75% of the national wealth?

-9 %

Socialism(?)

-An economic and political philosophy that favors public control of property and income, not private control.

The National Labor Union

-Formed in 1866(Baltimore)

-60,000 members.

The Knights of Labor

-Formed by Uriah Stephens.

-Established in Philadelphia in 1869.

-Goal: organize all working men & women, skilled and unskilled, into a single union.

-Included: farmers, factory workers, shopkeepers, and office workers.

-Actively recruited African Americans.(60,000)

-Under new leadership of Terrence Powderly, pursued broad social reforms.

--Equal pay for equal work.

--Eight-hour workday.

--End child labor.

-Preferred not to use the strike as a tool.

-Highest membership was 700,000.

-1890s, disappeared.

The American Federation of Labor(AFL)

-Leadership of Samuel Gompers.

-Formed in 1886.

-Organize only skilled workers in a network on smaller unions.

-250,000 members between 1886 to 1892.

-Open to African Americans, but ways found to exclude them.

-Opposed to membership to women.

-Goals: Wages, hours, and conditions.

-Relied on strikes and boycotts.

-Collective Bargaining (?)

--A process in which workers negotiate as a group with employers.

Reaction of Employers

Measures to stop Unions:

-forbade union meetings.

-fired union organizers.

-Forced “yellow dog” contracts.

--Never to join unions or participate in strikes.

-Refused to bargain collectively.

-Refused to recognize unions.

Railroad Strikes of 1877

-Began on July 14, 1877.

-Against the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad wage cut of 10%.

-Baltimore workers reacted with violence.

-Rioting spread: Pittsburgh, Chicago, St. Louis, and other cities.

-President Hayes: sent in federal troops to put down strikes.(First time ever)

-Rioters killed in shooting in Pittsburgh.

-Employers began to use federal and state troops to end strikes after 1877.

Haymarket, 1886

-May 1, 1886: demonstrations began.

-May 3: Police break up fight between workers and scabs(?).

--Workers called in by an employer to replace striking workers.

-May 4: protest rally in Haymarket Square, Chicago.

--Bomb thrown into police formation.

--Gun fire between both. Dozens killed.

Homestead, 1892

-Summer of 1892.

-Henry Frick (Partner of Andrew Carnegie) cut wages.

-Strike called.

-July 1st, Pinkertons(?) called in.

--Private police force.

--300 moved on workers and killed several.

-July 23, Alexander Berkman tried to kill Frick(anarchist).

-Union called off strike on November 20.

--Under militia protection.

Pullman, 1894

-Railroad industry.

-Marked gov’t involvement in strikes.

-Pullman laid off workers and cut wages by 25%.

-May 1894, delegation protested.

-Pullman fired three of the workers.

--Refused to bargain and shut down plant.

--American Railway Union (Eugene V. Debs) called for boycott.

---Strikes followed.

-June 1894, 120,000 railway workers joined strike.

-Got out of hand. Disrupted delivery of mail and goods.

-July 4th, President Cleveland sent in 2,500 troops. Court order not to halt railway traffic.

-Strike ended week later.

................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download