Методичні вказівки для студентів на кожне практичне ...
Методичні вказівки для студентів на кожне практичне заняття, які мають містити повну найбільш важливу та додаткову інформацію.
Methodical directions for the Practical Lesson №1
For Pharmaceutical Department Students
Speciality «Clinical Pharmacy»
Theme: Living levels and forms of life. Optical sysstems in a biological investigations
The purpose of the lesson: to receive the study about the main rules of working with light microscope for biological objects learning; get the ability to prepare the provisional specimens and to can perform their microscopic analysis.
Professional Motivation: Light microscopy is a method of cytological examination. It is necessary to use medicine for study both norm and pathology and for laboratory diagnosis of different diseases.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Biology as a science. Biology significance in physician training.
2. Living beings organization levels. The fundamental characteristics of living beings.
3. Methods of biological investigations.
4. Light microscope structure. The main principles of working with light microscope.
5. Principles of provisional specimen preparation.
R E F E R E N C E S
1. Lectures №1 “Living levels and forms of life. Structure and functions of eukaryotic cells and its heredity material. Cell as an open system. Flow of matters, energy and information inside the cell. Gene expression.”
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD CSMU, 2003, - P. 3 - 19.
3. Medical biology: The study guide of the practical classes course / Edited by O.V. Romanenko. – K.: Medicine, 2008. – P. 9-15.
Methodical Directions for Lesson № 2
For Pharmaceutical Department Students
Speciality «Clinical Pharmacy»
Theme: Cell structure and functions. Cytoplasm and nucleus structural parts.
The purpose of the lesson: Basing on the study of plant and animal cells structure show the organization of the smallest living being unit. Receive study of cell structure and functions. Learn the differences between plant and animal cells. Be able to distinguish the components of eukaryotic cells (membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm) under the microscope. Base on knowledge about molecular structure of membranes gain insight about membranous principle of cell organization.
Professional Motivation: Cytological knowledge and skills are very necessary for a doctor for norm and pathology characteristic on the cellular level of life.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. The Cell Theory and its modern state.
2. Non-cellular and cellular forms of life.
3. Prokaryotes and eykaryotes.
4. Cell as an elementary structural, functional and genetic biological system.
5. Structure and functions of cell components.
6. Structural components of a nucleus.
REFERENCES
1. Biology Course, Lecture № 1. Theme: “Introduction into the medical biology course. General characteristic of life, human place in the nature system, Cellular level of life organization. Structural and functional organization of eukaryotic cells”.
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD CSMU, 2003, - P. 3 - 19.
3. Medical biology: The study guide of the practical classes course / Edited by O.V. Romanenko. – K.: Medicine, 2008. – P. 15-25.
Methodical Directions for Lesson № 3
For Pharmaceutical Department Students
Speciality «Clinical Pharmacy»
Theme: Cell membranes. Transport across the plasmalemma
The purpose of the lesson: Learn structure and function of сell membranes. Receive a study about transport types across the cell membrane. Get the ability to distinguish the components of membranous organelles of eucaryotic cell. Basing on knowledge about molecular structure of membranes comprehend membranous principle of cell organization.
Professional Motivation: Knowledge about the сell membranes structure and functions are very necessary for a doctor while let him characterize norm and pathology of organism’ cellular level.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Cell as an open system. Assimilation and dissimilation processes within the cell
2. Cell membranes, their structure and functions.
3. Receptors of cells
4. Transport across the plasmalemma, types of transport
5. Order of matters flow in the cell
6. Order of energy flux within cell
- stages of power exchange
- ATP as power provider of cell
- energy distribution
REFERENCES
1. Biology Course, Lecture № 1. Theme: “Introduction into the course of medical biology. General characteristic of life. Human in the system of nature. Cell level of organization of the alive. Structural-functional organization of eukaryotic cells”.
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD CSMU, 2003, - P. 3 - 19.
3. Nikolaenko O. Cell biology. Genetics. Manual for foreign students. Vinnitsa, 2004, P.10 - 21.
4. Medical biology: The study guide of the Practical Classes course / Edited by O.V. Romanenko. – K.: Medicine, 2008. – P. 15-25.
Methodical Directions for Lesson № 4
For Pharmaceutical Department Students
Speciality «Clinical Pharmacy»
Theme: Chromosomes morphology. Human karyotype
The purpose of the lesson: learn the structural components of a nucleus, the morphological, functional characteristics of chromosomes, human chromosome classification; get the ability to describe a normal human karyotype and human chromosome ideogram.
Professional Motivation: Chromosome microscopic investigation is a basic citogenetic method of human genetics, it applies for the diagnostic of chromosome diseases, sex determination in humans, in the forensic medical examination.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Hereditary organization of cell. Morphological characteristics and classification of chromosomes.
2. Human karyotype characteristics.
3. Karyotype analysis.
4. Chromosomal analysis.
R E F E R E N C E S
1. Lecture №2 Theme: “Genetic information and its expression in a cell”.
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD CSMU, 2003, - P. 143 - 150.
Methodical Directions for Lesson № 5
For Pharmaceutical Department Students
Speciality «Clinical Pharmacy»
Theme: Nucleic acids structure and functions
The purpose of the lesson: to learn molecular bases of heredity, structure and functions of nucleic acids, genetic code, biosynthesis of the DNA, get the ability to solve the tests modeling synthesis of nucleic acids and its stages.
Professional Motivation: investigation of the structure and biological significance of DNA and RNA is a base of molecular genetics. Genetics allows a doctor to diagnose, treat and prevent different human diseases on the molecular level.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Structure and functions of nucleic acids.
2. Biosynthesis of the DNA (replication)
3. Genes. Classification of genes.
4. Genetic code and its characteristics.
Key words and phrases: DNA, DNA-replication, messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), nucleotide, Chargaff’s rule, protein, amino acid, genetic code, gene, codon, anticodon, DNA polymerase, intron, exon.
R E F E R E N C E S
Biology Course:
1. Lecture №2 Theme: “ Genetic information and its expression in a cell”.
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD CSMU, 2003, - P. 143 - 150.
3. Medical biology: The study guide of the practical classes course / Edited by O.V. Romanenko. – K.: Medicine, 2008. – P. 25-32.
Methodical Directions for Lesson № 6
For Pharmaceutical Department Students Speciality «Clinical Pharmacy»
Theme: Classification of genes. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic genes’ structure.
The purpose of the lesson: to learn molecular bases of heredity, study principles of main molecular genetic processes in a cell (transcription, processing). Study a sequence of processes of genes expression. Familiarize with I stage of gene expression mechanisms; get the ability to solve the tests modeling synthesis of nucleic acids and its stages.
Professional Motivation: investigation of the principles of basic molecular genetic processes in a cell is a base of molecular genetics. Genetics allows a doctor to diagnose, treat and prevent different human diseases on the molecular level.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Organization of information flow in cell.
2. Coding and decoding of biological information in a cell.
3. Molecular mechanisms of genetic information realization: transcription, processing.
4. The stages of the transcription of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.
5. Genes. Classification of genes.
R E F E R E N C E S
1 1. Lecture №2 Theme: “Molecular bases of heredity. Cellular reproduction”.
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD CSMU, 2003, - P. 143 - 150.
3. Medical biology: The study guide of the practical classes course / Edited by O.V. Romanenko. – K.: Medicine, 2008. – P. 25-32.
Methodical directions for the Practical Lesson №7
For Pharmaceutical Department Students
Speciality «Clinical Pharmacy»
Theme: Cell as an open system. Flow of matters, energy and information inside the cell. Gene expression regulation. Molecular mechanisms of variability in men.
The purpose of the lesson: to learn molecular bases of heredity, study principles of main molecular genetic processes passing in a cell (replication, transcription, processing, translation, traits (including abnormal) creation). Study a sequence of genes expression processes in a cell. Get the ability to solve the tests modeling synthesis of nucleic acids and its stages.
Professional Motivation: studying the process of protein biosynthesis is cornerstone of molecular genetics and a base for traits creation understanding. Genetics allows doctor to diagnose, treat and prevent different human diseases on the molecular level.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Coding and decoding of biological information in a cell.
2. Molecular mechanisms of genetic information realization: transcription, processing, translation, traits creation.
3. Regulation of genes expression activity.
R E F E R E N C E S
1. Lecture №2 Theme: “ Genetic information and its expression in a cell”.
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD CSMU, 2003, - P. 143 - 150.
3. Medical biology: The study guide of the practical classes course / Edited by O.V. Romanenko. – K.: Medicine, 2008. – P. 32-45.
Methodical directions for the Practical Lesson № 8
For Pharmaceutical Department Students
Speciality «Clinical Pharmacy»
Theme: Cell cycle. Cell division types
The purpose of the lesson: to learn the peculiarities of the cell organization in time; study the cytogenetic mechanisms of the basic living beings’ property - cell reproduction. Familiarize with the cell cycle. Be able to distinguish mitosis and meiosis stages on permanent specimens and to solve tests modeling normal mitosis and its abnormalities.
Professional Motivation: mitosis and meiosis disturbances lead to the birth defects, provoke cancer development and many other diseases.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Cell cycle and its periods.
2. Cells specializations.
3. Mitotic cycle and its phases.
4. Metaphase chromosomes structure, their movement and modifications during the cell division.
5. Tissues mitotic activity overview.
6. Peculiarities of the meiotic cell division
R E F E R E N C E S
1. Lecture №1 Theme: “Introduction into the course of medical biology. General characteristic of life. Human in the system of nature. Cell level of organization of the alive. Structural-functional organization of eukaryotic cells”.
2. Lecture №2 Theme «Reproduction on cell and organism levels. Biological features of human reproduction.»
3. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD CSMU, 2003, - P. 44 - 52, 165 - 177.
4. Medical biology: The study guide of the practical classes course / Edited by O.V. Romanenko. – K.: Medicine, 2008. – P. 44-62.
Methodical directions for the Practical Lesson № 9
For Pharmaceutical Department Students
Speciality «Clinical Pharmacy»
Theme: Human reproduction. Gametogenesis. Fertilization. Ontogenesis
The purpose of the lesson: Familiarize with the cell cycle. Be able to distinguish mitosis and meiosis stages on permanent specimens and to solve tests modeling normal meiosis and its abnormalities.
Professional Motivation: meiosis disturbances lead to the birth defects, provoke cancer development and many other diseases.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. What is the difference between a somatic and sex cell?
2. How the mature male sex cells called?
3. What .cells are called fertile?
4. How long are fertile sex cells stored?
5. What is the period of the sex cells formation in ontogenesis called?
6. What is the development stages of male sex cells?
7. What is the development stages of female sex cells?
8. What gametogentsis stage are similar for men and women?
R E F E R E N C E S
1. Lecture №1 Theme: “Introduction into the course of medical biology. General characteristic of life. Human in the system of nature. Cell level of organization of the alive. Structural-functional organization of eukaryotic cells”.
2. Lecture №2 Theme «Reproduction on cell and organism levels. Biological features of human reproduction.»
3. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD CSMU, 2003, - P. 44 - 52, 165 - 177.
4. Medical biology: The study guide of the practical classes course / Edited by O.V. Romanenko. – K.: Medicine, 2008. – P. 62-73.
Methodical directions for the Practical Lesson № 10
For Pharmaceutical Department Students
Speciality «Clinical Pharmacy»
Theme: Peculiarities of the prenatal (embryonic) period of the human being development. Various abnormalities and their place in human p-athology. Postembryonal development
The purpose of the lesson: Ontogenesis is the process of the realization of information of a zygote under certain environmental conditions. Attention is a paid to these processes mechanisms in the normal state and also to the possible causes of their malfunction.
Professional Motivation: Ontogenesis disturbances lead to the birth defects, provoke cancer development and many other diseases.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Type and periods of ontogenesis, their peculifrities.
2. Cleveage types and mechanisms
3. Spesifisity of the blastomeres cell cycle
4. Blactula structure, its specifity in different organisms
5. Possible ontogenesis malfunctions, which happen due to tnviromental factors influtnce during fertilisation and clevage
R E F E R E N C E S
1. Lecture №1 Theme: “Introduction into the course of medical biology. General characteristic of life. Human in the system of nature. Cell level of organization of the alive. Structural-functional organization of eukaryotic cells”.
2. Lecture №2 Theme «Reproduction on cell and organism levels. Biological features of human reproduction.»
3. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD CSMU, 2003, - P. 44 - 52, 165 - 177.
4. Medical biology: The study guide of the practical classes course / Edited by O.V. Romanenko. – K.: Medicine, 2008. – P. 73-87.
Methodical Directions for Practical Lesson №11
For Pharmaceutical Department Students
Speciality «Clinical Pharmacy»
Comprehensive check for Module 1 “Biological features of human vital activity”
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Organization of information flow in the cell.
2. Coding of biological information in a cell.
3. Molecular mechanisms of the genes expression: transcription, processing, translation,
traits creation.
4. Regulation of the genes expression process.
5. Cell cycle. Mitosis.
6. Reproduction is a universal property of living beings. Asexual and sexual reproduction
and its types.
7. Meiosis, its cytological and citogenetic characteristics
8. Sexual cells, their morphogenetic specialization.
9. Gametogenesis.
10. Fertilization. Parthenogenesis.
11. Biological peculiarities of human reproduction
Ontogenesis and its types
12. Periods of ontogenesis
13. Periods of the embryo development (embryogenesis)
14. Regulation of embryo development
15. Congenital malformations and its classifi cation
16. Teratogenic factors of environmental
17. Critical periods of embryo development. Prophylaxis of congenital malformations.
The algorithm of independent educational and research:
1. Run individually programmable task.
2. Perform the Lesson protocol.
R E F E R E N C E S
1. Lectures on medical biology № 1-3
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD CSMU, 2003, - P. 9 - 150.
3. Medical biology: The study guide of the practical classes course / Edited by O.V. Romanenko. – K.: Medicine, 2008. – P. 9 - 92.
Methodical Directions for Practical Lesson №12
For Pharmaceutical Department Students
Speciality «Clinical Pharmacy»
Theme: Life pecurialtites belonging to entire organism. Main rules of heredity by example of Mendelian Laws (mono-, di- and polyhibrid crosses).
The purpose of the lesson: Genetics is a science studying two most important characteristics of living organisms – heredity and variability.
Professional Motivation: the knowledge of Mendel’s low is nessesary to understand the mechanisms of character heredity
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Subject of genetics and anthropogenetics.
2. Basic concepts and terms of modern genetics:
a) hereditary information, heredity, inheritance;
b) gene, genotype, genome, gene pool, phenotype;
c) allelic genes, multiply alleles;
d) homo-, heterozygotes;
e) mono-, di- and polyhybrid crossing.
3. Basic laws of inheritance:
a) the Law of Monotony of the first filial generation (Low of Dominance);
b) the Law of Segregation;
c) hypothesis of purity of gametes;
d) the Law of independent assortment.
4. Statistical property of Mendel’s laws of inheritance
5. Cytogenetic basis of laws of inheritance.
6. Back and test crosses. Their essence and evaluation.
R E F E R E N C E S
1. Biology Course: 1. Lecture №3 Theme: “Organism level of organization genetic information. Interaction of genes and their display during different types of heredity”
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD CSMU, 2003, - P. 114 - 134.
3. Nikolaenko O. Cell biology. Genetics. Manual for foreign students. Vinnitsia, 2004, P. 35 - 41.
4. Medical biology: The study guide of the practical classes course / Edited by O.V. Romanenko. – K.: Medicine, 2008. – P. 94-98.
Methodical Directions for Practical Lesson № 13
For Pharmaceutical Department Students
Speciality «Clinical Pharmacy»
Multiple alleles. Human blood groups genetics. Genes interaction. Pleiotropy
The purpose of the lesson: “Gene interaction” is the process of interaction between the products of genes activity. Characters and properties of interactions between both allelic and nonallelic genes.
Professional Motivation: the knowledge about gene interaction is nessesary to understand the mechanisms of character heredity
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Multiple alleles.
2. Inheritance of human ABO-blood groups.
3. Rhesus blood types in human.
4. Significance of ABO blood types and Rh blood factor inheritance for medicine. Rh incompatibility as the reason of erythroblastosis fetalis.
5. Forms of interaction between allelic genes:
complete dominance,
incomplete dominance,
superdominance,
codominance.
1. Forms of interaction between non-allelic genes
Comolementarity
Epistatsis
Polymery
Pleiotropy and modifier genes
R E F E R E N C E S
1. Biology Course: 1. Lecture №3 Theme: “Organism level of organization genetic information. Interaction of genes and their display during different types of heredity”
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD CSMU, 2003, - P. 124 - 129, 224 -227.
3. Medical biology: The study guide of the practical classes course / Edited by O.V. Romanenko. – K.: Medicine, 2008. – P. 98-103.
Methodical Directions for Practical Lesson № 14
For Pharmaceutical Department Students
Speciality «Clinical Pharmacy»
Theme: Chromosomal theory of linkage. Types of Sex determination. Sex-linked inheritance.
The purpose of the lesson: the tendency of the genes located in one chromosome to stay together in hereditary transmission is called linkage. Changes in gene cohesion occur due to crossing-over. As result new gene combination in chromosomes arise.
Professional Motivation: the knowledge about linkage gene is nessesary to understand the mechanisms of character heredity
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. A position of a gene on the chromosome.
2. Linkage and crossing-over: complete linkage and incomplete one.
3. Morgan Theory of inheritance.
4. Chromosome mapping.
5. Sex determination in animals.
6. Sex differentiation in human.
7. Human sex-limited traits.
8. Human sex-influenced traits.
R E F E R E N C E S
1. Biology Course: 1. Lecture №5 Theme: “ Chromosome theory of inheritance. Genetics of sex. Sex-linked inheritance”
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD CSMU, 2003, - P. 139 – 143
3. Medical biology: The study guide of the practical classes course / Edited by O.V. Romanenko. – K.: Medicine, 2008. – P. 103-110.
Methodical Directions for Practical Lesson № 15
For Pharmaceutical Department Students
Speciality «Clinical Pharmacy»
Theme: Variability, its forms and manifestations. Genomic, genes and chromosomal mutations
The purpose of the lesson: variability is a common property of all living systems, it concerns the ability of organisms to acquire new characters and qualities.
Professional Motivation: the knowledge of organisms’ variability mechanisms and course a doctor and pharmacist with a possibility to predict the probability of genetic disorders manifestation and choose the approach of patient treatment.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Variability as a property of living beings. Variability’ forms.
2. Modification (phenotypic) variation (environmental influences, adaptive character of modification, phenocopies). Penetrance, expressivity.
3. Genotypic variation. Combinatorial variation as a base of phenotypic and genotypic variability in human beings.
4. Mutations. Classification of mutations.
5. Genome mutation (changes of the chromosomes number in the cell): 1) polyploidy; 2) aneuploidy
6. Chromosomal aberrations: 1) deletion; 2) duplication; 3) inversion; 4) translocation
7. Gene mutations: 1) deletion; 2) duplication; 3) inversion; 4) insertion.
8. Germinal and somatic mutations.
9. Mutations origin. Classification of mutagens (physical, chemical, biological mutagens).
10. Antimutagenic mechanisms
R E F E R E N C E S
1. Lecture №6 Theme: “Variability at human as a property of life and genetic phenomenon”
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD CSMU, 2003, - P. 178 - 192.
3. Medical biology: The study guide of the practical classes course / Edited by O.V. Romanenko. – K.: Medicine, 2008. – P. 110-119.
Methodical Directions for Practical Lesson № 16
For Pharmaceutical Department Students
Speciality «Clinical Pharmacy»
Theme: Pedigree construction and studying of twins. Molecular disease. Biochemical method and DNA diagnostics
The purpose of the lesson: Single gene disorders are characterized by transmission patterns in families. To establish the pattern of transmission, a usual first step is to obtain information about the family history of the patient and to summarize the details in the form of pedigree using standard symbols.
Professional Motivation: the pedigree analisis provides a possibility to find out if the trait hereditary or not, if it dominant or recessive and proband’s genotype.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Human organism as a specific object of the genetic studies.
2. Methods of human genetics: Genealogy method (Pedigree Analysis), Twin method (study of Twins), Dermatoglyphics, Biochemical method, DNA Analysis.
3. Rules of Genealogy.
4. Types of inheritance: autosomal-dominant, autosomal-recessive, X-linked recessive, X-linked dominant, Y-linked.
5. Pedigree Analysis: determination of inheritance type, proband’ genotype, probability of the sick children birth in the proband’ family.
6. Twin method
7. Gene diseases (metabolic disorders or molecular pathology - gene mutations in autosomes, gene mutations in sex chromosomes).
R E F E R E N C E S
1. Lecture №7 “Theme: he essentials of human genetics. Genetic Methods”
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD CSMU, 2003, - P. 193 - 198, 202 - 216.
3. Medical biology: The study guide of the practical classes course / Edited by O.V. Romanenko. – K.: Medicine, 2008. – P. 129-136.
Methodical directions for the Practical Lesson №17
For Pharmaceutical Department Students
Speciality «Clinical Pharmacy»
Theme: Cytogenetic method. Chromosomal diseases
The purpose of the lesson: in the medical practice in order to diagnose a chromosomal disorder the patient’s karyotype should be determined. The karyotype is a set of chromosomes with their quantity, size, shape, which is the most characteristic of a certain biological spesies.
Professional Motivation: the cytogenetic method is used to study the karyotype, is also used to for the investigation of chromosomes structure and quantity in dividing cells.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Cytogenetic method (Chromosomal Analysis).
2. Autosomal abnormalities.
a) changing of chromosomes number (aneuploidy) in autosomes.
b) structural changing of chromosomes.
3. Numeral changes (aneuploidy) in sex chromosomes.
4. Chromosomal mosaicism.
R E F E R E N C E S
1. Lecture №7 “Theme: he essentials of human genetics. Genetic Methods”
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD CSMU, 2003, - P. 198 - 200, 217 - 220.
3. Medical biology: The study guide of the practical classes course / Edited by O.V. Romanenko. – K.: Medicine, 2008. – P. 136-153.
Methodical directions for the Practical Lesson №18
For Pharmaceutical Department Students
Speciality «Clinical Pharmacy»
Theme: Population genetics and population-statistical method of human genetics. Medical genetic consulting
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. The genetic characteristics of a population
2. The causes of population gene pool changes
3. The relationship between alleles concentration in the population gene pool and genotypes frequency in the population
4. The practical application of the population statistics method in medicine
5. Autosomal chromosomal abnormalities.
6. Numeral changes (aneuploidy) in sex chromosomes.
7. Chromosomal mosaicism.
8. Gene diseases (metabolic disorders or molecular pathology).
9. Accounting of inherited diseases risk in child for different types of inheritance (autosomal-dominant, autosomal-recessive, X-linked recessive, X-linked dominant, Y-linked).
R E F E R E N C E S
1. Lecture №7 “Theme: he essentials of human genetics. Genetic Methods”
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD CSMU, 2003, - P. 198 - 200, 220 - 222.
3. Medical biology: The study guide of the practical classes course / Edited by O.V. Romanenko. – K.: Medicine, 2008. – P. 154-159.
Methodical directions for the Practical Lesson №19
For Pharmaceutical Department Students
Speciality «Clinical Pharmacy»
Theme: Control of practical skills content modules 2 and 3 “Pecurialities of a heredity and a variability, “Human heredity methods. Hereditary diseases”
Objective: Check for practical skills for Genetic Tasks Solution
List of the Genetics Problems
1. Rhesus-negative man with the IIIrd group of blood (homozygous) married rhesus-positive (heterozygous) woman with the Ist group of blood. What group of blood will their children have? What Mendel Law of inheritance manifests in this situation?
2. What is Barr body? How many Barr bodies are present in the somatic cell of a female with karyotype 45, XO?
3. Write the sequence of the m-RNA strand according following parental DNA bases sequences if gene mutation named deletion occurs in second triplet for nucleotide A: ACC – ATT - CGG - CCT - ATA – GCT – CAA – GGA.
4. In human Haemophilia is a sex-linked recessive disorder (h— allele of the haemophilia, H—allele of the normal blood clotting). Healthy woman is married to healthy man. What is the probability their child will have haemophilia?
5. Proband (boy) has polydactyly (extra fingers and toes). His brothers and sisters are normal. Proband's father has polydactyly but mother has normal fingers and toes. Proband's mother has two brothers: one of them is normal and another is polydactylied. Proband's grandmother from the mother's direction has more than 5 fingers, grandfather is normal. Polydactylied brother of proband's mother (the proband's uncle) is married to polydactylied woman, but their two daughters have normal fingers. Compose family tree, determine inheritance type and family members’ genotypes.
6. Хd - Duchene Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) which affects cardiac and skeletal muscles is X-linked recessive disorder. In dominant state (ХD) gene coding protein-dystrophin is present and individual whom it belongs is healthy. Tone deafness is dominant disorder (B); b - normal tone hearing. Healthy man without DMD and normal tone hearing marries woman with normal muscle system and normal tone hearing. Genes for these traits assort independently. What genotypes must have parents for their child would have both Duchene muscular dystrophy and tone deafness? Write down the family crossing scheme and get F1 ratio.
7. Mother has IVth group of blood, father has IIIrd. Which groups of blood are impossible for their children? What type of variability takes place?
8. Human’s straight hair is recessive sign, curly hair doesn’t totally dominate over straight hair; heterozygotes have wavy hair. What kinds of children can parents with wavy hair have?
9. Skin colour is quantitative trait controlled by two pairs of genes A1, A2, a1, a2. Genes of coloured skin are A1, A2, the genes of very pale skin are a1, a2. A woman with white skin get married medium-brown man. What are the skin colors possible for their children?
10. Members of some family are deaf-mutes (they don’t hear and speak). Proband is a girl with deaf-mutism. Her brother, mother and father are healthy. From the father direction aunt and grandfather are healthy and grandmother is sick. Proband's mother has deaf-mute brother and healthy brother and sister. Compose the pedigree. Determine inheritance type and family member's genotypes.
11. Suppose two parents with normal color vision and IInd blood group have a male color-blind offspring with Ist blood group. What are genotypes of these parents? Color-blindness is sex-linked recessive disorder.
12. What do you know about inheritance types? Name all of them by the example of human traits.
13. The man with brachydactyly (short fingers) and normal melanin pigmentation is get married to woman has normal fingers and albinism (lack of melanin pigmentation). The genes for these traits assort independently. Alleles are denominated in the following way: A - brachydactyly; a – normal fingers; B – normal skin; b - albinism. What is the probability for their child would have both these traits in a case if father is heterozygous by melanin pigmentation' gene? Note that homozygous dominant persons with brachydactyly don't survive, they die in the embryonic stage. Write down the pair’s scheme, Punnet square and get the F1 ratio.
14. Mother has Ist group of blood, her child has IInd. Is it possible for the father to have IIIrd group of blood? Which are the father’s possible groups of blood?
15. A normal-sighted man and woman have one son with color-blindness and two normal-sighted daughters. Grandson of color-blinded son has normal vision, grandson of one daughter is color-blind but granddaughter is healthy. There are five normal-sighted sons in the second daughter. Compose pedigree, define a pattern of inheritance and all family members’ genotypes.
16. Height is polygenic trait in humans. Height is controlled by three pairs of genes which present in different chromosomes. Height is inherited as autosomal recessive trait. What is the genotype of very tall person and very short ones?
17. Rhesus-negative man with the IIIrd group of blood (homozygous) married with rhesus-positive (heterozygous) woman with the Ist group of blood. What group of blood would their children have?
18. In a P cross, an AABBCC individual is paired with an aabbcc individual. What will be the expected frequency of aabbcc individuals in the F2 generation? Write down the crossing schemes for F1 and F2 generations obtaining and explain the choice for aabbcc in a F2 frequency:
A - 16/64; B - 8/64; C - 4/64; D - 2/64; E - 1/64.
19. Genes A and B are incompletely linked, the frequency of crossing over between these genes is 30%. How many types of gametes in which frequency does the organism with genotype Ab form?
aB
20. Proband (boy) has otosclerosis (a pathological condition of the bony labyrinth of the ear, resulting in hear loss). His brothers and sisters are healthy. Proband's father has otosclerosis but mother is healthy. Proband's mother has two brothers: one is normal, another is sick. Proband's grandmother from the mothers’ direction has otosclerosis, the grandfather is normal. Brother of proband's mother (the proband's uncle) has otosclerosis and he is married to normal woman, their two daughters are normal. Compose family tree, determine inheritance type and family members’ genotypes.
21. Polydactyly (having extra fingers or toes) is determined with autosomal dominant gene. The parents have polydactylia and they are rhesus-positive with IIIrd group of blood. They are heterozygous at every trait. How many and what types of gametes form these parents? What is possibility of healthy rhesus-negative child with I group of blood birth?
22. The frequency of crossing-over between A and B genes is 6 percents; between B and C genes it is 13 percents; between C and D genes crossing over occurs with 18 percents frequency; between C and A genes it is 7 percents frequency of crossing-over; between D and B it is 5 percents. What is the sequence of these genes on the chromosome?
23. Rhesus-negative man with the IIIrd group of blood (homozygous) married rhesus-positive (heterozygous) woman with the Ist group of blood. What group of blood would their children have?
24. Polydactyly (extra fingers and toes) is dominant trait in humans. A heterozygous woman has polydactyly and brown eyes. Her husband has 5 fingers and blue eyes. The genes for these traits assort independently and are denominated in the following manner: A - polydactyly; a – normal fingers; B - brown eyes; b - blue eyes. What is probability their child would have the same genotype as mother? Father?
25. There are 54 sick patients with thalassemia (recessively inherited traits) in a 1000000 populated region. Define quantity of thalassemia heterozygotes in this population.
26. Tay-Sach’s disease is inherited as autosomal recessive disorder. Frequency of diseased people in population is 5:100000. Calculate quantity of heterozygous individuals in population.
27. In 500000 populated region there are 4 sick individuals with phenylketonuria (recessively inherited traits). Define heterozygotes’ quantity in population.
28. When human’s normal somatic cells are treated with the drug colchicine (it arrests cell division during mitosis), chromosomes don’t move to opposite poles of the cell during anaphase of mitosis. How many chromosomes do daughter cells have? What type of mutation occurs?
29. Write the sequence of m-RNA strand synthesized on the following parental DNA sequence if gene mutation (deletion) in second triplet for nucleotide T occurs: ACC – ATT - CGG - CCT - ATA – GCT – CAA – GGA.
30. Absents of the sweat glands is determined in humans by recessive gene located in the X-chromosome. Healthy man marries a heterozygous woman. Is it possible to reveal this trait in offspring?
31. Haemophilia and color-blindness are sex-linked recessive disorders. Their genes are located in the X-chromosome. The distance between genes is 9.8 morgans. A woman which mother has color-blindness and father has hemophilia married a man without these two disorders. What is the probability for their children have both of these disorders?
32. In human Brown teeth syndrome is a sex-linked dominant disorder, genes of blood groups inheritance are located in autosomes. The woman with Brown teeth syndrome and IInd blood group, whose father has I group blood and white teeth, married man with white teeth and Ist group blood. What is the possibility of the father’ both traits to be inherited by their child?
33. Genes A and b are located in the same autosome at 10 cMorgans distance. What types of sperms does a man with genotype Ab
aB produce in the case of the linkage group disruption?
34. The parents are brown-eyed, rhesus-positive, with IInd group of blood. They are heterozygous at every trait. How many and what types of gametes form these parents?
35. What type of mutations has the greatest probability to be expressed in the next generation:
a) Recessive, occurred in X chromosome;
b) Autosomal recessive;
c) Dominant autosomal one?
38. Write the sequence of the m-RNA strand corresponding following parental DNA sequences if mutation (insertion) of nucleotid A occurs in second triplet: ACC – ATT - CGG - CCT - ATA – GCT – CAA – GGA.
39. In human Vitamin D-resistant rickets is a sex-linked dominant disorder (ХR - vitamin D-resistant rickets, Xr - normal vitamin D metabolism). Healthy woman marries a man with vitamin D-resistant rickets. What is probability their child would have this disease?
40. In human Haemophilia is a sex-linked recessive disorder (h—allele of the haemophilia, H—allele of the normal blood clotting). Autosomal gene coding Rh-factor protein is dominant over the rhesus-factor absence. Rhesus-negative healthy man married rhesus-positive (heterozygous) woman who is carrier of hemophilia gene. What traits would their children have?
41. Genes A, B and C constitute one group of linkage. Distance between A and B gene is 7 cM, between B and C it is 2 cM. Define distance between A and C genes.
42. In human alkaptonuria is recessive disorder (d— allele of alkaptonuria, D—allele of the normal metabolism). A woman with normal metabolism marries a normal-sighted man. What are the chances that their children will have alkaptonuria? What are chances for their child to be normal-sighted?
43. In human white hair is recessive trait (a—allele of the white hair, A—allele of the dark hair). A couple where one parent has white hair and another - dark hair has a single child with white hair. Who parent passes the gene of white hair to their child?
44. Human’s straight hair is recessive sign, curly hair is dominant sign, albinism is recessive disorder (d— allele of the albinism, D—allele of the normal color skin). What kinds of children can healthy parents with curly hair have?
45. A girl was born without eyes with cleft palate and cleft lip, polydactyly, micrognathia (micromandibula or micromaxilla), low-set, malformed ears and abnormalities of the heart. Dermatoglyphics features include an increased frequency of digital arches, a distal axial triradius (angle (td is equal 108(). Chromosome analysis has shown that the karyotype is 47, XX, 13+. What disorder this child has?
46. In region with 500000 inhabitants there are 4 sick men with phenylketonuria (recessively inherited traits). Define quantity of heterozygotes in this population.
47. Tay-Sach’s disease is inherited as autosomal recessive disorder. Frequency of the ill people in population is 5:100000. Calculate quantity of heterozygous individuals in population.
48. This is a pedigree of the family with hypertrichosis. Determine inheritance type and genotypes of the IV1 and IV2 family members. [pic]
49. This is pedigree of the family with color-blindness. Determine inheritance type and genotypes of III3 and III4 family members.
[pic]
51. This is a pedigree of the family where deaf-mute girl has been born. Determine inheritance type in both proband’s families. Write genotypes of ПІ3 and III4 family members. Define probability of the healthy child to be born in probands’ family.
[pic]
Methodical directions for the Practical Lesson №20
For Pharmaceutical Department Students
Speciality «Clinical Pharmacy»
The final module control 2
I. Objective lessons: Check the theoretical knowledge and practical skills module 2
II. List of practical skills:
- The application of basic genetic concepts, terms, symbolic entries genes genotypes schemes marriages;
- The application of knowledge of the laws of Mendel, T. Morgan, MI Vavilov, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium;
- Recognition of multiple alleles pleyotropiyi, interaction allelic and nonallelic genes;
- Determine the types of inheritance of characteristics and properties;
- Definition and classification of variability;
- Recognition of hereditary diseases, their classification;
- Determining the nature, diagnostic capabilities and application of antropohenetyky;
- Prediction of pathological signs in the offspring;
- Interpretation of the biological basis of CIM.
III. Estimated basis of:
A. Algorithm for individual student work
1) Performance of individual programmed tasks
2) A written design response
3) Computer testing
B. Instructions to perform individual work
1) Rewrite the problem and do it in writing;
2) Choose the correct answer in the test.
C. Grades and scores are given to students
1. The full answer to every practical problem is estimated at 10 points. Maximum for assignment 50 points (10 × 5).
2. The correct answer to a test is estimated at 0.5 points. Results from computer testing 30 points (60 × 0,5)
R E F E R E N C E S
1. Lectures on medical biology № 4-7
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD CSMU, 2003, - P. 150-222.
3. Medical biology: The study guide of the practical classes course / Edited by O.V. Romanenko. – K.: Medicine, 2008. – P. 93-172.
Methodical directions for the Practical Lesson №21
For Pharmaceutical Department Students
Speciality «Clinical Pharmacy»
Theme: Medical and biological essentials of Parasitology. Phenomena of parasitism, parasitic system and its compounds. Medical Protozoology. Protozoa. Class Lobosea, Class Infuzoria.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Introduction to Medical Parasitology. Origin and evolution of parasitism.
2. Principles of classification of parasites. Principles of interaction between parasite and host.
3. Morphological and physiological adaptations of parasites.
4. The concept of the intensity and duration of infestation.
5. Famous parasitologists: V.A.Dogel, V.M.Beklemishev, E.N.Pavlovsky, Skryabin, A.P.Markevich, L.V.Gromashevsky etc.
6. Features and classification of Subkingdom Protozoa (Protozoa).
7. Type Sarcomastigophora, Class Lobosea. Species: Entamoeba histolytica, intestinal amoeba (E.coli), mouth amoeba (E. gingivalis). Medical Geography, morphofunctional features cycles of development, ways of infection, laboratory diagnosis, prevention of amoebiasis.
8. Medical Geography, morphofunctional features, cycles of development, ways of infection, laboratory diagnosis, prevention of balantidiasis.
R E F E R E N C E S
1. Lecture №8 Theme: “ Theme: Biological peculiarities of human parasites of Kingdom Protista: morphology, lifecycles, ways of invasion. laboratory diagnostics and ptophylaxis of protozoonoses.”
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD CSMU, 2003, - P. 232 - 240.
3. Medical biology: The study guide of the practical classes course / Edited by O.V. Romanenko. – K.: Medicine, 2008. – P. 180-189.
Methodical directions for the Practical Lesson №22
For Pharmaceutical Department Students
Speciality «Clinical Pharmacy»
Theme: Medical Protozoology. Protozoa. Class Zoomastigophora. Transmissive and feral-nidal diseases.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Medical geography of giardiasis, trichomoniasis, leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis.
2. Morphological and functional features of giardiasis, trichomoniasis, leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis.
3. Cycles of development, ways of infection of giardiasis, trichomoniasis, leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis.
4. Laboratory diagnosis and prevention of giardiasis, trichomoniasis, leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis.
R E F E R E N C E S
1. Lecture №8 Theme: “ Theme: Biological peculiarities of human parasites of Kingdom Protista: morphology, lifecycles, ways of invasion. laboratory diagnostics and ptophylaxis of protozoonoses.”
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD CSMU, 2003, - P. 232 – 240
3. Medical biology: The study guide of the practical classes course / Edited by O.V. Romanenko. – K.: Medicine, 2008. – P. 189-200.
Methodical directions for the Practical Lesson №23
For Pharmaceutical Department Students
Speciality «Clinical Pharmacy»
Theme: Medical Protozoology. Protozoa. Class Sporozoa
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Morphological and functional features of malaria parasites and Toxoplasma.
2. Life cycles of Malarian Plasmodiums and Toxoplasma.
3. Route of infection, laboratory diagnosis and prevention of diseases caused by these parasites.
R E F E R E N C E S
1. Lecture №8 Theme: “Biological peculiarities of human parasites of Kingdom Protista: morphology, lifecycles, ways of invasion. laboratory diagnostics and ptophylaxis of protozoonoses.”
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD CSMU, 2003, - P. 240-251
3. Medical biology: The study guide of the practical classes course / Edited by O.V. Romanenko. – K.: Medicine, 2008. – P. 189-200.
Methodical directions for the Practical Lesson №24
For Pharmaceutical Department Students
Speciality «Clinical Pharmacy»
Theme: Medical Helminthology. Phylum Plathelminthes. Class Trematoda. Human diseases caused by Fasciola hepatica, Dicrocelium lancetum (dendriticum), Paragonimus westermani (ringeri), Opistorchis felineus, Clonorchis sinensis, Shistosomae.
The purpose of the lesson: Study typical features of Flatworms, general characteristic of FlatWorms (Class Trematoda), morphology and life cycle of flukes. Attention should be paid on parasitic features, morphological peculiarities, life cycles and pathogenic significance of Fasciola hepatica, Dicrocelium lancetum (dendriticum), Paragonimus westermani (ringeri).
diagnostics, prophylaxis of trematodic diseases.
Professional Motivation: Knowledge of pathogenic forms of of Flat worms (Class Trematoda) is necessary for doctor’ diagnostics and prevention of human parasitic diseases (trematodosis) and distinguish them from other pathology. Doctor of any speciality has to know morphology, life cycle of Fasciola hepatica, Dicrocelium lancetum (dendriticum), Paragonimus westermani (ringeri) and have to be able use this data for diagnostics, prevention and control of trematodic diseases.
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. General characteristics of Phylum Plathelminthes (Flatworms).
1. Classification, bio- and geohelminthes.
2. Characteristics and development of Trematodes.
3. The liver fluke. Its structure, life cycle, the ways of invasion, pathogenesis, fasciolesis prophylaxis.
4. The lancet liver fluke. Morphology, life cycle, the way of invasion, pathogenesis, opistorchosis prophylaxis.
5. The human lung fluke. Morphology, life cycle, the way of invasion, pathogenesis, paragonimosis prophylaxis
6. The cat liver fluke and Chinese liver fluke. Morphology, life cycle, the way of invasion, pathogenesis, paragonimosis prophylaxis
7. Schistosomae. Morphology, life cycle, the way of invasion, pathogenesis, paragonimosis prophylaxis
Independent study andresearch work:
1. Microscopic study the total liver fluke. Draw the liver fluke with a designation of the picture and diagnostic features.
2. A schematic sketch of the liver fluke cycle, given the sequence of stages and the conditions necessary for their development.
3. Using illustrative material, study morphological and physiological structure and diagnostic features dikrotseliya, paragonima and opisthorchis.
4. Fill in the table:
"Comparison of flukes"
|The name of the parasite Engl. and latin. |Disease name |Methods of human infection |
Methodical directions for the Practical Lesson №33
For Pharmaceutical Department Students
Speciality «Clinical Pharmacy»
Theme: Bioshere as an environment for mankind. Human ecology
Theme: Human ecology
CHECK-UP QUESTIONS:
1. Types of environmental factors (ecofactors)
2. Abiotic factors of encology, their forms
3. Biotic factors of ecology, forms of interaction.
4. Anthropogenic factors
5. Ecosystems, its structure, the ecological pyramids
6. A general model of chemical cycling.
Independent research project:
1. Prepare, presnent, listen to and discuss research papers of your own and other students.
2. Complete the following tables: № 1 "Adaptive types of people", № 2 "Poisonous Plants and Animals."
Methodical directions for the Practical Lesson №34
For Pharmaceutical Department Students
Speciality «Clinical Pharmacy»
Comprehensive check for Module 3 “Population and specie, biogeocoenotic and biospheric levels of live arrangement”
I. Objective of the lessons: Check the theoretical knowledge and practical skills for Module 3
II. Tentative list of practical skills:
You must be able:
To put the certain living being to the proper place in the system of Taxonomy;
- To explain why the human parasitic diseases belong to the group of vector-borne or nidal infections;
- To determine the causal agents and vectors of parasitic diseases by macro-and microspecimens;
- To determine the specie of protozoan causing the zoonotic disease;
- To identify the different stages of the parasitic life cycles;
- To verify the methods of laboratory diagnosis of parasitic diseases;
- To determine the species of worms and their eggs;
- To diagnose the parasitic invasion type in accordance with laboratory methods;
- To determine the species for vectors of infectious agents.
- To prove the effectiveness of prevention measures for parasitic diseases in accordance with the way of invasion;
- To provide influence of environmental factors on human health.
III. Estimated pathway of action:
A. Algorithm for individual student work
1) Perform the individual programmed tasks describing the parasites
2) Solve the problems
2) Pass the computer testing
B. Instructions to perform individual work
1) Describe the parasite in accordancw with common scheme. Solve the problem.
2) Choose the correct answer in the test.
C. Grades and scores given to students:
1. The complete answer for every practical problem is value for 10 points. Maximum for practical assignments is 50 points (10 × 5).
2. The correct answer to a test is estimated at 0.5 points. Maximal result for computer testing - 30 points (60 × 0,5)
R E F E R E N C E S
1. Lectures on medical biology № 8-10
2. Lazarev K.L. Medical Biology: Textbook. - Second edition. Simferopol: IAD CSMU, 2003, - P. 93 280.
3. Medical biology: The study guide of the practical classes course / Edited by O.V. Romanenko. – K.: Medicine, 2008. – P. 172-300.
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