JAPANESE AMERICANS IN WORLD WAR II - NPS History

[Pages:9]National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior National Historic Landmarks Program

JAPANESE AMERICANS IN WORLD WAR II

National Historic Landmarks Theme Study

Cover photo Farm families of Japanese ancestry wait for a bus that will take them to the Tanforan Assembly Center, along with 595 others removed from the area near Centerville, California, under Civilian Exclusion Order No. 34. WRA photo by Dorothea Lange, May 9, 1942, courtesy of the U.S. National Archives and Records Administration

JAPANESE AMERICANS IN WORLD WAR II

A National Historic Landmarks Theme Study

Edited by Barbara Wyatt National Historic Landmarks Program

Based in part on Confinement and Ethnicity by

Jeffery F. Burton Mary M. Farrell Florence B. Lord Richard W. Lord NPS Western Archeological and Conservation Center Tucson, Arizona, 1999

With Contributions from S. Curtis Breckenridge

Marilyn Harper

Produced by the National Historic Landmarks Program

National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Washington, DC

August 2012

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

FOREWORD................................................................................................................................. 1

PART 1, INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 3

Table 1. Wartime Properties Identified in Public Law 102-248 ................................................ 7

PART 2. HISTORIC CONTEXT ............................................................................................... 9

THE PRELUDE TO RELOCATION ......................................................................................... 9 REMOVAL............................................................................................................................... 22 CONFINEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 34 ALTERNATIVES TO CONFINEMENT................................................................................. 43 RESISTANCE AND LEGAL CHALLENGES ....................................................................... 50 FREEDOM RESTORED.......................................................................................................... 56 RETROSPECTIVE................................................................................................................... 58

PART 3. ASSOCIATED PROPERTY TYPES....................................................................... 61

WCCA ASSEMBLY CENTERS ............................................................................................. 61 WRA RELOCATION CENTERS ............................................................................................ 61 INTERNMENT/DETENTION FACILITIES .......................................................................... 68 U.S. ARMY FACILITIES ........................................................................................................ 70 JAPANESE AMERICAN WARTIME COMMUNITIES ....................................................... 71 OTHER PROPERTY TYPES .................................................................................................. 74

PART 4. SURVEY METHODOLOGY ................................................................................... 77

Table 2. Wartime Properties not Specified in Public Law 102-248 ........................................ 79

PART 5. REGISTRATION GUIDELINES FOR NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS ....................................................................... 81

EVALUATION CHALLENGES ............................................................................................. 81 NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION ........................... 87 NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK EXCEPTIONS ......................................................... 89 APPLYING THE CRITERIA................................................................................................... 90 APPLYING CRITERION 1 ..................................................................................................... 96 APPLYING CRITERION 2 ................................................................................................... 101 APPLYING CRITERION 4 ................................................................................................... 101 APPLYING CRITERION 5 ................................................................................................... 102 APPLYING CRITERION 6 ................................................................................................... 102 APPLYING THE EXCEPTIONS........................................................................................... 103 EVALUATING ABOVEGROUND INTEGRITY ................................................................ 105 EVALUATING ARCHEOLOGICAL INTEGRITY ............................................................. 108

PART 6. SURVEY RESULTS ................................................................................................ 109

WCCA ASSEMBLY CENTERS ........................................................................................... 110 Fresno Assembly Center ................................................................................................. 111 Marysville Assembly Center (Arboga Assembly Center) .............................................. 111 Mayer Assembly Center ................................................................................................. 112

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Merced Assembly Center................................................................................................ 113 Pinedale Assembly Center .............................................................................................. 114 Pomona Assembly Center............................................................................................... 115 Portland Assembly Center .............................................................................................. 116 Puyallup Assembly Center.............................................................................................. 118 Sacramento Assembly Center (Walerga Assembly Center) ........................................... 118 Salinas Assembly Center ................................................................................................ 119 Stockton Assembly Center.............................................................................................. 123 Tulare Assembly Center ................................................................................................. 124 Turlock Assembly Center ............................................................................................... 125

WAR RELOCATION AUTHORITY RELOCATION CENTERS ....................................... 126 Relocation Centers Designated National Historic Landmarks ........................................... 128 Granada Relocation Center (Camp Amache) ................................................................. 128 Heart Mountain Relocation Center ................................................................................. 131 Manzanar Relocation Center........................................................................................... 134 Rohwer Relocation Center and Memorial Cemetery...................................................... 137 Topaz Relocation Center (Central Utah Relocation Center) .......................................... 140 Tule Lake Relocation Center/Tule Lake Segregation Center ......................................... 142

Other WRA Relocation Centers.......................................................................................... 146 Gila River Relocation Center.......................................................................................... 146 Jerome Relocation Center ............................................................................................... 149 Minidoka Relocation Center ........................................................................................... 152 Poston Relocation Center (Colorado River Relocation Center)/ Parker Dam Reception Center ...................................................................................... 154

Ancillary Relocation Center Facilities (WRA)................................................................... 158 Antelope Springs............................................................................................................. 158 Cow Creek Camp ............................................................................................................ 158

INTERNMENT/DETENTION FACILITIES ........................................................................ 159 Department of Justice Facilities.......................................................................................... 160 Catalina Prison Camp (BOP facility).............................................................................. 160 Crystal City Internment Camp (INS facility).................................................................. 162 Fort Lincoln Internment Camp (INS facility) ................................................................. 164 Fort Missoula Internment Camp (INS facility)............................................................... 165 Fort Stanton Internment Camp (INS facility) ................................................................. 166 Kenedy Internment Camp (INS facility)......................................................................... 166 Kooskia Internment Camp (INS facility)........................................................................ 167 Old Raton Ranch Camp (INS facility)............................................................................ 168 Santa Fe Internment Camp (INS facility) ....................................................................... 168 Seagoville Internment Camp (INS facility) .................................................................... 169 Sharp Park Detention Facility (INS facility) .................................................................. 170 U.S. Federal Penitentiary, Leavenworth (BOP facility) ................................................. 170 U.S. Federal Penitentiary, McNeil Island (BOP facility) ............................................... 171 U.S. Immigration Station, Ellis Island (INS facility)...................................................... 172 U.S. Immigration Station, Oahu (INS facility) ............................................................... 172

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War Relocation Authority Detention Facilities .................................................................. 173 Leupp Isolation Camp..................................................................................................... 173 Moab Isolation Center..................................................................................................... 173 Camp Tulelake ................................................................................................................ 174

Other Internment/Detention Facilities ................................................................................ 175 Wailua County Jail.......................................................................................................... 175 Wailuku County Jail ....................................................................................................... 176

U.S. ARMY FACILITIES ...................................................................................................... 176 U.S. Army Facilities used for Training and Administration............................................... 176 Camp McCoy/Fort McCoy ............................................................................................. 176 Camp Savage .................................................................................................................. 177 Camp Shelby................................................................................................................... 178 Fort Snelling.................................................................................................................... 179 The Presidio of San Francisco, Buildings 35 and 640 .................................................... 180

U.S. Army Internment/Detention Facilities ........................................................................ 181 Camp Florence ................................................................................................................ 181 Camp Forrest................................................................................................................... 181 Camp Livingston............................................................................................................. 182 Camp Lordsburg ............................................................................................................. 182 Fort Bliss ......................................................................................................................... 183 Fort George G. Meade .................................................................................................... 184 Fort Richardson............................................................................................................... 185 Fort Sam Houston ........................................................................................................... 185 Fort Sill Internment Camp .............................................................................................. 185 Haiku Camp .................................................................................................................... 186 Honouliuli Internment Camp .......................................................................................... 187 Kalaheo Stockade............................................................................................................ 188 Kilauea Military Camp ................................................................................................... 188 Sand Island Detention Camp .......................................................................................... 188 Stringtown Internment Camp.......................................................................................... 189 U.S. Immigration Station, Angel Island.......................................................................... 190

JAPANESE AMERICAN WARTIME COMMUNITIES ..................................................... 191 Eagledale Ferry Dock ..................................................................................................... 192 Seabrook Farms .............................................................................................................. 193 Terminal Island School ................................................................................................... 194

PART 7. BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................... 195

PART 8. APPENDIX ............................................................................................................... 213

Table 3. Summary of Known Recognition Initiatives, July 2011 Japanese American Wartime Properties Identified in Public Law 102-248 ............. 213

Table 4. Summary of Known Recognition Initiatives, July 2011 Additional Wartime Properties Associated with Japanese Americans in World War II........................................................................................................ 216

Table 5. Locations of Some WCCA Civil Control Stations .................................................. 218

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Let It Not Happen Again "Nidoto Nai Yoni

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