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6675247-2653400-58420-17272000Year 10 Biological ScienceCourse ProgramTerm Four: BiotechnologyWeekContentActivities/Resources1DNA Structure Recall the structure and importance of DNA from Core Science. Include the nitrogenous bases (A,T,G,C and U), phosphates, deoxyribose sugars, phosphodiester bonds, hydrogen bonds.Distinguish between chemical components of DNA in terms of their chemical structure i.e. phosphate group being negatively charged (hence why DNA carries an overall -ve charge), the structure of the bases: Purines and Pyrimidines, structure of deoxyribose Vs ribose in (RNA), 5 prime (5’) and 3 prime (3’) end of DNA.Use scientific knowledge and models to describe the chemical structure of DNA.Describe how proteins called histones help package the DNA into nucleosomes, and as DNA wraps around the histone complexes (+ve charged), DNA is effectively coiled into a shorter, more manageable length.Describe the overall structure of DNA as a double helix.Construct a DNA model.2DNA ReplicationStudents understand that DNA replication is necessary prior to cell division, both for mitosis and meiosis, and even binary fission in prokaryotes.Interphase is the stage in which DNA replicates in mitosis and meiosis.Describe and explain how DNA changes during replication and identify factors that can influence the nature and rate of replication.Focus on the role of the main enzymes Helicase, Primase, DNA polymerases (I, II & III), DNA ligase, as well as RNA primer, Okazaki fragments, leading and lagging strands.Amoeba Sisters – DNA replication and WS.3Protein SynthesisProtein Synthesis involves a two-step process transcription (Nucleus) and translation (Cytoplasm – endoplasmic reticulum). Students are able to briefly explain the process of transcription and translation.Formation of mRNA in the nucleus, movement of spliced mRNA from nucleus to endoplasmic reticulum, role of ribosomes, codons, tRNA’s, in the formation of parison between mRNA and DNA.Code for amino acids. Start codon, stop codons.Role of golgi apparatus in packaging proteins for export from cell – reference ‘exocytosis’.4-5DNA ProfiingThe purpose of producing DNA profiles (fingerprints), i.e. Paternity Testing, Proving innocence, proving guilt.The use of STR’s and VNTR’s in DNA profiling, to obtain uniquely and comparable sized fragments of DNA.Creating a DNA profile uses two particular techniques: PCR and Gel Electrophoresis.The role of restriction enzymes (endonucleases) to cut DNA at particular sequences (restriction sites) is dependent on the restriction enzyme used.Types of restriction enzymesBlunt or sticky ends can be achieved – sticky ends are better for annealing.The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)What is “PCR” and why do we carry it out?The process of PCR resembles DNA replication – in vitro.Requirements for PCR: PCR mix, buffer and use of Taq polymerase (instead of DNA Polymerase).Describe the three stages of PCR (denaturation, annealing and extension) and the respective conditions of each stage.Taq polymerase is a thermophilic enzyme that can withstand the high temperatures of the PCR process.No cycles generally used and timing of each cycle.How many strands of DNA are produced in PCR.5Gel Electrophoresis - TheoryThe process of electrophoresis is to separate fragments of DNA based on their size (number of bp) and charge.Describe the process of separating DNA fragments using gel electrophoresis.6 - 7Gel Electrophoresis - PracticalElectrophoresis Investigation – 10%.Use “BIOTECH Out of The Box” activity from Murdoch University.Discuss micropipettes; sizes and use. Students practise using micropipettes.Students prepare their own gels. Practise pipetting in the wells of practise gels.Introduce scenario regarding the electrophoresis investigation – provide assessment to students. Students run their gels as per assessment scenario and photograph DNA profile produced.Students analyse results (DNA profile) and completion of questions.8 - 9Y7-10 ExaminationsSemester Two Examinations – students conduct private study.Assessment Outline Term 4 – Biotechnology (10%)Assessment TypeTitleWeightingPractical InvestigationElectrophoresis Investigation10% ................
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