EDUCATION IN ETHIOPIA - World Bank

Africa Region The World Bank

Public Disclosure Authorized

A Summary of the Key Challenges

EDUCATION IN

ETHIOPIA

Strengthening the Foundations for Sustainable Progress

Public Disclosure Authorized

Public Disclosure Authorized

Public Disclosure Authorized

Africa Region Human Development Working Paper Series

35746

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Contents

Foreword ..................................................................................................................................vii

Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................ix

1. Introduction .....................................................................................................................1

2. Achievements and Concerns .............................................................................................3

3. Designing the Overall Policy Framework ..........................................................................7

4. Getting Resources to Schools, Communities and Households .........................................15

5. Transforming Resources in Schools Into Educational Outcomes ....................................21

Conclusion .................................................................................................................................25

Annex Tables and Figures ..........................................................................................................27 Table A1. Enrollments by Level in Government and Nongovernment Institutions,

Ethiopia, 1967?68 to 2001?02 ................................................................................27 Table A2. Number of Students by Type and Level of Education, Ethiopia, 2001?02................28 Table A3. Primary Gross Enrollment Ratios (GER), Ethiopia, 1993?94 to 2001?02 ...............30 Table A4. Three Indicators of Entry to Grade 1, Ethiopia, 1993?94 to 2000?01 .....................31 Table A5. Composite Cohort Survival Rates and Intercycle Transition Rates,

Ethiopia, 1993?94 and circa 2000?01 .....................................................................32 Table A6. Efficiency of Student Flow in Primary Education, Ethiopia, 1993?94

and 2001?02............................................................................................................33 Table A7. Trends in Public Spending on Education, Ethiopia, 1980?81 to 2001?02 ................34 Table A8. Recurrent Public Education Spending Trends and Composition

by Subsector, Ethiopia, 1993?94 to 2001?02 ...........................................................35 Table A9. Regional Recurrent Spending on Primary, Secondary, and

Technical and Vocational Education and Training, Ethiopia, 2001?02 ....................36 Table A10. Teacher Wages and Educational Supplies as a Percentage

of Recurrent Spending in Primary and Secondary Education across Regions. Ethiopia. 2001?02 ..........................................................................37 Table A11. Public Recurrent Spending Per Student by Level and Type of Education in Government Institutions, Ethiopia, 2001?02 ..................................38

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EDUCATION IN ETHIOPIA

Table A12. Public Recurrent Spending Per Primary Pupil, Teacher Wages, Pupil?Teacher Ratios, and Spending on Inputs Other Than Teachers, Ethiopia and Selected World Regions, circa 2000 ....................................................39

Table A13. Gross Enrollment Ratios by Region, Ethiopia, 1993?94 and 2001?02 ....................40 Table A14. Gross Enrollment Ratios by Locality, Gender, and Wealth, Ethiopia,

1999?2000 ..............................................................................................................41 Table A15. Female Share of Primary and Secondary Enrollments across Regions,

Ethiopia, 2001?02 ...................................................................................................42 Table A16. Distribution of Primary and Secondary Students and Schools

by Sector, Ethiopia 2001?02 ....................................................................................42 Table A17. Prevalence of Double Shifting and Section and School Sizes

of Government and Nongovernment Primary and Secondary Schools, Ethiopia, 2001?02 ...................................................................................................43 Table A18. Distribution of Teachers by Gender and Qualification in Government and NonGovernment Primary and Secondary Schools, Ethiopia, 2001?02 ...................................................................................................44 Table A19. Average Weekly Teaching Loads by Teacher Certification and Grade in Which Teacher is Teaching, Oromiya, Ethiopia, 2002?03....................................45 Table A20. Incidence of Poverty by Gender and Education of Household Head, Ethiopia, 1999 .........................................................................................................46 Table A21. Unemployment Rate by Educational Attainment and Age, Ethiopia, 2001 ..............46

Figure A1. Enrollments in Regular Programs in Higher Education, Ethiopia, 1985?02 .............47 Figure A2. Primary Gross Enrollment Ratio, Ethiopia and Other Countries, circa 2000 ...........48 Figure A3. Secondary Gross Enrollment Ratio, Ethiopia, Selected African Countries

and Country Group Averages, circa 2000 ................................................................49 Figure A4. Relation between GDP Per Capita and Coverage in Higher Education

in Low-Income Countries, circa 2000 ......................................................................50 Figure A5. Trends in Recurrent Spending on Selected Components of Education,

Ethiopia, 1993?94 to 2001?02 ................................................................................51 Figure A6. Spending Per Pupil in Primary Education, Ethiopia and

other African Countries, circa 2000 .........................................................................52 Figure A7. Cohort Entry Rate to Grade 1 and Completion Rates in Grades 4

and 8 Across Regions, Ethiopia, circa 2000 .............................................................53 Figure A8. Primary School Pupil-Teacher Ratios in Ethiopia (2001?02) and

other Countries (circa 2000) ....................................................................................54

Tables Table 1: Low Rates of Entry to Grade 1 and Survival to Grade 4,

Especially in Rural Areas Despite Significant Improvement Since 1993?94 ...................8 Table 2: High Teacher Cost Leads to Adverse Tradeoff Against other

School Inputs in Ethiopia ............................................................................................13 Table 3: Urban-Rural Disparities in Primary School Participation are

Especially Wide in Ethiopia .........................................................................................15

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Table 4: Primary Schools are Still too Inaccessible for Many Children in Rural Ethiopia ........................................................................................................16

Table 5: The Direct Cost of Primary Schooling can be Significant for the Poorest Families ....................................................................................................18

Figures Figure 1: Historically Unprecedented Growth in School Enrollments since 1993?94 ...................4 Figure 2: Persistent Deterioration of Pedagogical Conditions in Schools Since 1994 ....................4 Figure 3: Persistent Deterioration of Pedagogical Conditions in Schools Since 1994 ....................5 Figure 4: Recurrent Spending on Education Has Risen But Share of

Primary Education Still Needs to Grow ......................................................................10

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