Libya Report Between Life and Death
`BETWEEN LIFE AND DEATH'
REFUGEES AND MIGRANTS TRAPPED IN LIBYA'S CYCLE OF ABUSE
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? Amnesty International 2017 Except where otherwise noted, content in this document is licensed under a Creative Commons (attribution, non-commercial, no derivatives, international 4.0) licence. For more information please visit the permissions page on our website: Where material is attributed to a copyright owner other than Amnesty International this material is not subject to the Creative Commons licence. First published in 2017 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street London WC1X 0DW, UK
Index: MDE 19/3084/2020 Original language: English
Cover photo: The bodies of five refugees and migrants were recovered at sea after their boat sank off the coast of the Libyan city of al-Khums on 27 August 2019. Survivors were brought back to Libya by the Libyan Coast Guard to face indefinite and arbitrary detention. ? MAHMUD TURKIA/AFP via Getty Images
CONTENTS
GLOSSARY
5
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
6
2. METHODOLOGY
11
3. BACKGROUND
13
3.1 SITUATION IN LIBYA
13
3.2 REFUGEES AND MIGRANTS IN LIBYA
14
4. ROLE OF EU STATES AND INSTITUTIONS
16
5. UNLAWFUL DEPRIVATION OF LIBERTY
21
5.1 ARBITRARY DETENTION AND ENFORCED DISAPPEARANCE AFTER DISEMBARKATION
22
5.2 ARRESTS AND ABDUCTIONS WITHIN LIBYA
23
5.3 INDEFINITE DETENTION
24
6. ABUSES IN DETENTION
27
6.1 INHUMANE CONDITIONS
28
6.2 INADEQUATE FOOD IN DCIM CENTRES
28
6.3 TORTURE AND OTHER ILL-TREATMENT
29
6.4 SEXUAL VIOLENCE
30
6.5 FORCED LABOUR
30
6.6 DEATHS IN CUSTODY
31
7. EXPULSIONS
33
8. ABUSES OUTSIDE DETENTION
35
8.1 ECONOMIC HARDSHIP, EXPLOITATION AND ROBBERY
36
8.2 FORCED LABOUR
37
`BETWEEN LIFE AND DEATH' REFUGEES AND MIGRANTS TRAPPED IN LIBYA'S CYCLE OF ABUSE
Amnesty International
3
8.3 BARRIERS TO ACCESSING HEALTH CARE
38
8.4 SEXUAL VIOLENCE
39
9. CAUGHT UP IN ARMED HOSTILITES
40
10. XENOPHOBIA AND RACISM
43
11. IMPUNITY AND COMPLICITY
45
12. `NO SAFE WAY OUT'
47
13. LEGAL FRAMEWORK
50
13.1 LIBYA'S OBLIGATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW AND STANDARDS
50
13.2 EUROPEAN STATES' OBLIGATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW AND STANDARDS
52
13.3 LIBYAN LEGISLATION
52
14. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
54
ALL LIBYAN AUTHORITIES AND GROUPS WITH DE FACTO CONTROL OF TERRITORY
55
LIBYA'S GOVERNMENT OF NATIONAL ACCORD
56
THE EU AND MEMBER STATES
56
`BETWEEN LIFE AND DEATH' REFUGEES AND MIGRANTS TRAPPED IN LIBYA'S CYCLE OF ABUSE
Amnesty International
4
GLOSSARY
"CAMPO"
DCIM GACS GNA IOM LCG LNA OHCHR UNHCR UNSMIL
TERM USED BY REFUGEES AND MIGRANTS TO REFER TO PLACES OF CAPTIVITY MANAGED BY TRAFFICKERS OR SMUGGLERS Libya's Directorate for Combating Illegal Migration Libya's General Administration for Coastal Security Libya's Government of National Accord International Organization for Migration Libyan Coast Guard Libyan National Army Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights UN High Commissioner for Refugees, the UN Refugee Agency UN Support Mission in Libya
`BETWEEN LIFE AND DEATH' REFUGEES AND MIGRANTS TRAPPED IN LIBYA'S CYCLE OF ABUSE
Amnesty International
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