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U2 Biomolecules & Cell Transport Study Guide Answer KeyA. The Cell Membrane43605455080A =lipidB =cholesterol (a kind of lipid)C =proteinD =carbohydrateE =glucose F =proteinG =protein channelH-I =phospholipid bilayer00A =lipidB =cholesterol (a kind of lipid)C =proteinD =carbohydrateE =glucose F =proteinG =protein channelH-I =phospholipid bilayer1. Label the parts of the cell membrane:left261620A =allows water to flow in and out of the cellB =cholesterol: a lipid that allows movement of water into the cellC =protein that allows the channel to open and larger molecules to flow through the cellD =carbohydrate that sends messages to the protein for the channel to openE =Glucose molecule: glucose supplies energy to the cellF =integral protein that opens the protein channel also provides structureG =protein channel allows larger molecules to enter and leave the cell (molecules like glucose)H-I =phospholipid bilayer: provides a barrier between the cell and the outside, allows molecules in and out00A =allows water to flow in and out of the cellB =cholesterol: a lipid that allows movement of water into the cellC =protein that allows the channel to open and larger molecules to flow through the cellD =carbohydrate that sends messages to the protein for the channel to openE =Glucose molecule: glucose supplies energy to the cellF =integral protein that opens the protein channel also provides structureG =protein channel allows larger molecules to enter and leave the cell (molecules like glucose)H-I =phospholipid bilayer: provides a barrier between the cell and the outside, allows molecules in and out2. List the function for each of the parts in the diagram.3. About the cell membrane:What is the purpose of the cell membrane? It is a protective layer that is semipermeable, allowing materials in and out of the cell as needed through endocytosis and exocytosis.How is a plasma membrane different from a cell membrane? (Why is this a trick question???)They are the same thing.What could pass through a permeable membrane? What could pass through an impermeable membrane?Permeable: everything impermeable: nothingWhat does it mean for something to be selectively permeable? Give an example. Only some things can pass through. The cell membrane and a screen on a window are examplesExplain why it is important that the phospholipid tails are hydrophobic and the heads are hydrophilic.The head is hydrophilic because it is water loving: polar and attracts water. The tail is hydrophobic because it is water hating: nonpolar repels water.B. Types of Transport1. Draw and label a diagram to represent each of the following types transport across cell membranes. But a circle around the type(s) that can happen WITHOUT a living cell.DiffusionMatter flows from high to low concentration using no energyOsmosisWater flows from high to low concentration using no energyFacilitated DiffusionMatter flows from high to low through a protein channel, using no energyActive TransportMatter flows from low to high, using energyPinocytosisThe ingestion of liquid with small particles in it: called fluid endocytosisPhagocytosisLiving cells ingest other cells or particlesAmoeba does this. Body cells such as white blood cells also do this.EndocytosisBrings matter inExocytosisMoves matter out2. Why is passive transport considered to be passive? Passive transport uses no energy3. Why/when would active transport be necessary? Active transport is needed to transport material from a low to high concentration. This can occur when glucose is needed and glucose is move from a lower concentration (in the stomach) to a higher concentration4. What special energy molecule is required for active transport? What does this molecule do?ATP: adenosine triphosphate. Provides energy to move material from low to high concentration.C. Solution Chemistry1. Finish the diagrams of the beaker to represent each of the following situations:= solute / solvent/ precipitate an example is water with salt dissolved in it, some salt particles fall out of the solution and sit on the bottom of the beaker.= hypotonic SOLUTION more water inside the cell, water moves outside the cell= hypertonic SOLUTION more water outside the cell, water moves into the cell= Isotonic / equilibrium same amount of solute and solvent inside and outside the cell= Plasmolysis in a cell water moves in and out of the cell (hypo and hyper) ADCBE2. How would the concentration of the cytoplasm in a cell be different from the concentration of the solution for cytolysis to occur? Draw a picture to show your answer. Cytolysis is when plasmolysis occurs, but swells enough to burst the cell. More water is outside the cell than inside the cell, so the cell takes in water through diffusion3. Place dots in the beakers below to represent each of the following situations:DiluteConcentrated less particles in the water more particles in the waterD. Homeostasis1. What does the term homeostasis mean? Equilibrium. Same throughout: an normal state.2. What rule can we use to predict how molecules will move across cell membranes? Molecules will generally move from high to low concentration, however through active transport molecules can move from low to high concentrations. 3. Give examples of how cells respond with homeostatic feedback loops to regulate each of the following:Body Temperature -hot, you sweat: cold, you shiver and goose bumps cause hairs to stand out collecting air and used as insulationBlood Glucose – hormones raise and decrease glucose levels: insulin decreases and glucogen increases Water Balance – the hypothalamus in the brain senses water imbalances in the body and sends messages to the pituitary gland to release more or less ADH hormones to balance the waterBuffers for pH – the stomach has proteins that trigger hydrochloric acid or pepsin to regulate the pHE. Biomolecules1. Complete the chart for each of the biomolecules:CarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic AcidsWhat is the monomer/subunit?C,H,OMonosaccharidesC,H,OhydrocarbonsGlycerolC,H,O,NAmino AcidsC,H,O,N,PNucleotides List the most common polymers.PolysaccharidesStarch, CelluloseCaroxyl groupTriglyceride, phospholipidsWaxesCollagenHemoglobin, antibodies, enzymesDNARNAWhich elements construct this molecule?C,H, OC,H,OC,H,O,NC,H,O,N,PHow do autotrophs make/acquire this?PhotosynthesisAssemble enzymes to process lipids using proteinsCarbon dioxide and hydrogen for the air and nitrogen from the soil convert to proteinsRibosomes convert nitrogen into amino acids then into proteins into nucleic acidsHow do producers make/acquire this?Foods they eatFoods they eatFoods they eatFoods and amino acidsWhat is the role/job of this biomolecule in an organism?Short term energy storageSends messages to proteins in cell membraneLong term energy storage, makes the cell membraneBuilds and repairs tissue, builds protein channels in cell membraneMakes up genetic materialList three common examples of this biomolecule.Grains, sugars (ose)Starches, celluloseLard, coconut oil, butter, vegetable oil, peanut oilSolid=saturateLiquid=unsaturatedMeats, legumes, nutsDNA, RNAWhat are the jobs of this biomolecule?Store and produce energyStore energy long term and make up cell membraneBuild and repair tissue, structure, and move materials through cell membraneMakes genetic material2. Draw a series of pictures to describe what happens when a biomolecule goes through dehydration synthesis.MONOMER (+H2O) +MONOMER (+H2O) = POLYMER + H2ODraw a series of pictures to describe what happens to a biomolecule when it goes through hydrolysis.POLYMER + H2O = MONOMER (+H2O) +MONOMER (+H2O) 3. What role do carbohydrates play in cell-to-cell communication? Complex carbs coat the surface of cells and can carry information for cell to cell recognition. They will interact with each other and will adhere (stick) to one another.4. What does it mean for a fat to be “saturated”? Draw a picture and give an example. Solid at room temperature: wax, butter, coconut oil, lard.They have single bond chains of fatty acids and have more Hydrogen bonds than unsaturated fat.F. ENZYMES1. Which type of biomolecule is an enzyme? What is the job of an enzyme and how is that different from its main biomolecule? Protein, They speed up reactions (act like a catalyst). Not all proteins are catalysts (enzymes), so they function differently.2. Give an example of how you recognize a protein and its specific enzyme just by their names. the proteins and enzymes will start with the same name and end with dehydrogenase. An example is: Alcohol dehydrogenase acts on alcoholLactic dehydrogenase acts on lactic acid3. Draw and label a diagram of the parts of an enzymatic reaction that includes: enzyme, substrate, active site, enzyme-substrate complex and the reaction products.4. What does it mean for an enzyme to be a biological catalyst? How does this change the amount of energy needed for the chemical reaction to take place? It speeds up cellular/biological functions or reactions. This means that less activation energy is needed for the reaction to occur.5. What usually happen to an enzyme after being in a chemical reaction? They are unchanged and can be reused. 6. How does an enzyme become denatured? What can’t an enzyme do anymore once it’s denatured? When an enzyme loses its shape and function due to heat, acidity, or chemical reactions. They lose some of their properties when this happens.491072163016Sucrase00Sucrase37566608191500396049574930A00AUse the graphs located on the right to answer the following questions:544639542545Lipase00Lipase41920104535100At what pH do the following enzymes work best?Sucrase: 3Trypsin: 8Where in the digestive system do you think the following enzymes function?Pepsin:3 stomach acidPancreatic Lipase:2.5 pancreatic fluidSucrase:3 stomach384619562230B00BTrypsin:8 intestines 407479514414500Enzymes end in ASE or IN. What substances do youThink the following enzymes break down?Nuclease: nucleic acidSucrase: sucroseLipase: LipidsPepsin: PepsidPredict the reactivity of trypsin compared to pepsin at pH 144074795130810C00C453199524511000.Neither will react well, Trypsin will react the best of the two. Trypsin reacts at more neutral pH and Pepsin reacts in high acidity or low pH.What is the optimal temperature for the enzyme in graph C?40 degrees Celsius or 104 degrees FahrenheitWhere does the enzyme in graph C most likely function?Inside the body, but this is very warm. They begin to break down at 104 Degrees F or 40 Degrees C in humans and plants, so if this is a person They may have a fever.Using graph C: Explain what happens 430339526035000when enzymes get too cold.3960495113665D00DThe rate of reaction slows.Does the same thing happen when enzymes get too hot? Why or why not? No, the reaction will stop because the enzyme has been denatured.Explain why graph D levels off.At a certain point the concentration level the reaction rate will not Increase due to saturation (solute will fall out of the solution) ................
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