Anatomy and Physiology Unit 5 Test Review



Anatomy and Physiology Unit 5 Review Name ________________________________________

Muscular System (Chapter 9) Class ____________ Date ________________________

1. What are the four functions of the muscular system?

2. Fill out the chart below on muscle tissue types.

|Muscle Tissue Type |Involuntary/Voluntary |Cell description and specifics |

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3. Muscle cells are also known as _________________________.

4. Match the words with their appropriate description.

a. Epimysium _____1. Connective tissue around a single muscle fiber

b. Perimysium _____2. Connective tissue around a bundle of fibers

c. Endomysium _____3. A bundle of muscle fibers

d. Fascicle _____4. Connective tissue around entire skeletal muscle

e. Fascia _____5. On the outside of the epimysium

5. Explain the difference between a tendon and an aponeurosis.

6. The specialized form of endoplasmic reticulum in a muscle cell is called what? What is its function?

7. First put the following terms in order from outside to inside of the muscle fiber and then describe each. sarcolemma, myofibril, myofilament, sarcomere.

8. Explain the relationship between the following terms: A band, I band, actin, myosin, thin filament, thick filament, myosin heads (crossbridges).

9. What does it mean when a muscle is toned? What is occurring?

10. What is the benefit to nerve cells (neurons) and muscle fibers being arranged into motor units?

11. Describe how a contraction is initiated in a muscle cell. Mention the terms motor neuron, neuromuscular junction, synaptic cleft, neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, sarcolemma, Ca+ ions, and electric current (action potential) in your answer.

12. Explain the steps of muscle contraction within a sarcomere in terms of the sliding filament theory.

13. Where does the calcium ion (Ca2+) come from in the muscle cell that is necessary for muscle contraction to occur? Why is the calcium not present in the filaments all the time?

14. Describe the type of muscle movement as is determined by the number of muscle fibers involved.

15. Briefly explain the last three pathways that working muscles use for ATP regeneration:

a. Direct phosphorylation using creatine phosphate

b. Aerobic respiration

c. Anaerobic glycolysis & lactic acid formation

16. What is the relationship between muscle fatigue, oxygen debt, and lactic acid accumulation?

17. Explain atrophy and why exercise is important for keeping the muscular system healthy.

18. Use the terms muscle attachments, origin, insertion, movable bone, and immovable bone in a sentence.

19. Name the following body movements that are described below:

a. Bending ankle so that toes are raised ________________________________

b. Range of movements that create a complete circle (as opposed to a rotation of less than 360 degrees) ________________________________

c. Narrowing joint angle in sagittal plane (bending elbow) ________________________________

d. Increasing angle more than in natural position (bending backwards) ________________________________

e. Returning a body part to body midline (in frontal plane) ________________________________

f. Hyperextending ankle joint so toes point downwards ________________________________

g. Turning a body part on axis (horizontal plane) (turning head from side to side) ______________

h. Turning wrists to put hands into anatomical position ___________________________________

i. Lifting a body part away from body midline (in frontal plane) ____________________________

j. Increasing joint angle in sagittal plane (straightening elbows) ____________________________

k. Turning the sole of the foot so it faces laterally ________________________________________

20. Give an example of a complete muscle name that exhibits the following criteria:

a. Direction of muscle fibers Ex. External oblique __________________________________

b. Relative size of muscle ______________________________________

c. Location of muscle _________________________________________

d. Number of origins __________________________________________

e. Location of origin & insertion ________________________________

f. Shape of muscle ____________________________________________

g. Action of muscle ___________________________________________

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