CHAPTER 1: “STORM CLOUDS OVER EUROPE,” (pp
CHAPTER 1: “STORM CLOUDS OVER EUROPE,” (pp. 8-59)
SHADOW OF THE DICTATORS: TIMEFRAME AD 1925—1950
1. Black Thursday, October 24, 1929, is typically taken as the start of this. _____________________
2. This is the nickname given to a market in which stocks are on the rise. ___________________
3—7. Born in 1883, he would dabble in a number of jobs, including that of socialist-leaning journalist, before becoming leader of Italy in 1922. _____________________ The name of his political party, it was derived from an ancient Roman symbol of authority, a bundle of rods with an axe. ___________________ The strongmen who helped him to reach power. _________________ In the mythology of the party, the crucial five days that brought him to power became known as this. ________________ Literally “Leader,” this was the title he came to be known by. ________________
8. The more familiar name for the Schutzstaffel, Hitler’s elite personal bodyguard. _____________
9. What did Hitler do during World War I? _______________________________
10. The name given to Germany’s postwar Republican government, derived from the town in which the national assembly first met. _____________
11. What was the name of the peace treaty signed at the end of World War I? _________________
12—13. The most familiar name for the Storm Section, the private army of the Nazis. ___________ The army officer who led this group. ____________________
14. To force the German payment of these, the French occupied the Ruhr industrial heartland in 1923. ______________________
15. How many German marks did one need to buy one dollar by November 1923, when the post-war inflation peaked? ____________________
16—17. What was the more familiar name of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party? _______________ This crooked cross was a good-luck charm in ancient Asia and had been used by early Christians to hide their religious affiliations – it was adopted by the party as its symbol. __________________
18—20. Hitler’s aborted “beer hall putsch” of 1923 took place in this city. __________ The book Hitler wrote in prison after this coup attempt. __________________________ In the book, Hitler insisted Germany was entitled to seize this, literally “living space,” in the east. _____________________
21. He became Hitler’s Minister of Information and Propaganda. _________________
22. In 1933, Hitler assumed this national post. _________________
23. In 1933, this auxiliary Nazi police force was organized. ________________
24—25. Hitler used this 1933 fire as a pretext for suspending civil liberties. ____________ In the aftermath of the election that followed, this legislation gave Hitler near-dictatorial powers for a four-year term. __________________
26. The nickname given to the night of June 29—30, 1934 when the newly-formed SS destroyed the power of the increasingly independent SA. _______________________
27. Literally “Leader,” it became Hitler’s preferred title. ___________________
28. These 1935 laws banned Jews from many jobs and professions, and forbid “intermarriage” with German “nationals.” ________________________
29. In March 1936 Hitler openly violated the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles by marching soldiers into this demilitarized zone lying on the French border. ______________
30—33. In 1935, Mussolini’s Italy invaded this African nation. _____________ What were Italy’s three African colonies at the time. ______________; ________________; __________________
34. The name given to the Germany-Italy alliance. __________________
35. The April 1938 union of Germany and Austria. ________________
36. The French, taking their cues from the defensive warfare of World War I, had set up this impressive series of fortifications along their eastern border. ______________________
37—38. Explained by British leaders at the time as the compassionate attempt to understand and to respond to the legitimate grievances of former enemies, this strategy would later be branded as weak-kneed cowardice in the face of aggression. ___________________ Becoming British prime minister in 1937, he strove to be remembered as a great peacemaker. ____________________________
39. The Nazis’ term for the supposed German ethnic type. _________
40—41. Some 3 million German-speaking inhabitants lived in this heavily industrialized section of Czechoslovakia bordering Germany. ______________________ At an emergency meeting in late September 1938 in this German city, Britain and France agreed to Hitler’s demands for a partition of Czechoslovakia. _______________
42—44. The Japanese military used a manufactured incident to justify intervention in this Chinese province in 1931. _________________ the chief of staff in charge of this invasion, he would rise to become Japan’s prime minister and war leader. ___________ Who was the Japanese emperor? ___________________________
45—47. This European nation was torn by a bitter civil war in the late 1930s that brought in Germany, Italy, and the Soviet Union as less-than-fully-committed participants. ________________ The leader of the Falangists, the small Fascist party, he would emerge as military dictator of the nation. __________________________ This Basque capital was bombed by the German air force, foreshadowing the horrors of World War II. ____________________
48. A nonaggression pact with this hated enemy in August 1939 freed up Hitler from the immediate fear of a two-front war. _____________________
49. The German invasion of this nation in September 1939 signaled the beginning of World War I. ________________
50—51. Literally “lightning war,” it was a German battle strategy devised to avoid the military stalemates of World War I. ___________________ The familiar name for the Junkers-87 dive bombers that, along with tanks, played such a pivotal role in this strategy. _________________
52. The name given to the lull that took place for the first nine months of war in Europe. __________________
53. The fall of Norway led to the resignation of the British prime minister and the appointment of this man as head of a wartime coalition government. ________________________
54. In May 1940, the Germans attacked France, using Hitler’s plan of an armored push through this hilly forest. _____________
55. The British “miracle” at this French port in late May 1940 was actually a panicked retreat of some 300,000 Allied troops back across the English Channel. ___________
56. What was the date of the fall of Paris to the Nazis? ______________
57. Who was commander of the German Luftwaffe? ___________________
58. It began August 12, 1940 with German aerial attacks on coastal radar stations and air bases, and involved both civilian bombing and dogfights between Messerschmidts and Hurricanes and Spitfires. __________________________
59. What did Hitler order transferred from a Paris museum for the 1940 ceremony of French surrender to Germany? _________________________________________ _____________________________________
60. Who was Churchill referring to when he said, “Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few?” ___________________
61. The code name for the German invasion of the Soviet Union. ________________ ________________
62. A series of these plans designed to speed Russia on the way to becoming an industrial power were announced by Stalin at regular intervals. ________________
63. The propaganda symbol of the model Soviet worker, this Ukranian coal miner was fraudulently portrayed as capable of cutting fifteen times more coal than normal due to his efficient methods. _____________________
64. The murder of Leningrad Communist party chief Sergei Kirov in 1934 set off this five-year witch hunt for suspected enemies of the Soviet state. _______________
65. The so-called Winter War began in November 1940 when the Soviet Union invaded this country. _______________
TRUE OR FALSE
66. Hitler was not born in Germany. _____
67. The Nazis never won an absolute majority of national seats but did become the largest party in the national legislature. _____
68. The Treaty of Versailles prohibited Germany from having an air force. _____
69. Spain fought on the side of Germany and Italy in World War II. _____
70. Stalin, like Hitler, invaded Poland at the start of World War II. _____
71. More senior Russian officers died during the Great Purge than died during World War II. _____
72. The essence of the conflict between Stalin and Trotsky was that Stalin wanted to aggressively promote world revolution while Trotsky wanted to concentrate on “socialism in one country.” _____
CHAPTER 2: “THE WORLD AT WAR,” (pp. 61—105)
SHADOW OF THE DICTATORS: TIMEFRAME AD 1925—1950
1. What was the date of the German invasion of the Soviet Union? ________________
2. The Americans had begun to transfer arms to the British through this program by the Spring of 1941. ________________
3. As the Germans pushed into the Soviet Union, the Russians disassembled entire factories and rebuilt them at new sites beyond these mountains. ________________
4. Literally “special forces,” these units of the SS were given the responsibility of murdering Jews, Communist officials, and potential troublemakers as the Germans advanced into Russia. ____________________
5—6. On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked this Pacific Naval Base, thus bringing the U.S. into World War II. ___________________ The number of Americans who died in the attack. ________________
7. The approximate number of people to die in World War II. _________________
8. The master planner of the attack on Pearl Harbor. ___________________________
9. The Japanese conquerors talked of transforming East Asia into this, which they argued would benefit not only themselves but also those who had suffered under colonial rule. ______________________________________________________
10. Nazi propaganda reiterated that German women should focus on these three responsibilities. ________________; _________________; ___________________
11. American victory in this important June 1942 Pacific naval battle put the Japanese on the defensive; they would make no more major conquests from that point on. ______________________
12. President Roosevelt’s name for the grand coalition against the Germans. _________________________
13. This was the name the Nazis gave to the mass murder of Europe’s Jews. _______ ______________________
14. This British Air Marshal became the most vocal proponent of the mass bombing of German cities. ___________________
15. By 1940, the British had broken the code used by this German encrypting machine. _______________
16. The number of Allied casualties during the campaign that took them from the beaches of Normandy into the heart of Germany. ______________________
17. This partisan fighter would become leader of a communist Yugoslavia after the war. ______________
18. What percentage of Jews within Hitler’s European empire would be killed during the course of the war? _____________
19. This German liquid-fuel rocket with a range of 220 miles was used to bomb Britain and was a forerunner of the intercontinental ballistic missile. _____________
20. This secret American program was authorized by Roosevelt to develop the first atomic weapon. ___________________
21—23. These Japanese squadrons of fliers were named after the “Divine Wind” that had saved thirteenth-century Japan from a Mongol invasion. __________________ The number of pilots killed between October 1944 and the end of the war. ______________ The number of U.S. ships sunk or damaged by these pilots. _____________
24. Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met early in 1945 in this Crimean vacation town to discuss the shape of the post-war world. ______________
25. On April 25, 1945, the Red Army and the Americans met at this river in Germany. ____________
26. After this battle in late 1944 during the American invasion of the Philippines, the Japanese were without a navy. ______________________
27. A bombing raid on this city in March 1945 killed more than 80,000 people. ______________
28. This Viennese journalist is typically credited with founding modern Zionism, which called for Jews to emigrate to Palestine, in 1897. ______________________
29—30. The number of Jews living in Palestine at the time of World War I. ____________ The number of Arabs living in Palestine at the time of World War I. _____________
31. This 1917 pronouncement offered British backing for “the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people.” ______________________
32. The League of Nations granted this European nation a mandate, or temporary trust, over Palestine in 1922. _______________
33—36. The national defense force organized by Zionists in Palestine in the 1930s. ________________ The more common name of the terrorist group, the National Military Organization, set up at approximately the same time. _____________ The Jerusalem hotel in Jerusalem, headquarters for the British Army, blown up by this group in 1946 at a cost of some one hundred lives. _________________ This future Israeli prime minister was a key member of the group. _______________________________
37. Who was the first prime minister of Israel? ____________________________
TRUE OR FALSE
38. In Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, and the western Ukraine, the invading Germans were often regarded as liberators. _____
39. The day after Pearl Harbor, the U.S. declared war not only on Japan but also on Germany. _____
40. Within hours of the declaration of the new state of Israel in 1948, the surrounding Arab nations had invaded. _____
CHAPTER 3: “INDEPENDENCE FOR INDIA,” (pp. 107—128)
SHADOW OF THE DICTATORS: TIMEFRAME AD 1925—1950
1. He became India’s first prime minister upon independence in 1947. ____________ __________________.
2. The massacre of close to four hundred demonstrators in this Punjab city by British troops in 1919 led to a further escalation of Indian nationalist sentiment. _____________
3—4. The campaign for Indian independence culminated in the creation of these two nations. _____________, ___________________.
5. Civil war in 1971 led to the secession of East Pakistan and the creation of this independent nation. _______________________
6. The number of India’s native languages in the early twentieth century. __________
7. More than 50 million Indians, a prominent minority within the nation’s entire population, were members of this religion. _____________
8. In 1885, 73 Indian representatives formed this organization, which provided a forum for debate on nationalist issues. _______________________________
9. In 1906, Muslims founded this association to promote their political interests. ______________________________
10. The number of Indian troops who fought alongside the British during World War I. ________________
11. Gandhi spent more than twenty years as a lawyer in this foreign nation. ________________________
12. It was in 1915, after his return to India, that the poet Rabindranath Tagore gave Gandhi this nickname, meaning “Great Soul.” _______________
13. To symbolize his empathy with the poor of India, Gandhi gave up wearing European clothes in 1921 and took to wearing instead this homespun cotton loincloth. _________
14. The first governor general of Pakistan, this English-trained lawyer was the prime mover behind the creation of an independent Muslim state. ________________
15. The last viceroy of India and a great-grandson of Queen Victoria, he would later be assassinated by the Irish Republican Army. __________________________
16. The slogan under which Gandhi organized a new nonviolent campaign against the British during World War II. __________________
17. A long-time nationalist leader, he escaped from house arrest in India and traveled to Nazi Germany; he would advance into his own country as leader of the Indian Nationalist Army and ally of the Japanese. ___________________________
18. The number of Indian casualties during World War II. __________________
19. More than half a million died in this province alone in 1947 as more than 14 million crossed the new borders of East and West Pakistan upon independence. _____________
20. The last British troops departed from the Gateway to India in this city in 1948, an arch built to commemorate the visit of King George V in 1911. ____________
21. The year in which Gandhi was assassinated by a Hindu upset by his willingness to embrace those of other faiths.
CHAPTER 4: “THE STRUGGLE FOR CHINA,” (pp. 135—167)
SHADOW OF THE DICTATORS: TIMEFRAME AD 1925—1950
1. One tangible symbol of the foreign domination that so characterized late Imperial China were these areas set aside exclusively for foreign residents in sixteen different cities. ___________________
2—4. Coming to power as the provisional president of the new Chinese Republic in 1912 upon the overthrow of the Qing imperial rulers, he is often described as the father of modern China, though in reality he lacked the power to remain in office let alone to unify the nation. ________________________ What was the revolutionary party he founded? ________________________ What was another name for this party? ______________
5. During World War I, this nation seized the German concessions in Shandong province and presented a set of demands that would have reduced China to a protectorate. ___________
6. This Chinese political party was founded in July 1921. ________________________
7. By 1928, he had become the leader of the Nationalists. ________________________
8. The purge of Communists and their sympathizers in this city in 1927 left some 5,000 leftists dead and ended the fragile union between radicals and conservatives within the Guomindang. _______________
9. The approximate number of Chinese who died in this 1929-1930 famine, a famine that went virtually unreported in the world press. ________________
10—12. This forced 6,000-mile retreat of the Chinese Communists from their southern base in Jiangxi Province to the relative safety of Shaanxi Province in the north became the party’s most important founding myth. ___________________ The trek included a tortuous route over these 16,500-foot-high mountains. __________________________ The size of the party’s armed force at the end of the trek. _________________
13—14. This nation launched all-out war with China. _____________ Its infamous attack on this, the Nationalist capital, that year left an estimated 20,000 women raped more than 200,000 men killed. _________________
15—17. What were the “Three Alls” initiated by the Japanese as an overt military strategy. ________________; ______________________; _____________________
18. This American served as Jiang’s chief of staff during World War II. ___________ ___________________
19. The name given by the Chinese to the World War II struggle against the Japanese. ____________________________
20. After the defeat of Japan, the Chinese Red Army was renamed this. __________ ___________________
21. He announced the establishment of the People’s Republic on October 1, 1949 at the Gate of Heavenly Peace in Beijing. ___________________
22. Three months after the founding of Communist China in 1949, what remained of the Nationalist government retreated to this island and set up the government of the Republic of China in opposition to the Communists. _________________
23. The phrase “Cold War” was popularized by this American journalist. ________________________
24. In a famous 1944 private meeting with Stalin, he suggested dividing up Europe into spheres of influence. _______________________
25. This veteran American diplomat suggested in an influential 1946 analysis that while cordial relations with the Soviet Union were unrealistic, the Communists could be contained without recourse to war if the U.S. was resolute and firm. _________ _________________
26. On tour in the United States in 1946, Winston Churchill used this metallic metaphor to describe the developing Cold War. _______________________
27—28. The British decision to end its support for a royalist government in this nation in 1947 signaled not just increased American involvement in Europe but an escalation of the Cold War. ________________ The President’s declaration in support of U.S. military aid to this nation, which was framed in the broader context of the need for the United States “to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures,” came to be known as this. _____________________
29. What is the more common name for the European Recovery Program, a package of American aid to a war-torn Europe introduced in 1947 and designed in part to eliminate the economic conditions under which communism might gain strength. ______________________
30. A ten-month airlift in 1948-49 thwarted Stalin’s plans to cut off this city from the West. ________________
31—32. The formal names for West and East Germany, respectively, nations created in 1949 despite the factor that the zones of occupation set up at the end of World War II had been designed to be temporary only. _________________________________; _______________________________
33. The Western military alliance organized by the United States in 1949. __________________________________________
34. When did the Soviets explode their first atomic bomb? ______________________
TRUE OR FALSE
35. The European nations honored the principle of self-determination in regards to China at the Versailles Peace Conference. _____
36. The United States remained neutral in the Chinese Civil War. _____
37. Stalin offered strong support to the Communists during the Chinese Civil War. ____
38. The Soviets wanted a much harsher peace imposed upon the Germans than that favored by the Americans. _____
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