Hole’s - McGraw Hill Education

Hole's Human Anatomy &Physiology TENTH EDITION

DAVID SHIER

Washtenaw Community College

JACKIE BUTLER

Grayson County College

RICKI LEWIS

Contributing Editor to The Scientist

HOLE'S HUMAN ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY, TENTH EDITION

Published by McGraw-Hill, a business unit of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020. Copyright ? 2004, 2002, 1999, 1996 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.

Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not be available to customers outside the United States.

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 KGP/KGP 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3

ISBN 0?07?243890?8

Publisher: Martin J. Lange Sponsoring editor: Michelle Watnick Senior developmental editor: Patricia Hesse Director of development: Kristine Tibbetts Marketing manager: James F. Connely Senior project manager: Jayne Klein Lead production supervisor: Sandy Ludovissy Media project manager: Sandra M. Schnee Senior media technology producer: Barbara R. Block Designer: K. Wayne Harms Cover/interior designer: Christopher Reese Cover image: Hoby Finn/Gettyimages Senior photo research coordinator: John Leland Photo research: Billie Porter Supplement producer: Brenda A. Ernzen Compositor: Precision Graphics Typeface: 10/12 Melior Printer: Quebecor World Kingsport

The credits section for this book begins on page 1007 and is considered an extension of the copyright page.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Shier, David. Hole's human anatomy & physiology / David Shier, Jackie Butler,

Ricki Lewis. -- 10th ed. p. cm.

Includes index. ISBN 0?07?243890?8 (hard copy : alk. paper) 1. Human physiology. 2. Human anatomy. I. Title: Hole's human anatomy and physiology. II. Title: Human anatomy & physiology. III. Title.

QP34.5 .H63 2004 612--dc21

2002015462 CIP



Brief Contents

UNIT ONE LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION 1

1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology 1

2 Chemical Basis of Life 37 3 Cells 61 4 Cellular Metabolism 103 5 Tissues 131

UNIT TWO SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

15 7

6 Skin and the Integumentary System 157 7 Skeletal System 181 8 Joints of the Skeletal System 253 9 Muscular System 277

UNIT THREE INTEGRATION AND COORDINATION

337

10 Nervous System I: Basic Structure and Function 337

11 Nervous System II: Divisions of the Nervous System 365

12 Somatic and Special Senses 421 13 Endocrine System 467

UNIT FOUR TRANSPORT 509

14 Blood 509 15 Cardiovascular System 541 16 Lymphatic System and Immunity

607

UNIT FIVE ABSORPTION AND EXCRETION

643

17 Digestive System 643 18 Nutrition and Metabolism 693 19 Respiratory System 731 20 Urinary System 771 21 Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base

Balance 807

UNIT SIX THE HUMAN LIFE CYCLE

829

22 Reproductive Systems 829 23 Pregnancy, Growth, and Development 875 24 Genetics and Genomics 919

iii

Contents

Clinical Connections xi About the Authors xiii Preface xiv The Evolution of a Classic xxiv

UNIT

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OF ORGANIZATION

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Chemical Basis of Life

Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology 3 Levels of Organization 4 Characteristics of Life 6 Maintenance of Life 7 Organization of the Human Body 12 Life-Span Changes 19 Anatomical Terminology 21 Some Medical and Applied Sciences 25

C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y 26

C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G Q U E S T I O N S 27

R E V I E W E X E R C I S E S 28

W E B C O N N E C T I O N S 28

CLINICAL APPLICATIONS

1.1

ULTRASONOGRAPHY AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING: A TALE OF TWO PATIENTS 6

REFERENCE PLATES The Human Organism 29

Structure of Matter 38 Chemical Constituents of Cells 47

C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y 59 C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G Q U E S T I O N S 60 R E V I E W E X E R C I S E S 60 W E B C O N N E C T I O N S 60

CLINICAL APPLICATIONS

2.1 2.2

R A D I O A C T I V E I S O T O P E S R E V E A L P HY S I O L O G Y 41

IONIZING RADIATION: FROM THE COLD WAR TO Y U C C A M O U N TA I N 45

2.3 C T S C A N N I N G A N D P E T I M A G I N G 56

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Cells

A Composite Cell 62 Movements Into and Out of the Cell 80 The Cell Cycle 90 Control of Cell Division 92 Stem and Progenitor Cells 94

C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y 99 C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G Q U E S T I O N S 101 R E V I E W E X E R C I S E S 101 W E B C O N N E C T I O N S 102

CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 3.1 FAU LT Y I O N C H A N N E L S C AU S E D I S E A S E 68

3.2 T H E B L O O D - B R A I N B A R R I E R 69 3.3 D I S E A S E AT T H E O R G A N E L L E L E V E L 75

FROM SCIENCE TO TECHNOLOGY 3.1 C L O N I N G T O P R O D U C E T H E R A P E U T I C S T E M C E L L S 98

iv CONTENTS

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Cellular Metabolism

Metabolic Processes 104 Control of Metabolic Reactions 106 Energy for Metabolic Reactions 107 Cellular Respiration 108 Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis 115 Changes in Genetic Information 123

C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y 128

C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G Q U E S T I O N S 129

R E V I E W E X E R C I S E S 130

W E B C O N N E C T I O N S 130

CLINICAL APPLICATIONS

4.1 OV E R R I D I N G A B L O C K I N G LYC O LY S I S 110 4.2 P H E N Y L K E T O N U R I A 127

FROM SCIENCE TO TECHNOLOGY

4.1 D N A M A K E S H I S T O RY 4.2 G E N E A M P L I F I C AT I O N

118 124

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Tissues

Epithelial Tissues 133 Connective Tissues 141 Muscle Tissues 148 Nervous Tissues 151 Types of Membranes 152

C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y 153

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS

155

REVIEW EXERCISES

155

W E B C O N N E C T I O N S 156

CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 5.1 A B N O R M A L I T I E S O F C O L L A G E N 143

FROM SCIENCE TO TECHNOLOGY 5.1 T I S S U E E N G I N E E R I N G 153

UNIT

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TWO SUPPORT

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AND MOVEMENT

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Skeletal System

Skin and the Integumentary System

Skin and Its Tissues 158 Accessory Organs of the Skin 165 Regulation of Body Temperature 169 Skin Color 172 Healing of Wounds and Burns 173 Life-Span Changes 175 Common Skin Disorders 176

C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y 178 C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G Q U E S T I O N S 179 R E V I E W E X E R C I S E S 179 W E B C O N N E C T I O N S 180

CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 6.1 S K I N C A N C E R 163 6.2 H A I R L O S S 166 6.3 A C N E 169

6.4 E L E VAT E D B O DY T E M P E R AT U R E 171

CONTENTS

Bone Structure 182 Bone Development and Growth 186 Bone Function 191 Skeletal Organization 196 Skull 199 Vertebral Column 209 Thoracic Cage 216 Pectoral Girdle 218 Upper Limb 220 Pelvic Girdle 224 Lower Limb 227 Life-Span Changes 231 Clinical Terms Related to the Skeletal System 232

C H A P T E R S U M M A R Y 234 C R I T I C A L T H I N K I N G Q U E S T I O N S 236 R E V I E W E X E R C I S E S 237 W E B C O N N E C T I O N S 237

CLINICAL APPLICATIONS

7. 1 F R A C T U R E S 192 7. 2 O S T E O P O R O S I S 195 7.3 D I S O R D E R S O F T H E V E R T E B R A L C O L U M N 216

REFERENCE PLATES

Human Skull 238

v

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