Lecture outline gross anatomy of kidney



Lecture outline gross anatomy of kidney

Learning Objectives

At the end of the lecture, students should be able to:

• Know the different parts of excretory system.

• Know the general overview of these excretory parts.

• Understand the structure of kidney

Human Urogenital System

Organisation of the ExcretorySystem

Kidneys

• Ureters

• Urinary bladder

• Urethra

Urogenital/ Excretory System Functions

Filtering of blood, Removal of wastes and metabolites

• Regulation of

– blood volume and composition

– concentration of blood solutes

– pH of extracellular fluid

– blood cell synthesis

• Synthesis of Vitamin D

• Reproduction and sexual function

Ureters and Urinary Bladder

Ureters

– Tubes through which urine flows from kidneys to urinary bladder

• Urinary bladder

– Stores urine

• Urethra

– Transports urine from bladder to outside of body

– Difference in length between males and females

– Sphincters

• Internal urinary

• External urinary

Ureters

• Superiorly

• Continuous with the renal pelvis

• Inferiorly

• Pass through the abdominal cavity, behind the peritoneum, infront of the psoas muscle, into the pelvic cavity

• Where they enter the posterior wall of the bladder

• 25-30 cm in length

Bladder

Urethra

• Extends from the base of the bladder to the outside world.

• Anatomical differences mean that male and female urethras are different.

– Female: 4cm long

– Male: 14cm long

Kidney

• Each kidney is 11cm in length

• 6cm in breadth

• 3cm in anterioposterior diameter

• Male 150gm

• Female 135gm.

• In thin person it may be palpable

• The right kidey is usually inferior because of liver.

• The hilus of left kidney is just above the transpyloric plane and that of right kidney is just below that (hilus is at level of 1st LV).

Location and External Anatomy of Kidneys

• Location

– Lie behind peritoneum on posterior abdominal wall on either side of vertebral column

– Lumbar vertebrae and rib cage partially protect

– Right kidney slightly lower than left

• External Anatomy

– Renal capsule

• Surrounds each kidney

– Perirenal fat

• Engulfs renal capsule and acts as cushioning and source of energy

– Renal fascia

• Anchors kidneys to abdominal wall, separates from abdomen

– Hilum

• Renal artery and nerves enter and renal vein and ureter exit kidneys

Protection of the Kidneys

Surface anatomy of the Kidney

Kidney anatomy

Gross anatomy

• Renal sinus

• Renal parenchyma

Kidney anatomy

Renal sinus:

• Surrounded by renal parenchyma

• Contains blood & lymph vessels, nerves, urine-collecting structures

Kidney anatomy

Renal parenchyma:

• Glandular tissue

• Forms urine

• Two zones

– Outer cortex

– Inner medulla

Internal Structure of the Kidney

Internal Anatomy of Kidneys

• Cortex: Outer area

– Renal columns

• Medulla: Inner area

– Renal pyramids

• Calyces

– Major: Converge to form pelvis

– Minor: Papillae extend

• Nephron: Functional unit of kidney

– Juxtamedullary

– Cortical

Internal Anatomy of Kidneys

• Renal corpuscle

– Bowman’s or Renal capsule

• Parietal layer

• Visceral layer

– Glomerulus

• Network of capillaries goes into another capillary bed called the peritubular Capillaries

- Arterioles

– Afferent

• Blood to glomerulus

– Efferent

• Drains not into veinule but another arteriole

• Tubules

– Proximal (convoluted) tubule

– Loops of Henle

• Descending limb

• Ascending limb

– Distal (convoluted) tubules

• Collecting ducts

Blood vessels servicing kidney

• Supplied by renal artery

– ~21% or cardiac output

– (mass in only ~ 0.4%)

Urine formation

Overview

• Blood plasma --⋄ urine

• Four steps

– Glomerular filtration

– Tubular reabsorption

– Tubular secretion

– Water conservation

References

• Clinical oriented anatomy

• KLM

• 6TH edition

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