THE EUROPEANS IN THE WORLD POPULATIONS
THE EUROPEANS IN THE PEOPLING OF THE WORLD
OBJECTIVES:
KNOW-HOWS:
A- LOCATE: THE MAJOR AREAS OF EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT, THE NORTH POLE SITES
B- EXPLAIN:
- B.1. EXPLAIN WHY AND HOW THESE SETTLEMENTS WERE DONE
- B.2. DISTINGUISH THE PUSH FROM THE PULL FACTORS
- B.3. THE VARIOUS CONSEUQUENCES OF THESE EXPEDITIONS
C- LINK THE NORTH POLAR EXPEDITIONS TO THE EUROPEAN DEMOGRAPHICS (POPULATION GROWTH) AND TO ITS CULTURAL IMAGINARIES
D- ORAL PARTICIPATION :
- C.1. PRODUCE ARGUED ANSWERS FROM THE QUESTIONS ON THE SOURCES
- C.2. DISCUSS IN OPEN MODE WITH YOUR NEIGHBOUR
- C.3. TEST THE DNL VOCABULARY THROUGH A PICTIONARY-STYLE EXERCIZE
GENERAL SKILLS:
E- READ, CLASSIFY, MATCH AND COMPARE DATA FROM STATISTICS, MAPS, TEXTS,...
F- BUILD / FILL IN A TIMELINE
G- DRAW A ROUGH SKETCH OF EUROPEAN EXPEDITIONS IN THE NORTH POLE
H- GIVE A SHORT AND CLEAR DEFINITION OF THE LESSON’S CONCEPTS (MASUVECOMP = Majuscule, Subject, Verb, Complement, Point)
I- LOCATE EUROPEAN POPULATION FLOWS AND SETTLEMENTS ON A MAP
J- LEARN DNL HG - ENGLISH DATA + VOCABULARY: CLIMATE / NAVIGATION / POLAR GEOGRAPHY / RELIGIOUS CONCEPTS / ...
LESSON
Introduction
( I- LOCATE EUROPEAN POPULATION FLOWS AND SETTLEMENTS ON A MAP
( C.1. PRODUCE ARGUED ANSWERS FROM THE QUESTIONS ON THE SOURCES
The world population presents a contrasted situation: emptied spaces coexist with full ones.
|[pic] |
|Name the main population centers on the map |What are the main emptied spaces and why? |
| | |
Apart from the Asian and African original settlements, Europeans have established a community of cultures in the western part of the Eurasian continent: Europe is a cultural peninsula.
( J- LEARN DNL HG - ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Here, they benefit from a _________ climate, as they belong to the _________________ zone with no ________________ of cold or warm temperatures. Their huge littoral _______________ creates an opportunity to move abroad and to develop exchanges. Their economies were not restricted to ______________: trade became Europeans’ main sector of activities.
TASK. Choose among the words provided those which fit the best the blanks:
“Temperate - Mild - Extremes - Farming – Façade”
Thus, the expansion of Europeans to the North does not seem logical, considering the natural obstacles and dangers... (Winter temperatures at the North Pole can range from about −43 °C (−45 °F) to −26 °C (−15 °F), averaging around −34 °C (−29 °F)).
( How to explain the attraction force of the North Pole for Europeans?
( What did their peopling impact on in the Artic?
1. MAP OF THE MAIN ARCTIC LOCATIONS
( A- LOCATE: THE MAJOR AREAS OF EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT, THE NORTH POLE SITES
|[pic] |With the help of the Atlas provided, neatly locate the |
| |following locations: |
| | |
| |GREENLAND |
| |CANADA |
| |NORWAY |
| |RUSSIA |
| | |
| | |
| |ELLESMERE ISLAND: 1 |
| | |
| |SEA OF LABRADOR: 2 |
| | |
| |BAY OF BAFFIN: 3 |
| | |
| |LAND OF BAFFIN: 4 |
| | |
| | |
| | |
| | |
2. PUSH AND PULL FACTORS
( J- LEARN DNL HG - ENGLISH DATA + VOCABULARY: CLIMATE / NAVIGATION / POLAR GEOGRAPHY / RELIGIOUS CONCEPTS / ...
Moral / spiritual motivations. From the indications below, deduct or cite what motivated these different explorers, where they marked their ship journey, then report these places on your map.
Two examples of depictions of the polar zone, still plausible in CE 19th – 20th c.,seen as a gate of entry into...
|[pic] |[pic] |Classical Greek poet Pindar described the |
|#1. From Marshall E. Gardner, A journey to the |#2. From Gerardus Mercator, Hyperborea, 1595 |otherworldly (mystical) perfection of the |
|Earth’s Interior (1928) | |Hyperboreans: |
| | | |
| | |“Never the Muse is absent |
| | |from their ways: lyres clash and flutes cry |
| | |and everywhere maiden choruses whirling *. |
| | |Neither disease nor bitter old age is mixed |
| | |in their sacred blood; far from labor and battle |
| | |they live” |
| | | |
| | |(* to whirl = to move in a circle) |
|Gate of entry into... |Gate of entry into... | |
|Give these theories the correct hashtag: |
|Hollow Earth Theory Theory of Polar Heaven Inner Continent Theory |
( These three visions of the polar zone and its ice floe* reflect the cultural imaginaries of the Europeans, a driving force which accounts for their expeditions northwards. Jules Verne was not only a novellist (Journey to the Center of the Earth, 1864); he took his inspiration from scientific hypotheses of his time, as he inspired their successors... If the entrance to the nether world was never found, it has still vehicled fanciful ideas, whether on the origins of flying saucers (e.g. The X-Files) or on the origins of human life (René Barjavel’s The Ice People, in Antarctica).
Vocabulary: * ice floe = banquise
Genesis Excerpts: 6 And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters.7 And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so. 8 And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day.
Adventurers and explorers: what motivations?
( E- READ, CLASSIFY, MATCH AND COMPARE DATA FROM STATISTICS, MAPS, TEXTS,...
|Who |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] | | | |
|What / when /|Sir James Clark Ross |Roald Amundsen |Robert Edwin Peary (May |Sir John Franklin |Sir Alexander Mackenzie |Charles Francis Hall |
|how |(April 15, 1800 - |(1872-1928) was a |6, 1856 - Feb. 20, 1920)|(1786-1847) was an English |(1755?-1820) was a |(1821 – November 8, 1871)|
| |April 3, 1862) was a |Norwegian polar explorer|was an American explorer|explorer and Admiral who |Scottish-born fur trader |was an American Arctic |
| |British explorer and |who was the first person|and Naval officer who |proved the existence of a |and explorer who charted |explorer. In his first |
| |naval officer who went|to fly over the North |led the first expedition|Northwest Passage (a water |the Mackenzie River in |expedition (1860–63), he |
| |on missions to both |Pole in a dirigible (May|to the North Pole. |route from the Atlantic |Canada and also traveled |got as far as Baffin |
| |the Arctic and the |11-13, 1926) and was the|Peary, Matthew A. |Ocean to the Pacific Ocean |to the Pacific Ocean. In |Island, thanks to Inuit |
| |continent of |first person to reach |Henson, and four Eskimos|through Canada). On a second|1789, Mackenzie went on |guides Ebierbing ("Joe") |
| |Antarctica, doing |the South Pole, which he|were the first people to|expedition, from 1825 to |an expedition to chart |and Tookoolito |
| |magnetic surveys. Ross|flew over from an |reach the North Pole. In|1827, Franklin explored the |the 1,100-mile Mackenzie |("Hannah"). For the third|
| |went on Arctic |airship. He was also the|1908, Peary and his |North American coast from |River, travelling from |expedition, he received a|
| |expeditions with Sir |first person to reach |party sailed to |the mouth of the Mackenzie |the Great Slave Lake to |grant of $50,000 from the|
| |William E. Parry from |both the North and South|Ellesmere Island. In |River, in northwestern |the mouth of the |U.S. Congress an |
| |1819 to 1827. Ross and|Poles. Amundsen died in |early March, 1909, the |Canada, westward to Point |Mackenzie in the Arctic |expedition to the North |
| |his uncle, Sir John |a plane crash during the|expedition left their |Beechey (Alaska, USA). In |Ocean. He was the first |Pole in the ship Polaris.|
| |Ross, located the |second flight over in |base camp at Cape |1845, Franklin sailed from |European to cross the |He settled in 1871 for |
| |North Magnetic Pole, |1928, attempting to |Columbia and headed |England with an expedition |North American continent |the winter on the shore |
| |on Boothia Peninsula |rescue his friend, the |north in dog sleds. |of 128 men to Canada in |north of Mexico (and he |of northern Greenland. |
| |(in northern Canada) |Italian explorer Umberto|Pearyand his team |search of Northwest Passage.|did this twice). |Upon returning to the |
| |on May 31 - June 1, |Nobile, who was lost in |reached the North Pole |The ship became trapped in |Mackenzie wrote “Voyage |ship from a sledging |
| |1831. |an airship on the ice |on April 6, 1909 |ice, and the desperate, |from Montreal on the |expedition, Hall suddenly|
| | |pack. | |freezing and starving |River St. Lawrence, |fell ill after drinking a|
| | | | |survivors resorted to |Through the Continent of |cup of coffee. He |
| | | | |cannibalism. A small |North America, to the |collapsed in a fit. Tests|
| | | | |contingent (without |Frozen and Pacific |on tissue samples of |
| | | | |Franklin) may have reached |Oceans, in the Years 1789|bone, fingernails and |
| | | | |Simpson Strait, the final |and 1793,” which was |hair showed that Hall |
| | | | |part of the Northwest |published in 1801. |died of poisoning. |
| | | | |Passage. The expedition had | |Arsenic was a common |
| | | | |died of starvation and | |ingredient of quack |
| | | | |exposure in the Arctic. Lead| |medicines of the time. |
| | | | |poisoning from poorly-canned| |But it is possible that |
| | | | |food may have also hastened | |he was murdered by one of|
| | | | |their death. | |the other members, |
| | | | | | |possibly Dr. Bessels. |
|Motiva-tion(s| | | | | | |
|) | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
|Location of | | | | | | |
|the | | | | | | |
|journey’s end| | | | | | |
|Outcome | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
Now place these journeys on the timeline
( F- BUILD / FILL IN A TIMELINE
[pic]
Discussions:
C.2. DISCUSS IN OPEN MODE WITH YOUR NEIGHBOUR
Preparation task: what are the push and pull factors different in? Which ones would have attracted you most?
Debate: “A mother refuses his son to go to the North Pole expedition as organized by Sir John Franklin”. Within a group of 2, contradict the arguments of the other (Mother / Son).
Use the check list below to assess for the debate.
|ITEMS |Expected to be... |LEVEL 1 |LEVEL 2 |LEVEL 3 |LEVEL 4 |
|Pronunciation |Clear, correct | | | | |
|Fluency |With intonations | | | | |
|Lexicon |Rich, varied | | | | |
|Conviction |Convinced | | | | |
|Accuracy |Strong in details | | | | |
Level 1 : Not achieved Level 2 : Low level of assimilation Level 3 : Good level of assimilation Level 4: Quite Good
Summary:
“As early as the 16th century (1), many eminent people correctly believed that the North Pole was in a sea, which in the 19th century was called the Polynya (2) or Open Polar Sea. It was therefore hoped that passage could be found through ice floes at favorable times of the year. Several expeditions set out to find the way, generally with whaling ships (3), already commonly used in the cold northern latitudes. One of the earliest expeditions to set out with the explicit intention of reaching the North Pole was that of British naval officer William Edward Parry, who in 1827 reached latitude 82°45° North. In 1871 the Polaris expedition, a US attempt on the Pole led by Charles Francis Hall, ended in disaster. The first consistent, verified, and scientifically convincing attainment of the Pole was on 12 May 1926, by Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen and his US sponsor Lincoln Ellsworth from the airship Norge. Norge, though Norwegian-owned, was designed and piloted by the Italian Umberto Nobile. The flight started from Svalbard in Norway, and crossed the Arctic Ocean to Alaska. Nobile, with several scientists and crew from the Norge, overflew the Pole a second time on 24 May 1928, in the airship Italia. The Italia crashed on its return from the Pole, with the loss of half the crew.”
(1) as early as = (2) Polynya = litteraly “unfrozen sea within the ice pack”
(3) whaling ships =
4. THE IMPACTS OF EUROPEAN THEN WESTERN PEOPLING: A DAMAGED PARADISE?
Here is a list of various impacts of European the Western explorations.
Classify them regarding their subject, aspect or meaning, into three categories. Justify on your choice.
(NB: ice cap = la calotte glaciaire ; ice pack = floatting ice)
|Jean Malaurie, French |The development of the scurvy |British-born novelist Roald |The experience of travelling |While the polar maps were being|
|anthropologist, geographer, |(scorbut) – a disease mainly |Dahl, author of “Charlie and |and living in harsh climatic |drawn, the oil and gas |
|physicist and writer, helped |due to a deficiency in Vitamin |the Chocolate Factory” (amongst|conditions is of great |businesses startedd to covet |
|draw the first genealogical |C – , which affected many early|others), was named after Roald |scientific interest. Now, there|the region. They saw the |
|tree of the Native Inuits (syn.|explorers, helped doctors |Amundsen’s first name. His |are studies to prove the |conquest as an opportunity to |
|of “esquimos”). He planned |understand the necessity of |parents celebrated the |capacity of human organism to |explore the shores and the |
|their fertility to avoid blood |eating fresh fruits and having |conqueror of the North Pole. |adapt itself to shortage |marine floors. |
|relations within the same Inuit|exposition to the sun. | |conditions. | |
|families. | | | | |
|It has been discovered that 4 |Jean Malaurie discovered |About 5% of people on |Associations and institutions |Seal hunting has outreached the|
|million people live in the Arctic. |on June 16, 1951, the |expeditions met psychiatric |like the UNESCO ardently defend|number of 275,000 in 2008. This|
|The region with a reputation of |American military air |disorders, resulting from |the right of Arctic minorities,|provoked a hardening of |
|being a desolate, lifeless, |base of Thule, built in |exposure to long periods of |currently threatened by the |procedures and quotas, to limit|
|inhospitable place, is in fact, from|secret to host nuclear |isolation and confinement. |development of industries and |the extinction of the species, |
|Alaska to Siberia, the home for many|bombers, and he decided |However, more (people) also |oil activities in the Great |limitating it to 70,000 a year.|
|indigenous peoples. Over thousands |to publicly stand up |experience positive outcomes |North. |In the 1950s and 1960s an |
|of years, Arctic peoples have |against the establishment|resulting from coping with |Preservation of Inuit language,|average of over 291,000 seal |
|adapted to their environment, |of this base, for which |stress ; polar conditions |fishing zones, rituals and |pups were killed each year. |
|subsisting on the bounty of land and|the local population |enhance self-sufficiency, |social traditions are their |This led to a population |
|sea, to live and prosper. Their |wasn’t consulted. |improved health, team |main objectives. |decline to less than 2 million |
|experience is of inestimable | |leadership and personal growth.| |seals. |
|importance. | | | | |
|Impacts _ Category #1: |Impacts _ Category #2: |Impacts _ Category #2: |
| | | |
| | | |
| | | |
5. THE CURRENT SITUATION OF THE ARCTIC: TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?
|The Northern ice cap is shrinking at a|[pic] |“An inconvenient truth”, Al Gore, 2006. |
|rate of about 3% per decade. | | |
|Currently, the melting of the ice pack| | |
|creates a new strait North of Canada, | | |
|an attractive passage for container | | |
|ships as it allows to save 7,000 km by| | |
|comparison with the Panama Canal way. | | |
| | |What makes the preservation of the North Polar ice cap so vital to the|
| | |planet? |
| | |_____________________________________________ |
| | |_____________________________________________ |
| | |_____________________________________________ |
| | |_____________________________________________ |
| | |_____________________________________________ |
| | |_____________________________________________ |
| | |_____________________________________________ |
| | |_____________________________________________ |
Your mission: to save the Northern Paradise before it vanishes. Write a letter to the United Nations in order to slow down global warming and to improve the protection of this ecosystem. Insist with a petition on .
(Preamble: recall the universal principles you defend) (Articles: what your demand & propose + solutions and sanctions)
See also the video on
Conclusion
Discovered by adventurous explorers, motivated by the European cultural imaginaries and by religions, the North Pole kept its secret passage to the next or inner world. Yet, the current responsibility of human beings is to maintain the existence of Inuit cultural identity, to preserve the ecosystem for the sustaniable development of everyone.
Maybe Paradise is not there, but life for sure, just our life, which is probably the most important treasure of all.
“We do not inherit the earth from our ancestors; we borrow it from our children” (anonymous proverb).
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