Anatomy & Physiology Notes



Notes: The Integumentary System

Skin structure: Organs include: Hair, Skin, Nails and associated structures

I. Intro: know your Skin Layers diagrams & features & membrane types: pages 5-7 of these notes

Skin color

I. Determined by combo of:

A.

B.

C.

II. Pigments

A. melanin - 3 types (black, brown, yellow)

1. melanocytes in stratum basale transfer pigment to keratinocytes

2. freckles & pigmented moles caused by: _______________________

3. Define: solar elastosis - ____________________________________

B. Carotene - yellow to orange

1. lipid soluble vitamin A precursor

2. accumulates in ___________________and ______________ cells

C. Hemoglobin

1. ______________________ color of oxygenated blood

2. more obviously detected in ____________ skin

II. Blood circulation

A. increase in flow - _________________________________________

B. decrease in flow - ________________________________________

(very important in helping regulate body temperature – discussed later on)

IV. Diagnostics

A. skin color is often used as a first line diagnostic tool

B. Influenced by ______________ or _______________ states.

List color of skin AND possible causes for each of the following:

1. cyanosis

2. erythema

3. jaundice

4. pallor

5. bruises (hematomas)

End of Worksheet Material (Includes pgs 5-7)

Begin quiz material

Derivatives of skin

I. Hair Structure & Info

a. Pigment

i. caused by proportions of 3 melanin types

ii. gray/white hair - melanin replaced by air bubbles in shaft

b. hair types

i. Lanugo -

ii. Vellus -

iii. Terminal -

c. hair growth

i. influenced by: (in this order)

1. nutrition - main influence

2. hormones

3. blood circulation

ii. cycles

1. growth phase: actively mitotic vs. resting phase: follicle atrophies

2. scalp - 4 year growth - eyebrows - 3 or 4 months growth

II. nails – Made of thickened keratin protein - know diagram & write in descriptions

[pic]

III. Glands

[pic]

Integument functions

I. Protection

A. biological (cells)

macrophages(dermis) & Langerhan's cells (epidermis) engulf invaders

B. mechanical (physical)

1. continuity - special junctions (tight & desmosomes) form impermeable sheet

2. keratin - blocks diffusion of water & water soluble substances

C. chemical

1. skin secretions (acid mantle):

tears, sweats & oils lower pH and also contain lysozyme

2. melanin - pigment shield against UV radiation

II. Excretion - limited amounts of _________________ containing wastes: primarily sodium chloride, water, & heat

III. Homeostasis of body temp.

A. Heat production - chief determinant - ________________________________

B. Heat loss/gain

1. 80% of heat transfer occurs through skin - rest through mucosa

2. regulated by adjusting blood flow to skin (vasoconstriction/vasodilation)

IV. Vitamin D production - imp. in _____________ uptake from stomach into blood

_________________ molecules - when exposed to UV light become inactive vitamin D (precursor) - precursor is modified into active vitamin D in _________________

V. Sensation [pic]

End of Quiz material

Effects of Aging & Environmental Factors

I. Age related Changes

a. Reduction in synthesis of ____________________________________ fibers in dermis

i. Dermis reduced in size = wrinkling & ______________________ of skin

ii. Fewer _______________________________ = slower wound healing

b. Reduced activity of sebaceous glands

i. Decrease in oil _________________________ skin

c. Decreased pigment production in hair follicles

i. Hair shafts become _________________________________

d. Diminished blood supply to hair follicles & nail beds

i. Hair growth slows, hair thins & # of ______________________ decrease

ii. Impaired growth of nail beds causing __________________________________

e. # of sensory receptors falls = decreased sensitivity to ________________________

f. Reduced ability to maintain body temperature homeostasis

i. Capillary beds shrink, # of sweat glands falls, & ability to shiver declines

1. _______________________________ & ________________________ declines reducing ability to regulate body temperature

2. Also contributes to ____________________________ sore development

g. Reduced ability to form & activate vitamin _______ leading to reduction in bone health

II. Environmental factors: Thermal Burns, etc.

a. What is the definition of a burn?

i. _____________________________________________________

b. What are the 2 greatest dangers for a severe burn victim?

i. ____________________________________________________

ii. ____________________________________________________

c. Using the rule of nines (remember, you must memorize this):

i. EXAMPLE: Determine the % burn if a victim spills hot coffee down the front of their right forearm and the front of their right thigh.

ii. Why is it important for a doctor to estimate the % that a victim is burned?

III. Environmental factors: Radiation

a. Cancer is damage to the ___________________________ of a cell.

b. The main cause of skin cancer is ___________________________.

You will be creating a graphic organizer on Burns.

You will be doing a partner project on Skin Cancer.

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[pic]

Split Ends

[pic]

Hair shaft – above skin

Hair root – below skin

[pic]

__________________________________ smooth muscle regulated by SNS – contraction pulls hair upright causing “goose bumps”

_________________________________ actively mitotic area in bulb – directly surrounds papilla

_________________________________ capillaries in bulb for hair nourishment

__________________________________ expanded deep end of follicle

[pic]

sudoriferous (sweat) glands apocrine glands

• duct opens into ________________

• axillary & anogenital region - begin to function at puberty

• know sweat composition

Sebaceous (oil) (holocrine) glands

• waterproofing

• softens & lubricates skin and hair

• Open into ______________________

• bactericidal effect

• secretion stimulated by hormones

• List imbalance terms in ppt

sudoriferous (sweat) glands. Eccrine (merocrine) glands

• duct opens to __________________

• know sweat composition & pH

• regulated by sympathic NS to assist in ______________________________

ceruminous glands (not on diagram)

• modified apocrine gland

• external 1/3 of ear canal

[pic]

[pic]

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