Of the CHINESE CHINESE PEOPLE’S LIBERATION ARMY - Public Intelligence

The CULTURE of the CHINESE PEOPLE'S LIBERATION ARMY

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Printed: 2009

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

The Culture of the Chinese People's Liberation Army

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

Table of Contents

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES ........................................................................................ v

ACRONYMS ..................................................................................................................... vi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................... vii

Background.................................................................................................................................vii Key Findings...............................................................................................................................viii

Origins of PLA Culture ...........................................................................................................viii The PLA's Emphasis on Morality ..............................................................................................ix PLA Values ..............................................................................................................................xi PLA Views on Officer-Enlisted Relations .................................................................................xii PLA Organizing Principles .....................................................................................................xiii Decision-Making in the PLA ..................................................................................................xiv Authority and Influence ..........................................................................................................xv Challenges to PLA Culture .....................................................................................................xvi Interacting with the PLA........................................................................................................xvii

INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1

Why does military culture matter? ........................................................................................... 1 What is "PLA military culture"?................................................................................................ 1 Military culture in transition..................................................................................................... 2 Purpose of the study................................................................................................................. 2 Research approach .................................................................................................................. 3 Organization............................................................................................................................ 3

CHAPTER 1 : ORIGINS OF PLA CULTURE........................................................................ 5

Introduction: Where does PLA culture come from? .................................................................... 5 Ancient sources ........................................................................................................................... 5

Confucianism........................................................................................................................... 6 Martial classics ........................................................................................................................ 8 Literary classics...................................................................................................................... 12 Marxism-Leninism-Mao Zedong Thought .................................................................................. 14 Phase One: Soviet indoctrination and the First United Front ................................................. 14 Phase Two: Breaking with the KMT and forming the Red Army ............................................. 17 Phase Three: Modifying Marxist-Leninist principles to fit Chinese circumstances................... 17 The PLA's selective interpretation of China's modern history ................................................... 20 1839?1921: Foreign intrusion and internal disorder .............................................................. 21 1921?1949: The rise of the CCP and the Red Army ............................................................... 23 1949?1979: "New China," post-liberation wars, and the Cultural Revolution ....................... 24 Lessons the PLA takes from its history ....................................................................................... 25 Western nations are by nature aggressive, forcing China to wage defensive wars. ................. 25 The PLA must strive to protect both China's external sovereignty and domestic stability. ...... 27 The CCP and the Red Army "saved" China from foreign aggressors and domestic tyrants...... 28 The victories of the Red Army and the PLA derive from their loyalty to the Party................... 29 The greatest victories of the Red Army and the PLA have been achieved against larger ,more

technologically advanced adversaries ............................................................................... 29 The PLA has won every war that it has fought........................................................................ 30

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