BROKEN AND UNEQUAL - Amnesty International
BROKEN AND UNEQUAL
THE STATE OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH AFRICA
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First published in 2020 by Amnesty International Ltd Peter Benenson House, 1 Easton Street, London WC1X 0DW, UK
Index: AFR 53/1705/2020 Original language: English
Learners at an Eastern Cape school make the most of a break in their school day. ? Amnesty International
BROKEN AND UNEQUAL
THE STATE OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH AFRICA
BROKEN AND UNEQUAL
THE STATE OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH AFRICA
3
Amnesty International
CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
6
ABBREVIATIONS
13
1. METHODOLOGY
14
2. BACKGROUND
16
2.1 Inequality and education
16
2.2 The Legacy of colonialism and apartheid
18
2.3 The Right to quality education
20
3. SOUTH AFRICA'S EDUCATION SYSTEM
22
3.1 Legal framework
22
3.2 Policy, plans and strategy
23
3.3 Organizational structure
25
4. SOME KEY CHALLENGES FOR PUBLIC EDUCATION IN SOUTH AFRICA
28
4.1 Poverty and inequality
28
4.2 Poor educational outcomes
30
4.3 Multiple languages
33
5. POOR INFRASTRUCTURE
35
5.1 Struggling to overcome apartheid's legacy
37
5.2 Continued use of poor and dangerous infrastructure
39
5.3 Gauteng: failings in South Africa's wealthiest province
47
5.4 Eastern Cape: difficulties in overcoming the toxic legacy of apartheid
49
5.5 Sanitation: unacceptable and dangerous
54
5.6 Government responses: resources failing to meet need
61
5.7 Conclusions
64
BROKEN AND UNEQUAL
THE STATE OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH AFRICA
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Amnesty International
6. OTHER BARRIERS TO THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION
65
6.1 Inadequate school transport to and from school
67
6.2 Unsafe learning environments
70
6.3 Overcrowded classes
72
6.4 Teacher shortages
74
6.5 Excessive teacher workloads
76
6.6 Teacher capacity and training
78
6.7 Conclusions
81
7. FUNDING FOR EDUCATION
82
7.1 Levels of funding: keeping pace with needs?
85
7.2 Dysfunctional funding formula
87
7.3 Fees versus no fees: the need to ensure all schools are adequately funded
90
7.4 Conclusions
91
8. GOVERNANCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY GAPS
93
8.1 Governance and School Governing Bodies
93
8.2 Monitoring and inspection
96
8.3 Conclusions
98
9. INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL STANDARDS
99
9.1 Key provisions of international and regional law
101
9.2 Content of the right to education
101
9.3 Scrutiny
102
10. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
107
10.1 Conclusions
107
10.2 Recommendations
108
Annex A: Survey questionnaire sent to School Governing Body representatives
110
Annex B: Results of NASGB survey
112
Annex C: Responses from the South African Department of Basic Education
114
BROKEN AND UNEQUAL
THE STATE OF EDUCATION IN SOUTH AFRICA
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Amnesty International
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