歷史與文化課程
1. The birth of ancient Rome civilisation
2. Knowing the facts
Carefully read the relevant information in this text, and then find the answers.
Answer: (Reasoning based on facts would be acceptable.)
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I. The Political Structures of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome
Use information A, B and C in the database to fill in the blank spaces in the form and hold group discussions.
Information A: Athens
Information B: Sparta
Information C: Ancient Rome
1) Comparison of political institutions and citizens’ rights in ancient Greece and ancient Rome
| |Political institutions |Citizens’ rights |
|Ancient Greece |Athens had a system of political forums, and the |Only free men had the right to take part in the |
| |citizens had governance right . |Assembly. |
| |Sparta is ruled by king, the people had to swear |Citizens of Sparta had no political participation|
| |allegiance to their kings. |right. |
|Ancient Rome |Rome was a Republic; its consuls were nominated |Plebeians and patricians had no governance right.|
| |by the senate. |The Plebeians had the right to take part in |
| | |election and political forum, but with limited |
| | |power. |
2) Group discussion:
a) If a comparison was made to modern democracy, did the citizens of Athens have true democracy?
(Answers with reasoning based on facts would be acceptable.)
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b) The Senate and the Assembly of the Roman Republic evolved into the bicameral parliamentary systems of Great Britain and the US in the present day, try to fill in the correct names in the blank spaces below:
|Rome |UK |USA |
|Senate |The House of Lords |The Senate |
|Assembly |The House of Commons |Congress |
II. Economic Life in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome
6 Experiencing economic life in the city state of Greece
You are a junior secondary school student. By chance, you are given the opportunity to take a ride on a time machine travelling back to the era of ancient Greece . This experience will last for two months; you will be living and working in one of the city states. The following are some of the people you will befriend with in the time of ancient Greece while you are living in different cities. What choice will you make?
i) Will you choose to live in Sparta or Athens? And why?
Students may write their own answers.
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ii) Can you describe the main economic activities of the Spartans based on the above information?
The main activity of the Spartans is agriculture, and they do not conduct commercial activity. They live a very simple life
iii) Can you describe the main economic activities of the Athenians based on the above information?
The Athenians are mostly craftsmen and merchants. Because Athens has a good natural harbour, hence it has well-developed maritime trade.
III. Greek and Roman Religious Beliefs
Introduction:
Polytheism is the religion of ancient Greece. The ancient Greeks created many mythologies to explain the birth of the cosmos and the origins of the Gods. And the religion of ancient Rome in the early periods was deeply influenced by ancient Greece, with many deities being directly transplanted from Greek mythologies, and the Romans merely renamed them. It was not until the time of Emperor Constantine I that Rome gradually changed from believing in a multitude of Gods to the Christian faith.
1. Knowing the facts about religions in ancient Greece and ancient Rome
1. Topics of discussion
1. Try to use Information a: and Information b: to describe in what ways ancient Roman religious belief differ to ancient Greek religious belief.
The ancient Romans had a fearing respect to the Gods, moreover, they were also quite willing to accept the gods and religious beliefs of the territories they conquered and merging these into their own system of religious faith.
2. Describe the characteristic traits of the Gods of ancient Greece and ancient Rome according to the information in a, b and c, giving examples to support your answer.
As the ancient Greeks believed in many Gods, they considered all things have spirits, the Gods have human-like appearance and each have their own personality, they would argue, envy, anger, love, hate, or even go to war, each of them are engaging in different affairs.
3. Describe the relationship between religious belief and the Olympic Games according to Information a, Information b.
The ancient Greeks would have many different ways to appease the Gods, and the purpose of the Olympic Games is to praise the god Zeus.
2. Collecting Information
Find a picture of a famous temple of ancient Greece or ancient Rome, and write a caption.
(Answers with reasoning based on facts would be acceptable.)
2. From polytheism to monotheism
Beginning in the first century AD, a new religion – Christianity had started to come to prominence within the territory of the Roman Empire. Because of the monotheism belief of the Christian followers and their message of equality and universal love, they are not tolerated by the rulers of the Roman Empire at the time, they suffered all kinds of persecutions, and many were killed for their faith. Only by 313 AD did Constantine the Great finally recognise the legitimate status of the Christian religion.
1. Studying the map
The missionary route of Paul
|羅馬 |Rome |
|希臘 |Greece |
|馬爾他 |Malta |
|地中海 |Mediterranean Sea |
|黑海 |Black Sea |
|小亞細亞 |Asia Minor |
|塔爾蘇斯 |Tarsus |
|耶路撒冷 |Jerusalem |
|猶太 |Judea |
|紅海 |Red Sea |
| | |
|基督教的世界 |The Christian world |
|保羅前往羅馬的離線 |The route of Paul’s journey to Rome |
|西元100年時的基督教會所在地 |Site of Christian church in 100 AD |
|西元300年時基督教佔優勢的地方 |Region dominated by Christianity in 300 AD |
2. Reading information
“The spread of Christianity to Western Europe – From rejection to acceptance”
IV. The Relations of Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome with Other People
1. Ancient Greece’s relation with other people
|历史情报站 |Historical facts |
Timeline
Maps
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|約西元前500年的希臘及周邊地區 |Greece and the surrounding regions in about the time of 500 BC |
|義大利 |Italy |
|希臘 |Greece |
|地中海 |Mediterranean Sea |
|埃及 |Egypt |
|尼羅河 |The Nile |
|紅海 |Red Sea |
|小亞細亞 |Asia Minor |
|黑海 |Black Sea |
|底格里斯河 |Tigris River |
|幼發拉底河 |Euphrates River |
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|波希戰爭路線圖 |A route map of the Greco-Persian Wars |
|希臘 |Greece |
|德爾摩比利 |Thermopylae |
|馬拉松 |Marathon |
|雅典 |Athens |
|薩拉米 |Salamis |
|斯巴達 |Sparta |
|愛琴海 |Aegean Sea |
|波斯帝國 |Persian Empire |
|波斯進軍路線 |The Persian march route |
|戰場 |Battle field |
Heroic Legend
1. Group discussion
1) What is the relationship between the Athenians living in the city state and the other people?
As the economy of the city state developed, its population expanded, the people of the city state sailed the oceans and established colonies in many places, this has inevitably resulted in military conflicts with other people in the surrounding regions, for example, the Greco-Persian Wars, and so on.
2) What is the link between the Battle of Marathon and the modern day “Marathon Race”? Try to find the answer using the information in “Historical facts”.
(Answers with reasoning based on facts would be acceptable.)
2. Study history by watching movie
Movie: “Alexander the Great – The Greatest Empire Builder”
Watch the movie, then share your views with members of your group; fill in the following personal opinion columns.
Contents of the movie:
|00；00 |The first conqueror “Alexander the Great”. |
|1:00 |In 331 BC, Alexander marched his army into war with |
| |Persia. |
|2：26 |Alexander under the protection of Zeus. |
|2：35 |When he was young, Alexander’s father already united all |
| |the city states of Greece. |
|3：15 |At that time, Persia occupied several city states of |
| |Greece. |
|5：15 |According to legend, Alexander’s mother had an affair with|
| |Zeus and gave birth to Alexander; he is hence under the |
| |protection of Zeus. |
|6：00 |Alexander was a multi-talented person. |
|8：12 |He gained several years of military experience. |
|8：35 |Philip II vs Persia. |
|10：30 |Alexander gaining power. |
|10：50 |Alexander was educated by Greek teacher from a young age. |
|12：13 |During the Persian invasion of Greece, six thousand people|
| |were killed and thirty thousand taken prisoner; Alexander |
| |decided to help the city state of Greece. |
|12：50 |In 334 BC, Alexander resolved to help Greece against |
| |Persia. |
|16：10 |Darius III of Persia assembled an army of one hundred |
| |thousand men to fight a decisive battle with Alexander. |
|18：54 |Darius III was defeated and fled, leaving his wife and |
| |family behind, but his family was otherwise well-treated |
| |by Alexander. |
|20：10 |Alexander celebrating with his soldiers, and he enjoys the|
| |support of his soldiers. |
|20：40 |Alexander marching into Egypt striking in into the heart |
| |of the Persian Empire. The Egyptians regarded Alexander as|
| |their saviour. |
| |In 333 BC, the Egyptian Pharaoh esteemed Alexander as |
| |“god”. After the conquest of Egypt, Alexander went on to |
| |spread Greek culture in the local region. |
|24：00 |The invasion of the Persian Empire by Alexander. |
|26：00 |After capturing the Balkans, Illyria, the soldiers started |
| |to show signs of battle fatigue in the Euphrates River. |
|27：12 |As Darius III is battling Alexander, the soldiers grumbled.|
|34：30 |Darius III is defeated again after the battle at Gaugamela.|
| |Alexander became the glory of Asia. |
|35：32 |Alexander is still unsatisfied, he continues the war in |
| |places like Palestine. |
|37：20 |Alexander established the post of viceroy in Persia. |
|38：00 |The soldiers are homesick, but Alexander still wants to |
| |continue the war. |
|39：25 |The death of Darius III. |
|40：40 |Alexander reached India, spreading Greek culture in the |
| |colonies there. |
|43：10 |After marching for eight thousand miles, the soldiers are |
| |getting very homesick indeed. |
|44：52 |The soldiers again refused to fight; Alexander announced |
| |the plans to return home. |
|48：18 |Alexander died of illness. |
|49：32 |Concluding remarks: |
| |Alexander built a vast empire, leaving behind a heritage of|
| |civilisation in many new cities. |
| |After the death of Alexander, his Empire gradually |
| |disintegrated. |
2. Ancient Rome’s relation with other people
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|历史情报站 |Historical facts |
3. Group discussion
1) Historians say: “The Romans defeated the Greeks politically, but they were defeated culturally by the Greeks.” Do you agree with this statement? Please explain. (Hints: Consider the question from the three aspects of religion, literature and the architectural art)
(Answers with reasoning based on facts would be acceptable)
V. A Review of the Heritage of Civilisation from Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome
The ancient Greek civilisation was the founding stone of Western culture; after the Romans conquered Greece, they enthusiastically embraced the essence of Greek culture, and creating their own culture.
1. Fill in the form and make comparisons
1. Complete the chart and form below according to the information in the text or the internet;
2. Describe the respective areas of distinctions for the ancient Greek civilisation and the ancient Roman civilisation.
(Answers with reasoning based on facts would be acceptable)
Ancient Greek civilisation:
Ancient Roman civilisation:
Conclusion:
The ancient Greek and Roman civilisations spread to the whole of Europe through the expansion of the Roman Empire, laying the foundations for European culture.
| |Greek |Roman |
|Letters and |The Greek alphabets became the origin of European languages,|The Latin language originated from Greek; it forms the basis |
|numerals |such as English. |of today’s European script. |
| | |The Roman numerals are still frequently in everyday use in |
| | |many countries around the world. |
|Political systems |Establishing the idea of democracy. |Inspired by the democratic political institutions of ancient |
| | |Greece the bicameral parliamentary system with an “Upper |
| | |House” and a “Lower House” is developed, and it remained |
| | |widely adopted in many countries around the world. |
|Law | |Roman laws are noted for their strict impartialityand |
| | |comprehensiveness, reflecting the spirit of every man being |
| | |equal before the law, and hence establishing a tradition of |
| | |sound legal framework. |
|Philosophy |The three great thinkers of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. | |
|Literary history |The Iliad and Odyssey by Homer, Aesop's Fables, Greek | |
| |mythology, and the theatrical plays all deeply influenced | |
| |the literary art in subsequent periods. | |
| |Historiography: Herodotus wrote The Histories. | |
|Architectural |Numerous palaces and temples supported by giant stone |Roman buildings are distinguished by their colonnade, arch |
|carving |columns were built, for example, the Parthenon, there were |and the Roman dome, including the most famous amphitheatre |
| |many lifelike sculptures of human figures. |arena and the Pantheon. |
| | |The Romans built dense networks of roadways with a straight |
| | |and smooth surface. |
|Calendar | |The Julian Calendar introduced by Caesar became the basis for|
| | |today’s Gregorian calendar. |
|Scientific |In the sphere of mathematics and physics, there were the | |
|achievements |“Pythagorean Theorem”, Archimedes’ lever principle, and | |
| |Archimedes’ Law, as well as the “Elements” written by | |
| |Euclid. | |
| |In astronomy and geography, the knowledge to predict the | |
| |movements of the stars and mapmaking were already well | |
| |developed. | |
| |In the area of medicine, there was the Hippocratic Oath | |
| |written by the “Father of medicine”, it subsequently became | |
| |the article of faith followed by doctors in later periods. | |
|The competitive |The Olympic Games of the ancient world staged to commemorate| |
|sporting spirit |Zeus have continued to the present day. | |
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Activity
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Was Rome founded by children of a she-wolf?
Database
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• Athens was the first place in the world to establish democracy;
• In the 5th century BC, all male citizens aged 18 or older are entitled to hold an assembly to discuss the affairs of the city state and formulate laws, however, women, foreigners and slaves do not have the right for participation.
• The assembly elects a council of 500 members to take responsibility for implementing the laws.
• Important matters of the city state are decided through voting by a show of hands.
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• Sparta was ruled by a "diarchy", with two kings serving concurrently, and this became a hereditary system for two family clans.
• The people of Sparta also had an assembly, but it was merely a forum for pledging allegiance to the rulers.
• The Spartans espouse (love) military might, and enforced a strict system of militarist education.
• In 509 BC, the Romans abolished monarchy. Two consuls were elected by the senate constituting Patricians to jointly govern the state.
• Later, common people, or plebeians can form an Assembly to represent their interest, and they could take part in making the law.
•
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Activity
Spartan
Name: Tatar
Sex: Male
Age: 22
Schooling: Only simple writing.
Occupation: City state soldier
Income: Main income comes from agriculture and livestock farming, slaves are doing the farm work. No commercial activities.
Personality: Very brave and heroic in battles; likes to live a simple life.
Living environment: Residing in an inland area with no seaport.
Athenian
Name: Athenin
Sex: Male
Age: 27
Schooling: Capable of different skills and knowledge.
Occupation: At first working as a craftsman, later on, started selling goods he produced to other countries in large quantity; he has now become a merchant.
Income: Due to his ability in choosing the right occupation, his income is higher than most other people.
Personality: Likes arts, enjoys exchanging ideas and debate.
Living environment: Living in the biggest city in Greece, located near a most well-developed maritime trading port.
Database
Information a:
As the ancient Greeks believed in many Gods, they considered all things have spirits, and the principal Gods reside in Mt. Olympus in the north. They all have a human-like appearance and each have their own personality, they would argue, envy, anger, love, hate, or even go to war, each of them would be engaging in different affairs. Moreover, each city state has its own temple.
The ancient Greeks would have many different ways to appease the Gods, such as religious festivities, making offerings to the Gods, staging sporting games (e.g., the Olympics Games), or presenting theatrical performance to eulogise the Gods and holding other ceremonial rituals.
Information b:
The religion of the early Roman period was a kind of polytheism which has many Gods. The deities they worshipped were basically the same as that of the ancient Greeks, and only the names have been changed. The principal God of the ancient Greeks Zeus is renamed Jupiter by the Romans. Rome’s Cupid Venus is in fact Aphrodite of the ancient Greeks. The Romans built a dedicated temple for each of the deities to be headed by a priest and priestess. People regularly go to the temples to conduct ceremonial rituals seeking advice from the Gods and praying for blessing.
The ancient Romans had a fearing respect for the Gods, and they frequently made offerings to the Gods. Moreover, they were also quite willing to accept the gods and religious beliefs of the territories they conquered and merging these into their own religious faith.
Information c:
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Status: The principal God
Power: He is the god of the sky, rain and cloud.
Weakness: Un-devoting, loving many women.
Zeus
[pic]
Athena
Status: Daughter of Zeus
Power: Wisdom, goddess of war.
Personality: Intelligent, beauty, belligerent.
Apollo
Status: Wife of Zeus
Personality: Jealousy
Hera
Status: Son of Zeus
Power: God of the Sun
Personality: Kind-heartedness
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Activity
Activity
Activity
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Activity
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The period from the birth of Jesus Christ to the time when Christianity formally became the state religion of the Roman Empire, took nearly 400 years. The Christian religion was initially viewed with hostility and persecuted by Roman rulers. The main reason was that Christianity is a monotheism religion which does not accept the worship of other deities. In the early days Christians were often persecuted for the reason that they were against any form of idol worship. This undoubtedly constituted a grave threat to the Roman regime.
Roman rulers showed no mercy for anyone refusing to respect its supremacy; this was no exception for the Christians. The Christian religion was branded an evil cult, and countless Christian followers were persecuted. Some of them were put inside the arenas and left to be torn apart alive and eaten by ferocious wild animals. Worse still, some were used as a giant candle stick by the emperor[pic]'()*+=@LQS£¤¥, to be burnt alive lighting up the amusement grounds of the elite nobilities. In order to strike at the Christian religion, natural disasters happening at the time within the Empire, such as epidemic plague, fire, flood, were all blamed on the Christian as the root cause of these calamities, and the mob is even encouraged to inflict harms to Christian followers.
Under a series of persecutions and pressures, the number of Christian followers did not decrease, but it even touched the hearts of more and more people and hence they would want to become Christian. Naturally, the dying and sacrifice of the Christian followers had no effects on the rulers of the Empire; however, the fate of Christianity in the Roman Empire took a dramatic turn because of Emperor Constantine I.
On one occasion, as he was leading his troops, Constantine I saw a sign in the sky directing him to use a giant cross as his insignia. He was subsequently victorious in battle. Later, after he became emperor of Rome he fulfilled his pledge to be baptised as Christian.
In addition, since around the second century AD, more and more rich and famous people started to become Christians, so the majority of Christians are no longer poor ordinary people. The Church itself also adopted more moderate strategies calling for its followers to be tolerant and to love one’s foe. In view of this, the rulers of Rome also adopted different attitude toward the Christian Church. In 393 AD, the Christian faith formally became the state religion of Rome.
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The city state of Athens started external expansion, establishing colonies in Asia Minor, the Mediterranean and southern Italy
800 – 600 BC
Persian invasion of Greece marking the start of the three Greco-Persian Wars. The first was the Battle of Marathon.
490
479.
338
The conquest of Greece by Phillip II
146 BC
331
Alexander conquered Persia, followed by an eastward march into the Indian subcontinent founding an empire spanning the continents of Europe, Asia, and Africa.
Roman conquest of Greece.
Activity
After the Battle of Marathon in 490 AD, General Miltiades was eager to relay news of victory to the anxiously waiting Athenians, he picked long distance runner Pheidippides as messenger. Although this champion runner was already wounded in battle at the time, however, in order to bring the word of victory as soon as possible to his people in Athens, he ran the entire distance without stopping, when he burst into the assembly in Athens exclaiming “rejoice… the people of Athens, we have won!” he was exhausted and collapsed and died. In order to commemorate his feat, the first modern Olympic Games in 1896 decided to organise the “Marathon Race”; the total distance of this race is the distance between Marathon and Athens, or forty kilometres and two hundred metres.
Activity
Personal opinions
Content:
In 331 BC, Alexander the Great built an Empire spanning the continents of Europe, Asia, and Africa in a short 13 years while marching deep into India and defeating Persia, the most powerful Empire at that time. He has been exalted as King, Emperor, or even as God, and he became the most famous conqueror in history.
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| |
Commentary: The accomplishments and faults of Alexander the Great
|Accomplishments: Students may provide their own answers; reasoning based on facts would be acceptable. |
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|Faults: Students may provide their own answers; reasoning based on facts would be acceptable. |
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Timeline
476
59
146
149
218
264
265
The fall of the Roman Empire began in the Middle Ages
The Vandals – foreign invaders capturing the city of Rome
Julius Caesar became consul of the Roman republic;
conquest of the region of Gaul (the present-day France)
Roman conquest and annexation of Greece
The Italian Peninsula is united under Rome
The 2nd Punic War
The 3rd Punic War
270 BC
The 1st Punic War
455 AD
Activity
Activity
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Name: Class: ( ) Day Month Year
S1 Worksheet
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