Primary Sources: - Weebly



AP WORLD HISTORY

Interpreting and Analyzing PRIMARY SOURCES

Name: __________________________________

Directions:

1) Carefully read background information on how to interpret and analyze primary sources. Trust me, we’ll be doing a lot of work with primary sources during the course of the year, so the sooner you understand how to deal with them, the better your chances of academic success in the class.

2) Read each primary source presented in this handout. Answer questions attached to each primary source in complete sentences. Really try to provide complete answers to all of the questions.

What is a Primary Source? A primary source is a piece of living history.  It may be defined as any artifact that provides first hand or direct information about the past.  Primary sources may include first person accounts (e.g. oral histories, diaries, memoirs, correspondence), documents (e.g. correspondence, treaties, laws, speeches), images (e.g. maps, photographs, drawings, paintings), or historically gathered data.

How do you begin to interpret a primary source?

Begin analyzing a primary source, such as a spy letter, by answering the following questions:

• Who created the source and why?

• What sorts of information does the source supply?

• Under what circumstances was the source created?  How would this influence the content of the source?

• For who was the source created?

• Was the source meant to be public or private?

• Did the creator wish to inform, persuade, or deceive his or her audience?  What did the creator hope to accomplish by writing the source? Can you trust the source's content at face value?

• What were the opinions, motivations, or interests of the creator?  How does his or her point of view compare to other writers of the period?  What kind of impact would this have on the content of the source?

For analyzing images, the following questions are also a starting point:

• Why was the image created?

• What does the image reveal about its subject?

• What is the point of view of the image? Whose story is it telling?

• What is the setting of the image?  What sorts of details does it include or emphasize?  What sorts of details does it exclude?

• What are the underlying messages of the image and motives of the artist?

• How long after the event was the image created? How does this influence the image's content or perspective?[1]

Because it is hard to keep all the above mentioned questions in mind, follow these acronyms in order to better remember the process of interpreting and analyzing primary sources:

|ACRONYM 1: |ACRONYM 2: |

| | |

|T – Time Period (when doc. was produced) |S – Speaker (author) and hi/her Status |

|A – Author (any info. about him/her) |O – Occasion (when doc. was produced/delivered) |

|P – Purpose (intended purpose/tone of the document) |A – Audience (intended audience for the doc.) |

| |P – Purpose (intended purpose of the document) |

|T – Type of document (ex: diary, contract, etc.) | |

|A – Argument(s) (main idea(s) in the doc.) |A – Arguments (main ideas expressed in the doc.) |

|B – Bias (prejudice/favoritism expressed in the doc.) |B – Bias (prejudice/favoritism expressed in the doc.) |

Example:

Source: Twelve Tablets, excerpts, Ancient Roman Code of Law, 450 B.C.E.[2]

V. 1 "Our ancestors saw fit that "females, by reason of levity of disposition, shall remain in guardianship, even when they have attained their majority."

VI. 2 Marriage by `usage' (usus): If a man and woman live together continuously for a year, they are considered to be married; the woman legally is treated as the man's daughter.

X. 4 "Women must not tear cheeks or hold chorus of `Alas!' on account of a funeral."

XI. 1 "Marriage shall not take place between a patrician and a plebeian."

Questions:

1). What do these excerpts tell us about the status of women in Ancient Rome?

2). What conclusions can be made about the Roman society of that time in general?

Acronym-based break down: (usually done on the margins of the paper, next to the document, or, when you get really good at it, in your head!) – SEE the TOP OF NEXT PAGE!!!

|TAP TAB: |Answers/Details: |

|T – time period |450 B.C.E (times of the early Roman Republic) |

|A – author |No specific author information provided |

|P – purpose of the document |To inform citizens of Rome of their rights |

|T – type of document |Official legal document – must be followed! |

|A – argument(s) |(1) Women are subordinate to men; (2) Roman marriage/social customs are |

| |regulated |

|B – bias/prejudice |Women naturally are inferior to men |

Answers to the questions related to the primary source:

1). What do these excerpts tell us about the status of women in Ancient Rome?

Women in Ancient Rome were considered inferior to men (V.1 and VI. 2), and this status was part of the Roman legal system (laws).

2). What conclusions can be made about the Roman society of that time in general?

Roman society was legally unequal. Romans of one social class (patricians) were not allowed to marry their fellow citizens from another social class (plebeians). This means that one of the classes was considered more important or was recognized to have privileges and high status than the other class. This was similar to how men in Rome were considered even by law superior or naturally better than women.

The fact that the primary source is the formal/legal document tells us that Rome was a well developed civilization. People knew what was expected of them and what they were not allowed to do in terms of their duties and behaviors.

The most important thing to figure out when you are interpreting primary sources is the AUTHOR’s POINT OF VIEW (What is it? What factors (SOAP AB or TAP TAB stuff) influenced it? Etc.)

| |Author’s Point of View (POV) |

|[pic][pic][pic] |I am sure you’ve heard of individuals portrayed here. Each of |

|Julius Caesar[3] George Washington[4] Nelson Mandela[5] |them was a product of his time. In turn, events of the author’s |

| |time period and his social status influenced ideas in the authors’|

| |writings. For example, slavery was an acceptable institution |

| |during the time periods of Julius Caesar and George Washington, |

| |but was outlawed and considered immoral when Mandela grew up and |

| |fought for freedom. Your main job is to understand what factors |

| |influenced points of view expressed in primary source documents. |

I hope that after carefully examining information in the first three pages of this handout, you are ready to tackle this assignment. So, let’s begin!!! (for some sources/questions you should use the internet (search engines, on-line dictionaries, etc.) to figure out the answers (example: see first question for the first source!)

Source 1: Cave Art from the Neolithic Period.[6]

Picture A: [pic]

Picture B:

[pic]

Questions: Provide answers in clear and complete sentences.

1. What is the definition of the term Neolithic or Neolithic period? (research question)

2. What can be inferred about human activities during the Neolithic period based only on your interpretation of pictures A and B presented above? (in other words, do not use information you might have learned from the same web site(s) that provided you with the answer(s) to Question 1).

(Don’t forget: you can do TAP TAB here or on the side for every document in this handout)

|TAP TAB: |Answers/Details: |

|T – time period | |

|A – author | |

|P – purpose of the document | |

|T – type of document | |

|A – argument(s) | |

|B – bias/prejudice | |

Source 2: Mesopotamian Marriage Contract, 19th century B.C.[7]

Laqipum has married Hatala, daughter of Enishru. In the country (i.e., Central Anatolia) Laqipum may not marry another (woman)—(but) in the City (i.e., Ashur) he may marry a hierodule.[8] If within two years she (i.e., Hatala) does not provide him with offspring, she herself will purchase a slave woman, and later on, after she will have produced a child by him, he may then dispose of her by sale wheresoever he pleases. Should Laqipum choose to divorce her [Hatala], he must pay (her) five minas of silver- and should Hatala choose to divorce him, she must pay (him) five minas of silver. Witnesses: Masa, Ashurishtikal, Talia, Shupianika.

Questions:

1. What type of document is it? (Official / unofficial? Legal? Informal / formal?)

2. What does Mesopotamia mean? What is the geographic location of Mesopotamia? (region – be specific) (research question)

3. What is described in the document?

4. What can you conclude about the status of women in the Assyrian society during the 19th cen. B.C.E. Provide explanation and support it with quotes from the document.

Source 3: Epistles 7: The Gladiatorial Games, by Seneca (3 B.C. – 65 C.E.), Ancient Roman playwright and philosopher.

I turned in to the games one mid-day hoping for a little wit and humor there. I was bitterly disappointed. It was really mere butchery. The morning's show was merciful compared to it. Then, men were thrown to lions and to bears: but at midday to the audience. There was no escape for them. The slayer was kept fighting until he could be slain. "Kill him! flog him! burn him alive" was the cry: "Why is he such a coward? Why won't he rush on the steel? Why does he fall so meekly? Why won't he die willingly?" Unhappy that I am, how have I deserved that I must look on such a scene as this? Do not, my Lucilius, attend the games, I pray you. Either you will be corrupted by the multitude, or, if you show disgust, be hated by them. So stay away.[9]

Questions:

1. What do B.C. and C.E. stand for? (research question)

2. What is the author’s opinion/attitude toward the gladiatorial games?

3. What is the meaning of the underlined sentence? Express in your own words.

Source 4: Glimpses of the Kingdom of Ghana in 1067 CE, Al-Bakir, Spanish Muslim Traveler of the 11th century.

The city of Ghana consists of two towns lying on a plain, one of which is inhabited by Muslims and is large, possessing twelve mosques-one of which is a congregational mosque for Friday prayer; each has its imam, its muezzin and paid reciters of the Quran. The town possesses a large number of juriconsults and learned men.' . . . [10]

The town inhabited by the king is six miles from the Muslim one and is called Al Ghana.... The residence of the king consists of a palace and a number of dome-shaped dwellings, all of them surrounded by a strong enclosure, like a city wall. In the town … is a mosque, where Muslims who come on diplomatic missions to hear the king pray. The town where the king lives is surrounded by domed huts, woods, and copses where priest-magicians live; in these woods also are the religious idols and tombs of the kings. Special guards protect this area and prevent anyone from entering it so that no foreigners know what is inside.…[11]

The king [of Ghana] exacts the right of one dinar of gold on each donkey-load of salt that enters his country, and two dinars of gold on each load of salt that goes out. A load of copper carries a duty of five mitqals and a load of merchandise ten mitqals. The best gold in the country comes from Ghiaru, a town situated eighteen days' journey from the capital [Kumbi] in a country that is densely populated by Negroes and covered with villages. All pieces of native gold found in the mines of the empire belong to the sovereign, although he lets the public have the gold dust that everybody knows about; without this precaution, gold would become so abundant as practically to lose its value.... The Negroes ... known as Nougharmarta are traders, and carry gold dust from Iresni all over the place....[12]

Questions:

1. What does the author of the document think about the King of Ghana in general, and his treatment of Muslims in particular? Explain and provide examples from the source.

2. What does the King of Ghana do to amass power and personal wealth?

Source 5: Pope Urban II’s Speech, Council of Clermont, Robert the Monk Version, This account of Urban II's speech was written toward twenty-five years after Urban's visit to France and does not claim to give more than a general idea of the pope's arguments.[13]

Background Information: In 1094 or 1095, Alexios I Komnenos, the Byzantine emperor, sent to the pope, Urban II, and asked for aid from the west against the Seljuq Turks, who taken nearly all of Asia Minor from him. At the council of Clermont Urban addressed a great crowd and urged all to go to the aid of the Greeks and to recover Palestine from the rule of the Muslims.

In the year of our Lord's Incarnation one thousand and ninety-five, a great council was celebrated within the bounds of Gaul, in Auvergne, in the city which is called Clermont. Over this Pope Urban II presided, with the Roman bishops and cardinals. … The pope-then, with sweet and persuasive eloquence, addressed those present in words something like the following, saying:

"Oh, race of Franks, race from across the mountains, race beloved and chosen by God, - as is clear from many of your works,- set apart from all other nations by the situation of your country as well as by your Catholic faith and the honor which you render to the holy Church: to you our discourse is addressed, and for you our exhortations are intended. We wish you to know what a grievous cause has led us to your country, for it is the imminent peril threatening you and all the faithful which has brought us hither.

From the confines of Jerusalem and from the city of Constantinople a grievous report has gone forth and has -repeatedly been brought to our ears; namely, that a race from the kingdom of the Persians, an accursed race, a race wholly alienated from God, `a generation that set not their heart aright and whose spirit was not steadfast with God,' violently invaded the lands of those Christians and has depopulated them by pillage and fire. They have led away apart of the captives into their own country, and a part have they have killed by cruel tortures. They have either destroyed the churches of God or appropriated them for the rites of their own religion. They destroy the altars, after having defiled them with their uncleanness....The kingdom of the Greeks is now dismembered by them and has been deprived of territory so vast in extent that it could be traversed in two months' time.

"On whom, therefore, is the labor of avenging these wrongs and of recovering this territory incumbent, if not upon you, you upon whom, above all other nations, God has conferred remarkable glory in arms, great courage, bodily activity, and strength to humble the heads of those who resist you? Let the deeds of your ancestors encourage you and incite your minds to manly achievements:-the greatness of King Charlemagne, and of his son Louis, and of your other monarchs, who have destroyed the kingdoms of the Turks and have extended the sway of Church over lands previously possessed by the pagan. Let the Holy Sepulcher of our Lord and Savior, which is possessed by unclean nations, especially, arouse you, and the holy places which are now treated, with ignominy and irreverently polluted with the filth of the unclean. Oh, most valiant soldiers and descendants of invincible ancestors, do not degenerate; … recall the valor of your progenitors.

Questions:

1. What were the Crusades? Provide complete definition. (research question)

2. How does the pope describe the Seljuk Turks? (in the document, they are known as the Persians or as the Turks). Provide specific quotes.

3. Why do you think the pope has such an opinion about the Turks? In other words, what factors influenced the pope’s attitude toward the Turks? (Think of the Point of View analysis).

Source 6: The Confession of Agimet of Geneva, Châtel, October 20, 1348[14]

Background information: In 1348 there appeared in Europe a devastating plague which is reported to have killed off ultimately twenty-five million people. By the fall of that year the rumor was current that these deaths were due to an international conspiracy of Jewry to poison Christendom. It was reported that the leaders in the Jewish metropolis of Toledo had initiated the plot and that one of the chief conspirators was a Rabbi Peyret who had his headquarters in Chambéry, Savoy, whence he dispatched his poisoners to France, Switzerland, and Italy.

The … account that follows is a translation from the Latin of a confession made under torture by Agimet, a Jew, who was arrested at Chatel, on Lake Geneva. It is typical of the confessions extorted and forwarded to other towns.

The year of our Lord 1348.

On Friday, the 10th of the month of October, at Châtel, in the castle thereof, there occurred the judicial inquiry which was made by order of the court of the illustrious Prince, our lord, Amadeus, Count of Savoy, and his subjects against the Jews of both sexes who were there imprisoned, each one separately. [Jews were sometimes imprisoned separately to prevent suicide.] This was done after public rumor had become current and a strong clamor had arisen because of the poison put by them into the wells, springs, and other things which the Christians use-demanding that they die, that they are able to be found guilty and, therefore, that they should be punished. Hence this their confession made in the presence of a great many trustworthy persons.

Agimet the Jew, who lived at Geneva and was arrested at Châtel, was there put to the torture a little and then he was released from it. And after a long time, having been subjected again to torture a little, he confessed in the presence of a great many trustworthy persons, who are later mentioned. To begin with it is clear that at the Lent just passed Pultus Clesis de Ranz had sent this very Jew to Venice to buy silks and other things for him. When this came to the notice of Rabbi Peyret, a Jew of Chambery who was a teacher of their law, he sent for this Agimet, for whom he had searched, and when he had come before him he said: "We have been informed that you are going to Venice to buy silk and other wares. Here I am giving you a little package of half a span in size which contains some prepared poison and venom in a thin, sewed leather-bag. Distribute it among the wells, cisterns, and springs about Venice and the other places to which you go, in order to poison the people who use the water of the aforesaid wells that will have been poisoned by you, namely, the wells in which the poison will have been placed."

Agimet took this package full of poison and carried it with him to Venice, and when he came there he threw and scattered a portion of it into the well or cistern of fresh water which was there near the German House, in order to poison the people who use the water of that cistern. And he says that this is the only cistern of sweet water in the city. He also says that the mentioned Rabbi Peyret promised to give him whatever he wanted for his troubles in this business. Of his own accord Agimet confessed further that after this had been done he left at once in order that he should not be captured by the citizens or others, and that he went personally to Calabria and Apulia and threw the above mentioned poison into many wells. He confesses also that he put some of this same poison in the well of the streets of the city of Ballet….

Questions:

1. Do you think that the admission of guilt by Agimet is credible? Why or why not?

2. Do you think that there actually was “an international conspiracy of Jewry to poison Christendom?” Why do you think the Jews were targeted (blamed) for the occurrence of the Bubonic plague, also know as the Black Death, in late Medieval Europe?

Source 7: “Slavery a Positive Good.” John C. Calhoon, Senator from South Carolina, Speech on the Senate floor, 6 February 1837.

Abolition and the Union cannot coexist. As the friend of the Union I openly proclaim it, — and the sooner it is known the better. The former may now be controlled, but in a short time it will be beyond the power of man to arrest the course of events. We of the South will not, cannot, surrender our institutions. To maintain the existing relations between the two races, inhabiting that section of the Union, is indispensable to the peace and happiness of both. It cannot be subverted without drenching the country or the other of the races. . . . But let me not be understood as admitting, even by implication, that the existing relations between the two races in the slaveholding States is an evil: — far otherwise; I hold it to be a good, as it has thus far proved itself to be to both, and will continue to prove so if not disturbed by the fell spirit of abolition. I appeal to facts. Never before has the black race of Central Africa, from the dawn of history to the present day, attained a condition so civilized and so improved, not only physically, but morally and intellectually.[15]

Questions:

1. What is the author’s opinion about the institution of slavery in the South?

2. Do you agree with the author? Explain.

3. Write a sentence or two in which you explain the author’s POV. (POV analysis – consider the time period as well as the author’s biases/prejudices. What was considered acceptable or normal at that time? – Look at the beginning of this handout to refresh your memory on the POV in primary sources)

Source 8: An A B C, for Baby Patriots (1899) by Mrs.Mary Frances Ames, Dean and Son, London, 1899. (exerpts)

|[pic] |[pic] |

|[pic] |[pic] |

|[pic] |[pic] |

|[pic] |[pic] |

Questions: (see next page)

1. Who is the intended audience of this document?

2. What kind of reaction or feelings does this document designed to promote in its readers?

3. What is the author’s point of view on the subject of people in the colonies (the natives)? Why do you think the author feels this way? Explain.

Source 9: “Mein Kampf” (My Struggle), excerpt, by Adolf Hitler[16]

There are some truths which are so obvious that for this very reason they are not seen or at least not recognized by ordinary people. They sometimes pass by such truisms as though blind and are most astonished when someone suddenly discovers what everyone really ought to know….

Even the most superficial observation shows that Nature's restricted form of propagation and increase is an almost rigid basic law of all the innumerable forms of expression of her vital urge. Every animal mates only with a member of the same species. The titmouse seeks the titmouse, the finch the finch, the stork the stork, the field mouse the field mouse, the dormouse the dormouse, the wolf the she-wolf, etc.

This is only too natural.

[pic]Any crossing of two beings not at exactly the same level produces a medium between the levels of the two parents. This means: the offspring will probably stand higher than the racially lower parent, but not as high as the higher one. Consequently, it will later succumb in the struggle against the higher level. Such mating is contrary to the will of Nature for a higher breeding of all life. The precondition for this does not lie in associating superior and inferior, but in the total victory of the former. The stronger must dominate and not blend with the weaker, thus sacrificing his own greatness. Only the born weakling can view this as cruel, but he after all is only a weak and limited man; for if this law did not prevail, any conceivable higher development of organic living beings would be unthinkable.

[pic]The consequence of this racial purity, universally valid in Nature, is not only the sharp outward delimitation of the various races, but their uniform character in themselves. The fox is always a fox, the goose a goose, the tiger a tiger, etc., and the difference can lie at most in the varying measure of force, strength, intelligence, dexterity, endurance, etc., of the individual specimens. But you will never find a fox who in his inner attitude might, for example, show humanitarian tendencies toward geese, as similarly there is no cat with a friendly inclination toward mice…

Historical experience offers countless proofs of this. It shows with terrifying clarity that in every mingling of Aryan blood with that of lower peoples the result was the end of the cultured people. North America, whose population consists in by far the largest part of Germanic elements who mixed but little with the lower colored peoples, shows a different humanity and culture from Central and South America, where the predominantly Latin immigrants often mixed with the aborigines on a large scale. By this one example, we can clearly and distinctly recognize the effect of racial mixture. The Germanic inhabitant of the American continent, who has remained racially pure and unmixed, rose to be master of the continent; he will remain the master as long as he does not fall a victim to defilement of the blood.

[pic]The result of all racial crossing is therefore in brief always the following:

• Lowering of the level of the higher race;

• Physical and intellectual regression and hence the beginning of a slowly but surely progressing sickness…..

Questions:

1. What is the main idea expressed by Hitler in this document (answer in one complete sentence)?

2. What evidence is provided by the author to support his views?

3. Provide your own arguments to refute the author’s perspective, exposing his prejudices in the process.

Source 10:

|George W. Bush, Address to the Nation, October 7, 2001 |Osama bin Laden, Videotaped Address, October 7, 2001 |

|§1 Good afternoon. On my orders the United States military has begun |§1 Here is America struck by God Almighty in one of its vital organs, so that its |

|strikes against al Qaeda terrorist training camps and military |greatest buildings are destroyed. Grace and gratitude to God. America has been |

|installations of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan. |filled with horror from north to south and east to west, … |

|§2 These carefully targeted actions are designed to disrupt the use of |§2 Our Islamic nation has been tasting the same for more than 80 years of |

|Afghanistan as a terrorist base of operations, and to attack the military |humiliation and disgrace, its sons killed and their blood spilled, its sanctities |

|capability of the Taliban regime. |desecrated. |

|§3 We are joined in this operation by our staunch friend, Great Britain. |§3 God has blessed a group of vanguard Muslims, the forefront of Islam, to destroy |

|Other close friends, including Canada, Australia, Germany and France, have|America. May God bless them and allot them a supreme place in heaven, for he is the |

|pledged forces as the operation unfolds. |only one capable and entitled to do so. When those have stood in defense of their |

|§4 More than 40 countries in the Middle East, Africa, Europe and across |weak children, their brothers and sisters in Palestine and other Muslim nations, the|

|Asia have granted air transit or landing rights. Many more have shared |whole world went into an uproar, the infidels followed by the hypocrites. |

|intelligence. We are supported by the collective will of the world. |§4 A million innocent children are dying at this time as we speak, killed in Iraq |

|§5 More than two weeks ago, I gave Taliban leaders a series of clear and |without any guilt. We hear no denunciation, we hear no edict from the hereditary |

|specific demands: Close terrorist training camps; hand over leaders of the|rulers. In these days, Israeli tanks rampage across Palestine, in Ramallah, Rafah |

|al Qaeda network; and return all foreign nationals, including American |and Beit Jala and many other parts of the land of Islam [dar al-Islam], and we do |

|citizens, unjustly detained in your country. None of these demands were |not hear anyone raising his voice or reacting. But when the sword fell upon America |

|met. And now the Taliban will pay a price. |after 80 years, hypocrisy raised its head up high bemoaning those killers who toyed |

|§6 By destroying camps and disrupting communication, we will make it more |with the blood, honor and sanctities of Muslims…. |

|difficult for the terror network to train new recruits and coordinate |§7 They have been telling the world falsehoods that they are fighting terrorism. In |

|their evil plans. Initially, the terrorists may burrow deeper into caves |a nation at the far end of the world, Japan, hundreds of thousands, young and old, |

|and other entrenched hiding places. Our military action is also designed |were killed and this is not a world crime. To them it is not a clear issue. A |

|to clear the way for sustained, comprehensive and relentless operations to|million children in Iraq, to them this is not a clear issue. |

|drive them out and bring them to justice. |§8 But when a few more than 10 were killed in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam, Afghanistan|

|§7 At the same time, the oppressed people of Afghanistan will know the |and Iraq were bombed and hypocrisy stood behind the head of international infidels: |

|generosity of America and our allies. As we strike military targets, we |the modern world’s symbol of paganism, America, and its allies. |

|will also drop food, medicine and supplies to the starving and suffering |§9 I tell them that these events have divided the world into two camps, the camp of |

|men and women and children of Afghanistan. |the faithful and the camp of infidels. May God shield us and you from them. |

|§8 The United States of America is a friend to the Afghan people. And we |§10 Every Muslim must rise to defend his religion. The wind of faith is blowing and |

|are the friends of almost a billion worldwide who practice the Islamic |the wind of change is blowing to remove evil from the Peninsula of Muhammad, peace |

|faith. |be upon him. |

|§9 The United States of America is an enemy of those who aid terrorists |§11 As to America, I say to it and its people a few words: I swear to God that |

|and of the barbaric criminals who profane a great religion by committing |America will not live in peace before peace reigns in Palestine, and before all the |

|murder in its name. |army of infidels depart the land of Muhammad, peace be upon him. |

|§10 This military action is a part of our campaign against terrorism, |§12 God is the greatest and glory be to Islam. |

|another front in a war that has already been joined through diplomacy, |Translated text of bin Laden broadcast taken from the New York Times, Monday, |

|intelligence, the freezing of financial assets and the arrests of known |October 8, 2001, p. B7. Another version available at |

|terrorists by law enforcement agents in 38 countries. |2001/WORLD/asiapcf/central/10/07/ret.binladen.transcript/index.html. |

|§11 Given the nature and reach of our enemies, we will win this conflict |Questions: |

|by the patient accumulation of successes, by meeting a series of |1. What is/was Taliban? (research question) |

|challenges with determination and will and purpose. | |

|§12 Today we focus on Afghanistan, but the battle is broader. Every nation| |

|has a choice to make. In this conflict, there is no neutral ground. If any|2. What is al Qaeda? (research question) |

|government sponsors the outlaws and killers of innocents, they have become| |

|outlaws and murderers, themselves. And they will take that lonely path at |3. What is the tone of each speech? (in other words, what feelings do they |

|their own peril. |inspire/evoke, etc.) |

|§13 I'm speaking to you today from the Treaty Room of the White House, a | |

|place where American Presidents have worked for peace. We're a peaceful | |

|nation. Yet, as we have learned, so suddenly and so tragically, there can | |

|be no peace in a world of sudden terror. In the face of today's new |4. What event provided the premise for these responses from each author? |

|threat, the only way to pursue peace is to pursue those who threaten it. | |

|§14 We did not ask for this mission, but we will fulfill it. The name of | |

|today's military operation is Enduring Freedom. We defend not only our |5. Identify any factors (beliefs, place of origin, interpretation of historic |

|precious freedoms, but also the freedom of people everywhere to live and |events, biases, etc.) that could explain points of view expressed by each author. |

|raise their children free from fear…. |President Bush: |

|§16 In the months ahead, our patience will be one of our |Osama bin Laden: |

|strengths—patience with the long waits that will result from tighter | |

|security; patience and understanding that it will take time to achieve our|Example: Belief that democracy is the best form of government |

|goals; patience in all the sacrifices that may come. | |

|§17 Today, those sacrifices are being made by members of our Armed Forces | |

|who now defend us so far from home, and by their proud and worried | |

|families. | |

|§18 A Commander-in-Chief sends America's sons and daughters into a battle | |

|in a foreign land only after the greatest care and a lot of prayer. We ask|Example: Belief that the U.S. wages war against Islam |

|a lot of those who wear our uniform…. | |

|§19 To all the men and women in our military—every sailor, every soldier, | |

|every airman, every coast guardsman, every marine—I say this: | |

|§20 Your mission is defined; your objectives are clear; your goal is just.| |

|You have my full confidence, and you will have every tool you need to | |

|carry out your duty. | |

|§22 Since September 11, an entire generation of young Americans has gained| |

|new understanding of the value of freedom, and its cost in duty and in | |

|sacrifice. | |

|§23 The battle is now joined on many fronts. We will not waver; we will | |

|not tire; we will not falter; and we will not fail. Peace and freedom will| |

|prevail. Thank you. May God continue to bless America. | |

|Text of Bush speech from the New York Times, Monday, October 8, 2001, p. | |

|B6. Also available at | |

|news/releases/2001/10/20011007-8.html. | |

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[2]

[3] (100-44_BC).JPG

[4]

[5]

[6] (1) From: Arther Ferrill, The Origins of War: From the Stone Age to Alexander the Great, (London: THames Hudson, 1985) pp. 20 and 22.

[7] Marriage Contract, Marriage and Divorce Documents from the Ancient Near East, Translator: J.J. Finkelstein. Old Assyrian, 19th century B.C. Text: B. Hrozný, Inscriptions Cunéiformes du Kultépé (Praha, 1952). Transliteration and translation, Hrozný, in Symbolae Koschaker (Studia et Documenta II, 1939), 108ff.

[8] A slave serving in an ancient temple dedicated to a specific deity. According to Middle Assyrian Laws § 40, Hierodule may be married to a free citizen, but her status would probably have been inferior to that of a "first" wife under the circumstances envisaged in this contract.

[9] From: William Stearns Davis, ed., Readings in Ancient History: Illustrative Extracts from the Sources, 2 Vols. (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1912-13), Vol. II: Rome and the West. Scanned by: J. S. Arkenberg, Dept. of History, Cal. State Fullerton. Prof. Arkenberg has modernized the text.

[10] Quoted in A.A Boahen, "Kingdoms of West Africa. C.A.D. 500-1600." in The Horizon History of Africa (NY: American Heritage, 1971): 183.

[11] From Discription de l'Afrique Septentrionale, trans. De Shane (Paris: Adreien-Maisonneuve, 1964): 328-329.

[12] From Basil Davidson, African Civilization Revisited (Trenton: Africa World Press, 1991): 86-87 [pic]

[13] James Harvey Robinson, ed., Readings in European History: Vol. I: (Boston:: Ginn and co., 1904), 312-316

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