NAME: ________________________________________________ PER



Student Name: __________________________________________________

Unit 1: Ancient History Guided Notes

Introduction

History is a term for information about the past.

It refers to __________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________.

Interpretation plays a huge role in how history is recorded.

The word history comes from the Greek word historie. This word means “an account of one’s inquiries”.

It shares the same origin as the English word ___________.

H-BOMB – Topic: Is history one big lie?

YES!

Although history is a search for truth, the things we think we know (or have come to accept) might be wrong.

History is a story… told and retold over time.

Just because your father recalls a story that his father told him doesn’t mean it actually happened that way (e.g. think of old fish tales told by fishermen).

Thus, it is quite possible that everything you have ever learned is… WRONG!

How’s your head feel?

The Basic Concepts of History

“________________________ is the eldest daughter of history.”

To understand the past, it is important to consider ________ and

________ events occurred.

There are 6 very basic concepts you need to know.

CONCEPT #1: BC vs. AD

There are many different _________________ that track time.

For instance…

The ________________ calendar counts years from the reign of

the ______________ in 2637 BC.

The ________________ calendar numbers years starting with 622

AD when _________________ fled from Mecca to Medina.

The ________________ calendar numbers years starting with 1 AD

when ______________ was born (according to church accounts).

This means…

Year __________ AD in the U.S. was:

Year __________ AD in the Chinese calendar… and

Year __________ AD in the Islamic calendar.

So how do historians know when things happened?

Let’s start simply by defining the terms “________” and

“________”.

But first…

What is our calendar called?

The _______________calendar.

It replaced the _______________calendar created by

_______________.

It was proclaimed by Pope ______________________________ in 1582.

When the “switch” was made, October 4, 1582 was followed by October 15th and not the 5th, correcting for a discrepancy between the Julian and Gregorian calendars.

Of course, when this happened, many commoners

________________, thinking the government had “stolen 10 days of their lives”.

The Gregorian calendar was adopted at different times by different countries.

1752… ______________ and her colonies (including the

___________) switched.

1918… ______________ switched to it.

1923… ______________ switched to it.

1926… ______________ switched to it.

The Gregorian calendar is used worldwide today for

_________________.

Years are numbered from the birth of

_________________________.

This means that years before Year 1 are designated ________.

This means “_______________________”.

Years after Year 1 are designated ________, an abbreviation for

the Latin term ___________________________.

Anno Domini means “___________________________________” …

NOT “______________________”.

In recent years, people who wished to avoid the reference to

Christ began using ___________ (or __________________) to replace BC.

To replace AD, they use ___________ (or _____________________).

AD years are counted _________________ from Year 1.

1 AD… 2 AD… 200 AD… 1775 AD… 2006 AD

BC years are counted _________________ from Year 1.

2006 BC… 1775 BC… 200 BC… 2 BC… 1 BC

Put together…

2006 BC… 1775 BC… 200 BC… 2 BC… 1 BC… 1 AD… 2 AD… 200 AD… 1775 AD… 2006 AD

As you can see, 200 BC came before 200 AD.

As you can see, there is no _____________.

As you can see, the year after 1 BC was 1 AD.

Remember….

People living during BC times didn’t say, “This is a fine day in the

year 200 Before Christ.”

BC dates were assigned to the events by historians in the future

when old calendars were renumbered by new calendars.

Which means…

If the calendar we have now went into effect in 1582 AD, everything (every battle, every event, every birthday, every death… everything!) that came before this had to be renumbered!

Which means…

If any former historian incorrectly, accidentally, or intentionally changed somebody’s birthday while recalculating the year, we are studying the wrong year… and don’t even know we are!

H-BOMB – Topic: Is our current calendar incorrect?

The chronology of the Gregorian calendar is based on a 6th Century dating of the year of Jesus Christ’s birth.

Historians believe this is 4 to 8 years in error. This means Jesus Christ was born in either 4 BC or 8 BC… NOT in 1 AD like our calendar assumed.

So what?

This means our entire calendar is WRONG and is behind 4-8 years. Thus, this is NOT the year 2009… It’s really 2013 or 2017!

If we can’t get Jesus Christ’s birthday right… how wrong are we about other stuff?

This begs the question: “Are dates important?”

Not really.

And if historians can’t figure out when stuff happened, is it safe to assume that they may be wrong about what really happened, too?

Possibly.

History is just that… a story. Some of it’s true. Some of it’s false. And some of it’s been “rewritten”. But, it’s still just a story.

So…

What’s your story?

What’s your neighbor’s story?

How will historians recall your life’s story?

The best part of this…

It is YOUR story, not HIS story or HER story.

It is your chance to make your mark.

And you’re the author…

In the words of Britain’s Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill…

“History will be kind to me, for I intend to write it.”

CONCEPT #2: Centuries & Milleniums

History can be confusing when referring to centuries and

millenniums instead of years.

The 20th Century deals with the _____________ (or the years

________-________) in the Gregorian calendar.

Popular belief regards the 20th Century as lasting from 1900

1999… but this is considered incorrect due to the

nonexistence of a Year 0.

Use Dr. Hartnell’s “Century Converter” to avoid confusion.

It states: _____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________.

This works the same both AD and BC times.

For example:

What years does the 10th Century AD cover?

____________________________________________________________.

What years does the 32nd Century BC cover?

____________________________________________________________.

A millennium is 1,000 years.

1st Millennium… __________________ AD.

2nd Millennium… __________________ AD.

3rd Millennium… __________________ AD (not from 2000-2999 AD, which popular belief incorrectly holds).

CONCEPT #3: Latitude & Longitude

A key geographical question throughout the human

experience has been, “Where am I?”

The Ancient Greek geographer ________________ created a

grid system to help answer that question.

However, it wasn’t until the Middle Ages that the ______________

and ______________ system as we know it was

implemented.

This system is written in ___________ (like 75°, etc.) and represent

angular distances from the center of the earth.

Lines of latitude run ____________________.

They are also known as _________________ since they are an equal distance from each other.

There are _________ degrees going north

and south from the ________________ (0°), the imaginary line that divide the planet into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

If you’re in Washington, D.C., your latitude is 38°N (or +38°).

If you go straight down the globe to 38°S (or –38°), you’re swimming just off the coast of Chile in South America.

Lines of longitude run ________________.

They are also known as ______________. They meet at the poles and are the widest at the Equator.

There are ________ degrees going east

and west from the ___________________ (0°), the imaginary line in Greenwich, England that divides Earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

If you’re in Greenwich, England (0°) and go west to 77°W (or –77°), you’re in Washington, D.C.

If you’re in Greenwich and go east to 77°E (or +77°), you end up in the Xinjiang Uygur region of China.

The earth’s ________________________ are also measured from

lines of longitude via the Prime Meridian (0°).

The time at 0° is called ___________________________________ (UT)

or ___________________________________ (GMT).

With the GMT as the starting point, each _______ east and west

marks a new time zone.

The _______ time zones extend east and west around the globe

for 180° to the ___________________________________ (IDL).

When it is ___________ along the Prime Meridian, it is ___________

along the IDL.

Regions east of the IDL are ___________________________________

of regions to the west.

Got all that?

Westerville is in the ________________________________ (EST) zone.

We are ________ hours behind GMT in the fall/winter.

We are ________ hours behind GMT in the spring/summer (due

to Daylight-Saving Time).

Thus, during the Fall...

In Greenwich, England when it is __________ pm…

…it is __________ am in Westerville.

The GMT never “springs ahead” or “falls behind”.

To pinpoint an exact location, each degree of latitude and

longitude is divided into 60 minutes (60')…

…and each minute is divided into 60 seconds (60").

Latitude is always listed _____________.

Westerville North is located at __________________________ N,

___________________________ W.

It’s 40° _________ of the Equator.

It’s 82° _________ of the Prime Meridian.

GPS systems, like ___________________, do all of this via satellites.

While there are countless ways of remembering which lines are latitude and which lines are longitude (e.g. “laddertude” or “longitude is long”), Dr. Hartnell has a “fool proof” way of never getting them confused.

It is: _______________________________________ ©.

Picture Earth trying to put on a belt around its big fat belly.

Belts run in a left-to-right direction… just like lines of latitude!

And even though Fatitude is a made up word… it rhymes!

BRILLIANT! Seriously… you’ll teach your kids this someday. Really. I am NOT joking.

CONCEPT #4: Continents & Plate Tectonics

How many continents are there?

There are ______ continents.

How many oceans are there?

There are ______ oceans.

Congrats, you’ve just passed the 3rd Grade…

The 7 continents are:

(1) ____________________________________

(2) ____________________________________

(3) ____________________________________

(4) ____________________________________

(5) ____________________________________

(6) ____________________________________

(7) ____________________________________

The 4 oceans are:

(1) ____________________________________

(2) ____________________________________

(3) ____________________________________

(4) ____________________________________

The Theory of _________________________ fascinates Dr. Hartnell.

Earth’s surface is made up of _____ plates that float on magma.

Essentially, Earth’s surface is like a cracked eggshell… an eggshell that’s slowly moving.

Earthquakes and volcanoes often occur at boundaries between plates as the plates…

… ______________________________

… ______________________________

… ______________________________ .

Scientists think the continents were grouped together in a

single landmass called __________________.

Some 200 million years ago, it broke apart and began drifting

to their present locations.

[pic]

CONCEPT #5: Climate Zones

The earth has _____ climate zones.

They are:

the ______________________

the ______________________

the ________________ &

____________________ regions

The warmest areas are near the _______________ where the

sun’s rays are the most direct.

The coldest areas are near the _______________ where the sun’s

rays are the least direct.

The Tropic of _________________ is an imaginary line that circles

the earth at 23.5°N latitude, the farthest point north

reached by the sun during our summer.

The Tropic of _________________ is an imaginary line that circles

the earth at 23.5°S latitude, the farthest point south

reached by the sun during our winter.

The _______________ Circle lies at 66.5°N latitude.

The _______________ Circle lies at 66.5°S latitude.

Between tropic and arctic/antarctic lines are temperate zones.

CONCEPT #6: Maps & Projections

__________ represent a place.

A flat map cannot represent Earth’s rounded surface.

Maps are called _____________________ because cartographers

(mapmakers) have to project a 3-D surface onto a 2-D

map.

Compromises often have to be made in ________________.

There are ______ major types of projections. They are:

(1) __________________________

(2) __________________________

(3) __________________________

1 (

2 (

3 (

The maps used in schools, on the news, and by pilots are

cylindrical projections known as _________________ maps.

These maps were devised by _________________________ in 1569.

The Mercator projection preserves the shape of continents and

countries.

BUT…

It distorts sizes _______________________________________________

______________________________________________________.

This is known as the _____________________________.

Greenland appears to be the same size as ____________.

But, in real life Africa is ________ times larger than Greenland.

The “Greenland Problem”

Prehistory

The term “history” is NOT used to represent the entire history of our species.

Instead, it is used to discuss the events that have occurred

since the _____________________________________________.

What was that?

It was a “revolution” that occurred from __________________ BC.

During it, ancient people in _________________________ switched

from nomadic, hunter-gatherer behavior to a settled,

agrarian way of life.

This shift is the _______________________________ in human history.

Events that occurred before this are lumped together under

the term ______________________.

Prehistory covers over ______ of our species’ time on this planet.

So, if nothing was written down, how do we know anything about these societies?

We rely on ______________________ and ______________________.

What’s the difference?

______________________ dig up and study the material evidence

(artifacts) left behind.

______________________ study human life and cultures both

present and past.

Essentially…

Archeologists study the _____________.

Anthropologists study the _______________.

When the two team up, the end result is fascinating piece work, although it is still incomplete.

For example, let’s say an archeologist digs around a prehistoric site.

She discovers…

… a male skeleton.

… gold and other jewels buried with the skeleton.

An anthropologist studies the artifacts. He deduces…

… the site was a tomb designed for a ruler.

… the male inside was of great importance because of what he was buried with.

Despite this, there is certain information (like the male’s

______________, his ______________, and his ______________,

that cannot be known.

For this reason, the study of Prehistory is very broad and lacks

specifics.

H-BOMB – Topic: Is it a farm tool or a prehistoric butt scratcher?

Similar to how errors occur when revamping an entire calendar, so, too, can errors occur when it comes to interpreting the stuff found by archeologists.

Interpreting artifacts becomes even harder when you’re studying a civilization that didn’t write stuff down.

So, we have to make “educated” guesses. But, let’s be honest. An “educated” guess is nothing more than a really… really… really good guess!

If we can’t identify the stuff archeologists dig up… how can we really know what a society’s customs and traditions were if it wasn’t written down?

We can’t. But, that’s what makes history fascinating.

Unless you were THERE, you can’t be 100% sure. Therefore, history is a story that’s been told and retold… and it’s based on wrong dates, half-truths, and really, really, really good guesses!

On that note…

Historians disagree as to when Prehistory began.

Most say it started about 100,000 to 250,000 years ago with the

appearance of the first modern _______________________.

Some argue it began with the invention of the first tools 2.5

million years ago around the __________________ in Africa.

So, 250,000 years … or … 2.5 million years ago?

WHO CARES!

Prehistory has ______ ages:

(1) __________________________

(2) __________________________

(3) __________________________

These were named for the tool-making technologies that

dominated the time.

BUT…

The term “Iron Age” is only of local value because iron took the

place of bronze at different times in different cultures.

Some countries took longer to enter the Iron Age.

When Prehistory ended is also disputed, but most historians set it

around 3000 BC.

This is when _________ appeared in Mesopotamia and Egypt.

Thus, we don’t know when Prehistory __________ or __________.

Ancient History

Ancient History begins when writing appeared in __________ BC.

Writing began as a way to __________________________________.

Most end Ancient History in Europe in _________ AD with the fall

of the Western Roman Empire.

The span of written history is a little over ___________ years.

As a result, Ancient History is remote, selective, ill-documented,

and biased.

The records are the memory of things said and done.

Back then… historians copied from one another and without

recording their sources.

Back then… people believed that because it was written

down, it HAD to be true, and so they presented it as

being fact (e.g. fish tails).

Nicknamed the “Father of History”, _____________________ was a

Greek historian who lived in the 5th Century BC.

He traveled throughout the Mediterranean, observing the

people and studying the region’s military history.

Around 440 BC, he wrote The Histories of Herodotus about the

Persian invasion of Greece 50 years earlier (and before

he was born).

This work was recognized as a new form of literature soon after

its publication.

Herodotus was the first to record the past and treat it as a

philosophical problem about human behavior.

Some historians prefer to call Herodotus the ___________________

or ___________________.

Recent archaeology has begun to prove that his Histories were

______________________.

Often, Herodotus would give the most popular account of an

event… and then express his _______________ (which he

believed was correct).

The Histories was often attacked in the ancient world for bias,

inaccuracy, and plagiarism.

Therefore, we must approach any historical text by first asking,

___________________________________________.

H-BOMB – Topic: Data Manipulation

A few years back, the Superintendent of WCS spoke at a teacher meeting about scores on the latest AP test.

He continually applauded the World Languages Department for having 100% of students who took the Spanish AP test score a 5 (which is the highest you can get on an AP test, 1-5).

He spoke down to the History Department for having only 75% of students who took the History or Government AP tests score a 5.

One problem.

If you looked up the actual numbers, you saw that ONLY ONE student took the Spanish AP test. That student scored a 5. Thus, 100% of those who took the Spanish AP test scored a 5.

By comparison, 100 students took the History or Government AP tests, and 75 of them scored a 5. However, percentage wise, that is “only” 75%.

Thus, you need to be careful when reading “stats”, as they can be manipulated to “fit” whatever the presenter is hoping to show you.

Why Humans Kill

Much of the recorded history of humans is about ___________.

This is because many artifacts from the past are ______________.

Many early writings were about ______________________________.

What is war?

War is ______________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________.

At least _____________ soldiers between the two sides must be

killed in battle per year.

Poll society on the cause of war, and you’ll get many answers.

Before any cause is examined, it is proper to look at the

concept of causation itself.

This can be easily summed up as… __________________________.

Strike a match on the side of a matchbox… POOF!... a flame

appears. The flame is the effect… so what is the cause?

____________ + ____________ + ____________ = Flame

Take away any of those and there is no fire.

Let’s examine a ______________________.

The equation is still the same:

Oxygen + Fuel + Heat = Fire

How do we prevent a forest fire?

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________.

BAD IDEA…

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________.

BAD IDEA…

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________.

GOOD IDEA… but…

#1 cause of forest fires is ___________________.

#2 cause is _____________________.

We can further subdivide heat into:

_________________________________________________

_________________________________________________

This provides 2 insights :

(1) Smokey the Bear is full of $%#@ when he says, “Only you

can prevent forest fires.”

__________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________.

What we take from this is that for any given effect, we can identify multiple

___________________.

Further, we can group these causes, narrow them down, focus on the ones that are within our control, and maybe even attempt to

__________________.

Still, why do wars occur?

There are 4 reasons. Wars occur because…

(1) __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________.

(2) __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________.

(3) __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________.

(4) __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________.

But, as ____________________________ suggests, the reason is

even simpler.

_______________________ causes war.

Lorenz argues that humans, like animals, have ________________.

Instincts are _________________ (NOT learned) behavior patterns.

A bird raised in total isolation from other birds _________________

____________________________________________________________.

One such shared instinct between humans and animals is

_______________________.

The ______________________ changes that occur when humans

and animals become angry are the same (i.e. increase

in ________________________, __________________________,

________________________).

Lorenz said that the aggressive instinct serves 3 functions:

(1) The aggressive instinct manifests itself more strongly in the

center of an animal’s _______________________ and grows

weaker as the animal moves away from that center.

(2) Aggression makes it more likely that the strongest members

of the species will ________________ and produce

_________________________.

(3) It makes it more likely that the parents will be able to

_____________________________ while they are still helpless.

Lorenz put mammals in 2 groups:

(1) Those that are ________________________ to each other

physically (like rabbits).

(2) Those that are ___________________to each other physically

because they have fangs and claws (like wolves).

Rabbits display as much aggression as wolves…

But there is no danger that fighting will have fatal

consequences.

A rabbit’s natural defense is to ______________________________.

However…

If rabbits are confined in an unnatural way (like put in a cage)

and begin to fight, they will ____________________________

_________________________ despite lacking the fangs and

claws as seen with wolves.

When wolves fight, the possibility of fatalities is there, yet they

____________________. Wolves show aggression but do not

kill each other any more often than rabbits do.

Why?

The reason, according to Lorenz, is that along with its

aggressive instinct the wolf has evolved an

_______________________________________________.

This checks the aggressive instinct at the crucial moment.

The inhibiting mechanism is triggered by the

________________________________________________.

This is when the losing wolf turns over on its back, exposing its

___________________ in such a way that it would be easy

for the winner to kill it.

The appeasement gesture is a sign that the loser accepts an

___________________________________.

If the wolf does not show this sign, then it may be _____________.

Still, once shown, the winning wolf ___________________________.

We belong in which category?

We are in the category of those ___________________ to each

other.

Our natural equipment of short, blunt teeth and stubby, brittle

fingernails puts us in this category.

Thus, we have not evolved the inhibiting instinct because it was

______________________________.

For protection, we made __________ and other lethal weapons.

We are now ________ dangerous to each other, but we _______

the inhibiting mechanism.

Sleep tight…

Ancient Mesopotamia: Fast-Forward Facts

← Located in ____________ and ____________.

← Known as _______________________________________________.

← First civilization began in region of _________ around

__________ BC.

← Lies between ____________ and ____________________Rivers

in area called ___________________________________________.

← Sumerians built walled cities.

← Sumerians developed earliest-known writing called

_________________________ around _____________ BC.

← It used wedge shapes carved in clay tablets.

← Using cuneiform, Sumerians wrote world’s oldest story,

__________________________________________.

← Had 4 “creating gods” (An – heaven; Ki – earth, Enlil – air; Enki – water) and others.

← Believed gods ruled cities, which makes them a

________________________.

← Saw their kings as ________________ in origin.

← Believed gods lived in statues inside large pyramid-like

temples called _________________________.

← Mesopotamia lacked _____________________________________ for protection.

← Its ____________________ attracted conquerors.

← To the north were Akkadians ruled by ____________________.

← Sargon I conquered all of Mesopotamia and created first

______________________ in history.

Whew! Let’s slow down…

This first empire disintegrated around ______________ BC as

various city-states attempted to usurp power to control

all of Mesopotamia.

Amid this warfare, the previously unimportant city of

_________________, led by King _________________________,

took control of Mesopotamia.

Hammurabi helped unite his empire by publishing the

______________________________________________________,

history's first known written set of laws.

The Code emphasized the principle of _______________________

and contained punishments that varied according to

____________________________.

The laws were numbered from ______ to ______, but numbers

______, 66–99, ______, and 111 are missing.

Hammurabi had his Code carved into a stone pillar and put in

a public place for all to see.

This gave rise to the phrase _________________________________.

The Code of Hammurabi

Law #______: If any one bring an accusation against a man, and the accused go and leap into the river, if he sink in the river, his accuser shall take possession of his house. But if the river prove that the accused is not guilty, and he escape unhurt, then he who had brought the accusation shall be put to death, while he who leaped into the river shall take possession of his accuser’s house.

Law #______: If a judge hears a case, reaches a decision, and

presents his judgment in writing; if later error shall appear

in his decision, and it be through his own fault, then he

shall pay twelve times the fine set by him in the case,

and he shall be publicly removed from the judge’s

bench, and never again shall he sit there to render

judgment.

Law #______: If any one steals the property of a temple or of

the court, he shall be put to death, and also the one who receives the stolen things shall also be put to death.

Law #______: If any one steals the younger son of another, he

shall be put to death.

Law #______: If any one breaks a hole into a house (break in to steal), he shall be put to death before that hole and be buried.

Law #______: If any one is caught committing a robbery, then he shall be put to death.

Law #______: If fire breaks out in a house, and someone who comes to put it out takes the property of the master of the house, he shall be thrown into that self-same fire.

Law #______: If a “sister of a god” open a tavern, or enter a tavern to drink, then shall this woman be burned to death.

Law #______: If a man takes a woman to be his wife, but has no intercourse with her, this woman is no wife to him.

Law #______: If a man’s wife be caught with another man, both shall be tied and thrown into the water.

Law #______: If a man be guilty of incest with his daughter, he shall be driven from the place (exiled).

Law #______: If a man betroths a girl to his son, and his son has intercourse with her, but the father afterward defiles her, then he shall be bound and cast into the water.

Law #______: If anyone be guilty of incest with his mother, both shall be burned.

Law #______: If a son of a paramour (lover) or a prostitute say to his adoptive father or mother: “You are not my father or my mother,” his tongue shall be cut off.

Law #______: If the son of a paramour or a prostitute deserts his adoptive father and adoptive mother, and goes to his birth father’s house, then his eye will be put out.

Law #______: If a man gives his child to a nurse and the child die in her hands, her breasts shall be cut off.

Law #______: If a son strikes his father, his hands shall be hewn (cut) off.

Law #______: If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out.

Law #______: If he breaks another man’s bone, his bone shall be broken.

Law #______: If he put out the eye of a man’s slave, he shall pay one-half of its value.

Law #______: If a man knocks out the teeth of his equal, his teeth shall be knocked out.

Law #______: If any one strikes the body of a man higher in rank, he shall receive sixty blows with an ox-whip in public.

Law #______: If the slave strikes the body of a freed man, his ear shall be cut off.

Law #______: If a man strikes a woman so that she loses her unborn child, he shall pay ten shekels for her loss.

Law #______: If the woman dies, his daughter shall be put to death.

Law #______: If a physician accidentally kills a patient, his hands shall be cut off.

Law #______: If a physician accidentally kills the slave of a freed man, he shall replace the slave with another slave.

Law #______: If a builder builds a house for someone and the house which he built falls in and kills its owner, then that builder shall be put to death.

Law #______: If it kills the son of the owner, then the son of that builder shall be killed.

Law #______: If it kills a slave of the owner, then he shall give one of his slaves to the owner.

Law #______: If any one borrows another man’s oxen, and kills it by bad treatment or by striking it, he shall compensate the owner, oxen for oxen.

Law #______: If a slave says to his master: “You are not my master,” if they convict him, his master shall cut off his ear.

Simply put… Hammurabi wasn’t messing around here!

Time to speed it up!

← The _______________ people are among the oldest known to

history, dating back ________________ years.

← The word “Jew” came into existence in the 5th Century BC

to refer to the inhabitants of ______________________________

(now part of _________________).

← Belief in one God (_________________________) distinguished Jews from polytheistic types.

Ancient Egypt: Fast-Forward Facts

← Located in ________________.

← Longest lasting civilization in history (from __________ - 30 BC).

← Lies along ___________________, nicknamed “Gift of the Nile”.

← Used _______________________________ as their writing.

← Egyptians were _____________________________ (many gods).

← ___________________ was like Zeus (a.k.a. “Dad”).

← ___________________ was the god of the afterlife.

← ___________________ was the god of the sky and light.

← ___________________ was the god of evil and darkness.

← ___________________ was the goddess of fertility.

← ___________________ was the god of the dead.

← Egyptians were preoccupied with ___________________.

← Built more than _______ pyramids.

← King Kufu’s is biggest: __________ feet tall.

← King __________________ will eclipse this.

← ____________________________ preserved pharaohs.

← ____________________ were supreme rulers (kings).

← Were a link to the gods and _________________.

← Notable pharaohs included:

← King Kufu: _______________________________________________.

← Queen Hatshepsut: ______________________________________.

← King Tutankhamen: ______________________________________.

← King Ramses II: __________________________________________.

← Queen Cleopatra VII: ____________________________________.

← Egyptians dabbled in ______________________, ___________,

__________________, __________________, __________________,

and _____________________.

← Used __________________ to create a calendar of ________ days and a zodiac.

← Yea Egypt!

Ancient India: Fast-Forward Facts

← Located in ________________.

← Grew along ______________________ in ____________ BC.

← Known for _____________________ – which is rigid, permanent, born into, can never leave.

← 4 castes: ________________, ________________,

__________________________________, ________________.

← ________________________ were outside caste system.

← ____________ religion began in India.

← ___________ major religion in the world.

← Big on _____________ and ________________________.

← Polytheistic religion, with gods like:

← __________________ – the creator.

← __________________ – the preserver.

← __________________ – the destroyer.

← __________________ – elephant-headed god of strength.

← Not everyone liked Hinduism.

← _____________________________, known as “Buddha”, started Buddhism.

← Buddha taught physical world is an _________________.

← Buddhists want to achieve ___________________ or “Enlightenment”.

← Buddha believed people could achieve Nirvana in this life alone.

← Buddha ___________________ caste system.

← As result, it was popular in ________________ castes.

← Soon spread to ____________ and _____________________, but declined in India.

← ______________ was India’s greatest leader.

← He conquered much of India in bloody wars.

← After this, he had a _______________________________________.

← He ________________________ and ________________________.

← He had _______________ Buddhist shrines built.

← Gupta Empire is called ________________________________.

← Mathematicians in India invented the ______.

← Astronomers predicted ________________.

← Doctors created __________________ inoculation.

← Farmers invented ________________.

← Introduced ______________ to much of the world.

← Declined when ___________ attacked them.

Ancient China: Fast-Forward Facts

← Located in ________________, which is in _______________.

← Grew along ____________ and ____________ Rivers in 2500 BC.

← Chinese rulers claimed to govern with a ___________________

____________________________.

← As “Mandates” changed, China warred with itself.

← Man named _________________ tried to bring back harmony.

← His philosophy was based on _____________________________, morals, respect, and learning.

← ______________ was center of Confucian society – __________ was head, mother/children obedient.

← Rulers should be ______________ to their subjects.

← _________________ (or Daoism) also began in China.

← ________________ founded it… if he was real.

← Emphasizes unity with _____________.

← To be one with Tao, must _____________________________.

← ___________ (black) and ___________ (white) are opposite and complimentary forces.

← No balance = _______________ and _______________.

_______________ (

( _______________

← __________________ was Chinese general.

← Wrote _____________________________.

← Book influenced by Taoism.

← Appear ________________, but be ________________…

← ______________________ is key in war.

← Is required reading for ____________________.

← Emperor ____________________________________ ruled with an iron fist – burned books of Confucius.

← Ordered a _____________________ to be built in 221 BC.

← Great Wall of China finished in 1620: __________________ miles long, 20-50’ tall, 15-30’ thick.

← Can be seen from ______________.

← Huangdi built an _________________________ tomb.

← Buried _____________________ army of thousands of

_________________ soldiers and horses to protect him.

← Each soldier modeled after a _________________.

← Army uncovered ___________________________ in 1974 by a farmer digging a well.

← Over time, caravan trade began over the

_____________________, a network of trails that stretched

4,000 miles from China to the _____________________________.

← Chinese ___________ and ___________ became popular.

← ___________________________ and others would begin traveling to get more.

← China overrun by ___________ – ended Classical Period.

Ancient Greece: Fast-Forward Facts

← Located in ____________________.

← Off of ________________ and ________________________ Seas.

← Remembered for “Classical Age” from 480-323 BC.

← More than ____________________ and _____________________.

← Best remembered for ___________________________.

← ______ “main” gods and goddesses.

← Lived on ____________________________.

← Leader was ___________.

← ___________ was Zeus’ wife… and sister.

← Aphrodite, Apollo, Ares, Artemis, Athena, Demeter, Hephaestus, Hermes, and Poseidon were other gods.

← Many famous Greek myths and heroes.

← _________________ … and his killer heel.

← _________________ (Hercules)… and his 12 tasks.

← _________________ … and his trip home.

← _________________ … and her snake hair.

← _________________ … and her curses.

← _________________ … and the Minotaur.

← Ancient Greece was not a country; many _________________.

← City-states are cities that act as ___________________.

← Two biggest were _______________ and _______________.

← Greek word for city-states is _______________.

← Get words like __________________ and __________________.

← Athens stressed ________________ and ________________.

← Sparta stressed ________________ and ________________.

← ____________________ was fought between Greece and Troy (or Troad).

← Realistically… fought to ___________________________________

_________________________________________________________.

← Mythologically… fought to _______________________________

_________________________________________________________.

← Greeks also known for:

← Iliad and Odyssey by ________________.

← The Olympic Games.

← __________________ and __________________ in Athens.

← Deep thinkers – __________________, __________________,

__________________.

← Massive wars with _____________ and each other.

← Following ___________________________________ (431-404 BC)

between Sparta and Athens, King _______________________ of Macedonia conquers a disheveled Greece.

← He dies.

← His son takes over.

← His son is ___________________________________________.

← He conquerors the “known-world” by age _______.

← He dies.

← Still, the Greek legacy lives on…

← Dramas, plays, and art…

← Philosophy…

← Mythology (all copied by ______________)…

← Architecture…

← Greek letters – Frats and Sororities…

← _______________________ (well, kind of…)!

Ancient Rome: Fast-Forward Facts

← Located in ____________.

← The expression ____________________________________________ perfectly explains its massiveness.

← History of Rome divided into 3 parts:

← __________________________________ (753-509 BC)

← __________________________________ (509-27 BC)

← __________________________________ (27 BC – 476 AD)

← Ancient Rome (753-509 BC)…

← _________________ vs. _________________ … and the she-wolf.

← Polytheistic – took many gods/heroes from _________________ and changed names.

← Ruled by _________________.

← Created the _________________ we use today.

← Used _______________________________________(III; VII; X; etc.)

|Month |Origin |Translation |Why was it named this? |

|January |Janus |god of beginnings |This month “begins” the year. |

|February |februa |From the Latin word Februarius|This was a Roman month of sacrifices |

| | |(“to purify”) |and purification. |

|March | Mars |god of war |This was the start of the year for soldiers |

| | | |(no fighting in winter). |

|April |aperire |Latin for “to open”|This is the month when trees “open” |

| | | |their leaves. |

|May |Maia |goddess of growth |This is the month when plants start to |

| | | |function and grow. |

|June |Juno |Queen of Roman gods |The etymology (origin) of the name for this |

| | | |month is uncertain. |

|July |Julius Caesar |Dictator of Rome (ruled 48-44 |Born in this month, Caesar reorganized the |

| | |BC) |calendar. It was formerly called “quintiles” |

| | | |for the fifth month (counting from March). |

|August |Augustus |Emperor of Rome (ruled from |He was the first Roman emperor. It was |

| | |27 BC-14 AD) |formerly “sextilis” for the sixth month |

| | | |(counting from March). |

|September |septem |Latin for “seven” |Seventh month (counting |

| | | |from March) |

|October |octo |Latin for “eight” |Eighth month (counting |

| | | |from March) |

|November |novem |Latin for “nine” |Ninth month (counting |

| | | |from March) |

|December |decem |Latin for “ten” |Tenth month (counting |

| | | |from March) |

← Roman Republic (509-27 BC)…

← Ruled by 2 ______________________ and ___________________.

← Senate had the most _____________.

← _____________________ vs. Hannibal/Carthage.

← _____________________ led slave rebellion.

← ______________________ ruled; ________________ by Senate.

← His death starts long civil war.

← Roman Empire (27 BC – 476 AD)…

← Power shifted back to __________________.

← ____________________ was first Emperor. Given name

____________________ by Senate. Called _________________.

← Rome reaches its ____________ in size.

← Roman _________ is at its strongest.

← _______________________ was around during this time.

← ________________ eventually became main religion of Rome.

← ______________ & ______________ 2 of the worst Emperors.

← ________________________ were popular.

← Empire grew ________________________. Divided into an

____________ and a ____________ to make it easier to rule.

← That didn’t help.

← Goths, Vandals, Visigoths sack Rome _________ AD.

← This is when many historians end __________________________.

THE END!

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