Chapter 11 Ancient Greeks; Message of Ancient Days



Chapter 11 Ancient Greeks; Message of Ancient Days

Lesson I Land Around the Sea:

-Odysseus wandered throughout he area now called Aegean Sea

-Many people settled on Pelopomeseus peninsula

-Mountains, bays, inlets divided Greece in to many, small isolated regions

-No point in mainland is more than 40 miles from these

-Most people were farmers (mild winters, hot summers)

-Grapes, olives, lemons, oranges, but less than ¼ was level ground, so they traded grains with Sicily and areas in Black Sea

-Traded with Egyptians, Phoenicians and Persians

Early Civilizations

-2000-1400 BC on Crete with King Minoas (Minoah age)

-Had writing, artwork, pottery, metal bowls, jewelry, weavings

-Great sailors/traders

-Great builders (palaces in Knossos) {Nahsushs}

-Had underground plumbing, piped in water

Mycenaean Civilization

-Settled on Greek mainland in 1900 BC

-Largest city was Mycenae (My see Nee), had writing, great trade ships

-1450, they conquered Minoans, lasted from 1400-1100 BC

-In 1150 BC, they fell to invaders, the Dorians from northern Greece took over

-1100-800 BC, Dark Age-isolated villages, no trade or language

-Oral tradition kept the history alive, writing again by 800 BC and used Phoenician based alphabet

-During 700’s BC, Homer wrote Odyssey

Lesson II Rise of City-States

-Isolated cities began to grow, became city-states

-Some began to fight among themselves

-By 600-500 BC, city-states flourished and this became the Age of Exploration

Athens

-700-400 BC, Athens developed democracy (see trials)

-Grew out of monarchy as city-states kings worked with nobles called oligarchy

-Tyrants-leader who gained power by force and ruled single handedly

-Promised to reform land laws and help poor

-People were willing to rally behind them, but some were very greedy

-510 BC Athens drive out Hippias for first democracy

-Council of 500 met every 9 days to decide laws

-Laws were handled more fairly, but rich were angry for the poor had a say

-Only men over 18 could be citizens

-About 35,000were metics-could not vote or hold office, they were traders, shopkeepers, craftsmen, money-loaners

-145,000 wives and children

-Rest were slaves

Economy of Athens

-Farming fell into 2 categories

1) large estates with slaves

2) tenant farmers paid rent with crops from leased lots

-Until 500 BC, Athens bartered-traded for goods

-570 BC; gold/solver coins invented

-Athens became a wealthy state, but rich were expected to donate large amounts of money to government

-Thus, families did not stay wealthy beyond 2-3 generations

Lesson III Ancient Greek Culture

-776 BC-beginning of Olympics

Family of Gods

-Zeus was on golden throne on Mt. Olympus

-Controlled both nature and human world

-Zeus set standards of justice and controlled weather

-Poseidon-god of sea

Hera-goddess of marriage

-Aries-god of war

-Dionysis was god of wine

-Apollo is god of light

-Greeks made animal sacrifices and asked specific gods for specific things

-Built sacred temples called sanctuaries to worship

-Built in locations surrounded by beauty

-Olympia was for Zeus, perfect for athletics

-Delphi was for Apollo, built in a mountain range with oracle of Apollo

-Since it was sacred no one would loot it, so people left their money three

-Delios-Apollo’s birthplace

-Eleusis-Demeter, goddess of grain, pilgrimages were made during planting, harvest seasons

-Had festivals to worship their gods at Athens for Dionysis

-Featured plays such as tragedies-stories in which the hero collapses due to a flaw in his character (Antigone)

Comedy-funny plays

-Even criminals were released to see these plays

Lesson IV A Tale of Two City-States

-Athens sent Philippiles to get help from Sparta against Persians

-Sparta said they’d help in 9 days after a religious celebration

-Athens did not wait and crushed Persians

-He ran back to Sparta (26 miles), announced victory the victory and died

-Sparta had been conquered by Dorians in 1100BC

-It was 25,000 citizens, 250,000 slaves

-Had a strong army in case of slave uprising

-Had 2 kings, then 30 man Senate (had to be 60+ to be a senator)

-Could not proposes laws, simply vote yes or no to an idea proposed by senator of ephors-5 government leaders elected by assembly

-In reality only a few families had powers

-Spartans lived simple lives-most were soldiers

-Had a plot of land with helots-state slaves assigned to a plot of land

-Slaves get meals, owner turned over a % of his crops to government, and in return he was fed by government

Education in Sparta

-Weak babies were left to die

-Boys left at age 7 to go to barracks to learn away from home

-Learned to read, write, physical training, slept on the floor, endured beatings

-By 18, fully devoted to military, by 30, he was finished with training

-Girls also had to be physical and could read/write

Athens

-Boys were educated at 7, but did not leave home

-Learned writing, reading, math, poetry, music and dance

-Joined army for 2 years of military service at age 18

-Women were almost completely ignored

-Girls leaned poetry, stories, crafts from their mothers

-Different values/different cultures

Allies Against Persia

-In 499 BC, Athens tried to help city-states

-By 494, city-states had lost and Persia wanted to crush Athens

-490 BC, Persian army was crushed by Athens

-In 480 BC Xerxes (Zurk sez) attacked

-1st big battle was Thermopylae

-7,000 Greeks vs. 20,000 Persians

-A traitor allowed the Persians to attack from behind and they crushed the Greeks, burning Athens to the ground

-A month later, they fought at Salamis, but Greeks sank ½ of Persia fleet

-479 BC, Persians tried again and were crushed at Plataea

-Led by Spartans, together they and Athens destroyed the Persians

-Example of their g

reat unified strength

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