The Anatomical Position: - Mr. Wolf
The Anatomical Position:
A body movement can be described in terms of the anatomical plane through which it occurs and the anatomical axis through which it rotates.
The General Rule: The axis of rotation is perpendicular to the plane of movement
Anatomical Planes: relates the positions in the space and are at right angles of each other
3 main planes (Figure 2.3, p21)
Transverse (Horizontal) Plane: divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) segments
Sagital (Medial) Plane: divides the body into left and right parts, medial (close to the midline) and lateral (further away from the midline)
Coronal (Frontal) Plane: divides the body into anterior (frontal) and posterior (rear) segments
Anatomical Axis: are used to describe the rotation of the muscles and bones which takes place.
Longitudinal (Polar) Axis: is in a “North - South” relationship to the anatomical position
Horizontal (Bilateral) Axis is in a “East - West” relationship to the anatomical position
Antero-posterior axis: is in a “front to back” relationship to the anatomical position
Relationship between the Planes & Axes:
|Axis of Rotation |Plane of Motion |Example |
|Horizontal (Bilateral) |Sagital (Medial) |Trunk Flexion, & Extension |
|Longitudinal (Polar) |Transverse (Horizontal) |Rotation of Extremities |
|Antereo-Posterior |Coronal (Frontal) |Abduction, Adduction |
Describing Position & Movement: (Figure 2.3, p. 21)
- anterior – front surface of the body
- posterior – rear surface of the body
- superior – refers to the structure being closer to the top of the body (Note: Doesn’t include arms and legs)
- inferior – refers to the structure being closer to the bottom of the body (Note: Doesn’t include arms and legs)
- medial - towards the midline/ mid-sagittal
- lateral – away from the midline/ mid-sagittal
- proximal – towards the upper segment of the limb
- distal - away from the upper segment of the limb
Basic Movements Involving a Joint (Figure 2.4, p.22)
- flexion – decreasing the angle between a joint
- extension – increasing the angle between a joint
- adduction – moving towards the midline
- abduction – moving away from the midline
- internal (medial) rotation – rotating medially toward the midline
- external (lateral) rotation-rotating laterally away from the midline
- circumduction – a circular motion that is a combination of flexion,
extension, adduction & adduction (only occurs at shoulders & hips)
- supination – lateral rotation of the forearm/ hand
- pronation - medial rotation of the forearm/ hand
- plantar flexion – pointing the foot downwards/ inferiorly
- dorsiflexion - pointing the foot upwards/ superiorly
- elevation – movement of the shoulders superiorly
- depression - movement of the shoulders inferiorly
- opposition – special motion that allows the thumb to touch the fingers
- inversion – movement of the foot towards the medial plane with
the foot facing inwards (common method of rolling ankle)
- eversion - movement of the foot towards the lateral plane with
the foot facing outwards
|Movement |Axis of Rotation |Plane of Motion |
|Stride Jump |Anterior-posterior |Frontal |
|Cart Wheel |Anterior-posterior |Frontal |
|Elbow Extension |Horizontal |Medial |
|Nodding Yes |Horizontal |Medial |
|Tuck |Horizontal |Medial |
|Somersault |Horizontal |Medial |
|Twirling |Polar |Horizontal |
|Shaking Head No |Polar |Horizontal |
Helpful Hints:
The axis of rotation is always perpendicular to the plane of movement.
Therefore, from anatomical position:
Flexion & Extension – always occur through medial plane & rotate around the horizontal axis
Adduction & Adduction – always occur through frontal plane & rotate around the anterior-posterior axis
Medial & Lateral Rotation – always occur through horizontal plane & rotate around the polar axis
The Anatomical Position:
A body movement can be described in terms of the anatomical plane through which it occurs and the anatomical axis through which it rotates.
The General Rule: The axis of rotation is perpendicular to the plane of movement
Anatomical Planes: relates the positions in the space and are at right angles of each other
3 main planes (Figure 2.3, p21)
Transverse (Horizontal) Plane:
Sagital (Medial) Plane:
Coronal (Frontal) Plane:
Anatomical Axis: are used to describe the rotation of the muscles and bones which takes place.
Again, 3 main axes: (p 21)
Longitudinal (Polar) Axis:
Horzontal (Bilateral) Axis
Antero-posterior axis:
Relationship between the Planes & Axes:
|Axis of Rotation |Plane of Motion |Example |
|Horizontal (Bilateral) |Sagital (Medial) |Trunk Flexion, & Extension |
|Longitudinal (Polar) |Transverse (Horizontal) |Rotation of Extremities |
|Antereo-Posterior |Coronal (Frontal) |Abduction, Adduction |
Describing Position & Movement: (Figure 2.3, p. 21)
- anterior
- posterior
- superior
- inferior
- medial
- lateral
- proximal
- distal
Basic Movements Involving a Joint (Figure 2.4, p.22)
- flexion
- extension
- adduction
- abduction
- adduction
- internal rotation
- external rotation
- circumduction
- supination
- pronation
- inversion
- eversion
- plantar flexion
- dorsiflexion
- elevation
- depression
- opposition
|Movement |Axis of Rotation |Plane of Motion |
|Stride Jump | | |
|Cart Wheel | | |
|Elbow Extension | | |
|Nodding Yes | | |
|Tuck | | |
|Somersault | | |
|Twirling | | |
|Shaking Head No | | |
Helpful Hints:
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