Define the following terms:
BACKGROUND NOTES
Greek Theater p. 768
Theater was a __________________________ in ancient Greece. The Athenians of the fifth century B.C. held festivals to honor ___________________, their god of _____________. During these holidays, citizens gathered to watch competitions between playwrights, who presented _________________ derived from well-known _________.
These plays depicted events that exposed __________________ and that emphasized
____________________ for the gods.
Thousands of Athenians saw the plays in ________________ theaters like the one shown in the photograph below, in which seats rose in a ________________ from a level orchestra area. The plays performed in these theaters had limited numbers of ___________________. There were no _________________ to allow for change of scenery between acts, so scenes were interspersed with ______________. No ___________________ or irreverence was depicted on stage, although both were central to the plots of many plays. Such events occurred offstage and were reported in dialogue.
The Presentation of the Plays
What did most of the plays open with?
What did the prologue present to the audience?
What did the entering chorus sing?
What was the opening song followed by?
What purpose did the ode serve?
The Chorus
The role of the chorus was ___________ to the production and important in interpreting the meaning of the plays.
What was the leader of the chorus called?
The Stage
Theatron: Orchestra:
__________ ___________
__________ ___________
__________ ___________
__________ ___________
___________
Skene:
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________
The Myths: Why They Were Written
1. Explained the ____________________________________
2. Justified ________________________________________
3. Gave ___________________________________ to leaders
4. Gave hope
5. Polytheistic (more than one god)
6. Centered around the twelve _________________________________ (primary Greek gods)
The Olympians (The Main Gods of Greece)
1. Zeus- King of _______________________
2. Poseidon- King of ____________________
3. Hades- King of ______________________
4. Ares- God of _______________________
5. Hera- Queen of ______________________
6. Apollo- God of ______________________
7. Hephaestus- God of __________________
8. Dionysus- God of ____________________
9. Hermes- God of _____________________
10. Demeter- Goddess of _________________
11. Hestia- Goddess of ___________________
12. Athena- Goddess of __________________
13. Aphrodite- Goddess of ________________
14. Artemis- Goddess of __________________
The Actors: All roles were played by ____________________ wearing large __________________, extravagant _____________________, and platform shoes.
Tragic Hero: A tragedy recounts the downfall of a tragic hero. A tragic hero is:
← A dignified character, usually of ____________________________________________.
← A person who possesses a ____________________________, or ________________________ (usually pride, or ______________________) which leads to a _________________________.
Greek Tragedy Structure
← I. _____________________________: Spoken by one or two characters before the chorus appears. The prologue usually gives the background information needed to understand the events of the play.
← II. _____________________________: the song sung by the chorus as it makes its entrance
← III. ________________________________________________: the main action of the play
← IV. _____________________: songs (and often dances) that reflect on the events of the episodes, and weave the plot into a cohesive whole
← ______________________________: the leader of the chorus who often interacts with the characters in the scenes.
← ______________________________: the 15 singers/dancers who remark on the action
← 1. ____________________________: the movement of the chorus from right to left across the stage
← 2. ____________________________: the reaction to the strophe - moves across the stage from left to right.
← V. ___________________________: a prayer of thanksgiving to Dionysos in whose honor the Greek plays were performed
← VI. ______________________________: sung by the chorus as it makes its final exit, which usually offers words of wisdom related to the actions and outcome of the play
Sophocles ( ______________-______________ B.C.)
Characteristics of his plays:
← emphasis on ____________________________ characters
← reduced role of chorus
← complex characters, psychologically well-motivated
← characters subjected to _________________________ leading to suffering and self-recognition - including a __________________________________________________________________
← exposition carefully motivated
← scenes _______________________________________________________________________
← action clear and logical
← poetry clear and beautiful
← few elaborate visual effects
← theme emphasized: ____________________________________________________________
Oedipus Rex
The Oracle of Delphi prophesied that if Laius [ley-uhs] and Jocasta [joh-kas-tuh], king and queen of Thebes, should have a son, ___________________________________________________________. In an attempt to prevent this prophecy's fulfillment, when Oedipus was born, Laius gave the boy to a servant to _______________________________________________. A sympathetic shepherd brought the baby to the house of Polybus [pol-uh-buhs], king of Corinth and his queen, Merope [mer-uh-pee], ___________________________________.Years later, Oedipus is told his destiny by the same Oracle of Delphi. He travels to Thebes, and on the way _________________________________________ in self-defense. Oedipus defeats the ___________________________ by guessing the answer to its riddle, and becomes a hero. As his prize, Oedipus marries the queen Jocasta and together they have four children: ______________________, Eteocles and Polyneices, and ________________________, Antigone and Ismene. When a ______________________________________ strikes Thebes, Oedipus consults the Oracle of Delphi, who tells him the ____________________________________________ must be found and either be killed or exiled. Oedipus sends for the ____________________________ ______________________, who warns him not to try to find the killer. Oedipus argues, and Tiresias is provoked into exposing the truth about Oedipus. Oedipus does not believe him, but _______________ _____________________________________________ and begs him not to look for Laius’ murderer. He ignores her and ____________________________________. Oedipus finally believes the truth when he hears it from the _________________________ who was supposed to abandon him. When Oedipus realizes Jocasta is dead, he __________________________________________. Oedipus asks his brother-in-law ______________________ to look after his daughters. And his sons are to take turns every year ruling the kingdom. However, ____________________________________________, so ____________________________________________.
Antigone
In the battle for the throne of _____________________, Antigone's brother _____________________ has died defending the city, while her brother ________________________ has died attacking it. ______________________, the king of Thebes, has sworn that although Eteocles has been given a soldier's funeral, Polyneices' body will remain ______________________. ______________________ defies the decree and buries her brother, even though her sister, __________________________, refuses to help her. Creon then condemns both Antigone and Ismene to ______________________. He changes his mind about Ismene, but locks Antigone away in a ________________________________. Later, after the blind prophet ___________________________ predicts doom, Creon decides to free Antigone, only to find that she has committed ____________________________. Antigone's death leads to the suicide of Creon's son, ______________________________, who was betrothed to her, and then to the suicide of Creon's wife, _____________________________.
Issues this Play Addresses
← Families torn apart by ______________________________________ differences
← ______________________________________ bias
← Death penalty
← Suicide
← ______________________________________ law
← Crime and Punishment
← __________________________________/Prophesy
← Leadership
← Vengeance
← __________________________________
← Respect for the _______________________________
Study Questions
PROLOGUE
1. How are Antigone and Ismene related?
2. Who are the two brothers mentioned in the prologue?
3. How did the two brothers die?
4. What is King Creon’s decree?
5. What does Antigone plan to do?
6. What is Ismene’s decision regarding the King’s decree?
7. What does the Choragos compare Polyneices to in the Parodos?
8. What city has “seven gates in a yawning ring”?
9. What does the Chorus compare Thebes to?
10. According to the Choragos, what does God hate?
SCENE 1 AND ODE 1
1. Who is the new King of Thebes?
2. How did the new King of Thebes claim heir to the throne?
3. What crime has Polyneices committed in the opinion of the king?
4. What news does the sentry bring to Creon?
5. How was it decided which of the sentries would bring the news about Polyneices to Creon?
6. How does Creon believe the act of burying Polyneices was carried out?
7. What does Creon demand that the sentry do?
8. According to Ode 1, what is the most wonderful of all the world’s wonders?
9. Of all the winds, man has made himself secure against all except one. Which wind is that?
10. List man’s accomplishments according to Ode 1.
SCENE 2 AND ODE 2
1. Who has the sentry captured and brought before King Creon?
2. How did the guards manage to capture Antigone?
3. How did Antigone react to being captured by the sentries?
4. What reason does Antigone give for defying Creon’s decree?
5. Who else does Creon have arrested in connection with the crime of burying Polyneices?
6. Why is Antigone angry with Ismene?
7. Besides being Antigone’s uncle, how else were Creon and Antigone related?
8. What is to be Antigone’s punishment for burying her brother?
9. According to Ode 2, who is the fortunate man?
10. Who is the god who must not be made angry, according to Ode 2?
SCENE 3 AND ODE 3
1. What is Haimon’s initial response when his father asks how he feels about the king’s decision to
execute Antigone?
2. What does Creon say that men pray for?
3. Why is Creon intent on harshly punishing, even family members, all those who break the law?
4. What does Haimon claim is God’s crowning gift to man?
5. What does Haimon tell King Creon about the people of Thebes’ allegiance to him?
6. Whose point, King Creon’s or Haimon’s, does the Choragos support?
7. How does the city feel about Antigone’s crime?
8. While Creon is ranting at his son, what does the king threaten to do?
9. Describe Creon’s death sentence for Antigone.
10. According to Ode 3, what is it that “even the pure Immortals cannot escape”?
SCENE 4 AND ODE 4
1. Whose fate does Antigone compare to her own?
2. What does Antigone beg the people of Thebes to bear witness to?
3. Who does Antigone blame for her terrible misfortune?
4. According to the chorus, what is considered a virtue?
5. What does Creon sarcastically say would have man singing forever?
6. According to Ode 4, who was locked away in a brazen vault?
7. Who came to the princess while she was locked away?
8. Who “bore the gods’ prisoning anger for his pride”?
9. What is the “half remembered tale of horror” that old men tell?
10. Who, as a child, had “raced with young colts on the glittering hills/And walked untrammeled in open light”?
SCENE 5
1. Who is the blind prophet who comes to speak to King Creon?
2. What does the prophet claim that he heard which frightened him?
3. What happened when the prophet began “the rites of burnt-offering at the altar”?
4. What does the prophet claim to be the cause of the gods’ reaction to their offerings?
5. What does the prophet claim can be done to repair the evil performed against the gods?
6. What is King Creon’s reaction to Teiresias’ message?
7. What is it that Creon claims all prophets love?
8. What warning does Teiresias give to King Creon if he refuses to heed the prophesies?
9. What advice does the Choragos give King Creon once Teiresias leaves?
10. How does King Creon react to the advice of the Choragos?
PAEAN AND EXODUS
1. The Choragos and the Chorus pray to a “God of many names”. What are some of these names?
2. Who does the messenger claim is “a walking dead man”?
3. How has Teiresias’ prophecy that Creon would pay to the gods “flesh of [his] own flesh” come true?
4. Who is Eurydice?
5. What were Creon and the messenger doing when they prayed to Hecate and Pluto?
6. What did King Creon and the messenger do as soon as they finished their tasks regarding
Polyneices?
7. Describe what Creon saw when he looked through the crevice into Antigone’s tomb.
8. Describe Haimon’s reaction when Creon entered Antigone’s tomb.
9. What happened after the messenger relayed the news about Haimon and Antigone to Eurydice?
10. What does the Choragos claim is “always punished” by the gods?
Antigone as a Tragic Hero
|Tragic Hero Characteristic |Antigone |
|Renowned and Prosperous | |
| | |
|•In what way is the hero famous? | |
|•In what way is the hero not all good and not all bad? | |
|•In what way is the hero superior? | |
| | |
| | |
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|Involves a serious action that is real | |
| | |
|•In what way is the hero's action(s) serious and universal? | |
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|Tragic Flaw | |
| | |
|•Remember: a tragic hero is seemingly unaware of his/her flaw. | |
|•However, the flaw ultimately brings about his/her demise. | |
|•What is the hero's flaw? | |
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|Catharsis | |
| | |
|In what way does the hero's story cause you to feel: | |
|pity? | |
|fear? | |
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