Chapter 4 – Ancient Greece – Notes
Chapter 4 – Ancient Greece – Notes
Section 1 – The First Greek Civilizations
Geography
▪ Mountainous area resulted in an Independent people with own ways of life
▪ Surrounded by the sea = Seafaring people
Minoans
▪ Named by Arthur Evans after Minos, King of Crete
▪ Civilization established in the Bronze Age
▪ Sea trading people
▪ Destroyed by either a natural disaster or invaders
▪ Knossos was the central city of Minoan civilization
Palace of Knossos
▪ Royal seat of the kings
▪ Rooms brightly decorated
▪ Elaborate building that included:
▪ living rooms for the royal family
▪ Workshops for making vases & jewelry
The first Greek State: Mycenae
▪ Discovered by Heinrich Schliemann in 1870
▪ Ruled by powerful monarchies who lived in a fortified palace center
▪ Led by Warrior Kings
▪ Prided themselves on heroic deeds in battle
The Fall of Mycenae
▪ Weakened by earthquakes and internal struggle & fighting
▪ 400 year Dark Age – few written records
Homer
▪ Epic Poems
o Illiad--story of the Trojan War
o Odyssey return of Odysseus
Trojan War 1200 BC – Achilles
▪ The capture of Troy by the Greeks, according to Homer, was accomplished by a trick using the Trojan horse
Arete
▪ Greek ideal of excellence and virtue
Chapter 4 Section 2 – The Greek City-States
Greek City-State - Polis
▪ By 750 BC the Polis becomes the central focus of Greek life
▪ Town, city, or village & the countryside
▪ Where people met for political, social, & religious activities
Acropolis – fortified hill in center of the city
Agora – marketplace
Hoplite soldiers – heavily armed infantry or foot soldiers
Phalanx
▪ Block formation
▪ Soldiers went into battle by marching shoulder to shoulder
Tyrants
▪ Seized the government by force- took land from the rich & gave to the poor
▪ Gained & kept power by hiring soldiers
▪ Fell out of favor because contradicted the Greek rule of law
Sparta and Athens
Sparta
▪ Conquered their neighbors, the Laconians & the Messenians
▪ These people became known as helots (Greek word for “capture”)
▪ Became a military state to ensure control over the helots
▪ From childhood boys are trained to be soldiers
Spartan = “highly self-disciplined”
▪ men served a lifetime in the military (age 20-60)
▪ lives were rigidly organized & tightly controlled
Spartan Woman
▪ power over the household
▪ they enjoyed more rights and freedoms than Athenian women
▪ expected to exercise & remain fit to bear children
▪ expected husbands & sons to be brave
Spartan Values
▪ duty, strength and discipline over all
▪ discouraged from studying philosophy, literature & arts – might lead to new thoughts
Spartan Government
▪ Oligarchy – 2 Kings
▪ Ephors – 5 elected men
▪ Council of Elders
Daily Life in Classical Athens
▪ Boys were taught reading, writing, math, music, and physical education
▪ Education ended at age 18 when officially became a citizen
Athenian Women - Role of Women
▪ Strictly controlled -confined to the house
▪ Always had a male guardian
▪ Could not own property
▪ Learned to read & play instruments, but not given a formal education
Government
▪ Ruled by Aristocrats
▪ Economic problems = political turmoil
▪ Farmers sold into slavery
▪ Athens verged on Civil War
Solon – reform-minded aristocrat
Solon’s Reforms
▪ Cancelled all debts
▪ Freed slaves
▪ Would not take land from rich & give to poor
Internal Strife = Tyranny
▪ Pisistratus seized power in 560 BC
▪ Gave aristocrats’ land to the poor to gain their favor
▪ Succeed by his son & Athenians rebelled against him
Cleisthenes’s Reforms
▪ Gained power in 508 BC
▪ Created a council of 500 – Citizen’s Assembly
▪ Basis of Athenian democracy
▪ Laid the foundation democracy we know today
Types of Government
Monarchy
▪ Ruled by a single king
▪ Rule is hereditary
▪ Some rulers claim divine right
▪ Practiced in Mycenae
Oligarchy
▪ Ruled by a few group of citizens
▪ Rule is based on wealth
▪ Practiced in Sparta
Aristocracy
▪ Ruled by nobility
▪ Rule is hereditary & based on land ownership
▪ Social status & wealth supports authority
▪ Practiced in Athens
Democracy
▪ Ruled by citizens
▪ Rule is based on citizenship
▪ Majority rule decides the vote
▪ Practiced in Athen
Chapter 4 - Section 3 – Classical Greece
First Persian War
▪ Athens aids Greek Colonies against Persia
▪ Persian ruler Darius seeks revenge & invades at Marathon
▪ Defeated by Athens
▪ Pheidippides ran from Marathon to Athens
Second Persian War
▪ Xerxes (Son of Darius) invades with 180,000 men and thousands of warships
▪ Thermopylae – Greeks hold off the Persian army
▪ 300 Greek soldiers were especially brave even though they were outnumbered
The Athenian Empire
Delian League
▪ Defensive alliance against the Persians
▪ Attacked the Persian Empire until liberated all the Greek states
▪ Headquarters was moved from Delo to Athens
Age of Pericles 461-429 BC - Height of Athenian power and brilliance
Direct Democracy
▪ People participate directly in government decisions through mass meetings
▪ Every male citizen voted
▪ Meetings held every 10 days
▪ The assembly passed all laws & elected public officials
Ostracism
▪ Athenians practice this in order to protect themselves from overly ambitious polititions
Great Peloponnesian War
▪ 431 – 405 B.C.
▪ Greek world divided: Athens vs. Sparta
▪ During 2nd year of the war – plague breaks out in overcrowded Athens, killing Pericles and 1/3 of the people
▪ Fought for 25 more years until the Athenian fleet was destroyed at Aegospotami
▪ Athens loses 27,000 men and fleet
Sparta wins!
▪ 404 BC--Athens surrenders
▪ Athens stripped of walls, fleet, colonies and confidence
▪ Both sides exhausted, Sparta also declined
▪ Petty internal wars over next 66 years caused them to ignore Macedonia to the north
▪ This would lead to Greece’s demise as an independent nation
Chapter 4 – Section 4 – The Culture of Classical Greece
Greek Religion
▪ Mt. Olympus- Home of the Greek gods
▪ Polytheistic
▪ Did not focus on morality
▪ 12 chief gods and goddesses
▪ Oracle
▪ Festivals / rituals- were used to encourage the gods to be generous
The Olympics – 776 BC
Architecture
▪ search for perfect forms
▪ Based on ideals of reason, moderation, balance, and harmony in all things
▪ Most important form was the temples dedicated to gods or goddesses
▪ Parthenon
Greek Sculpture
▪ Lifelike nude statues showed ideal form of beauty
▪ Polyclitus – sculptor who wrote systematic rules for proportions that can produce an ideal human form
Drama
▪ Tragedy – hero with a tragic flaw
▪ Oedipus Rex
• Written by Sophocles
• The Oracle of Apollo foretells how Oedipus will kill his father and marry his mother
Comedyy
▪ Satire
Philosophy
▪ An organized system of thought
▪ “love of wisdom”
▪ Basic assumption:
o universe is orderly and subject to unchanging laws
o people understand those laws through logic and reasoning
Sophists
▪ Traveling teachers
▪ Forget the gods, concentrate on improving yourself
▪ No universal truths
Socrates – “The unexamined life is not worth living”
▪ Socratic Method
o Question-and-answer format to lead pupils to see things for themselves by using their own reason
▪ Questioning authority = trouble
▪ 399 BC tried for corrupting the youth of Athens
▪ Sentenced to die by drinking hemlock
Plato – “How do we know what is real?”
▪ Student of Socrates
▪ Greatest philosopher of all time
▪ Believed individuals could not achieve a good life unless they lived in a just and rational state
▪ Ideal forms make up reality
▪ Expressed hi ideas in a book titled The Republic
▪ Established a school called the Academy
Aristotle
▪ Student at the Academy for 20 years
▪ Did not accept Plato’s theory of ideal forms
▪ Believed in analyzing through observation and investigation (scientific method)
▪ Favored constitutional government
Inventor of the syllogism
All men are mortal
A is to B
Socrates is a man
as C is to A
Therefore C is B
Socrates is ________
Herodotus
▪ wrote History of the Persian Wars
▪ “Father of History”
Thucydides
▪ Wrote History of the Peloponnesian War
▪ Considered the greatest historian of the ancient world
Chapter 4 – Section 5 - Alexander and the Hellenistic Kingdoms
Philip II
• Conquers Greece at Chaeronea 338 BC
• Murdered
Alexander the Great – son of Philip II
• 20 when crowned
• Aristotle tutors him in Greek culture
• Inspired by Homer
• Great General-never lost a battle
• Brutal
• Brave and lucky
35,000 Greeks defeat 40,000 Persians at Granicus River
Major Battles at:
• Granicus
• Issus
Alexander adopts Persian ways--unites Persia with Greece
• 200 miles into India
• Army refuses to go on, turns back
• Alex dies at 33 with no heir
Alexander’s Legacy
• 70 new cities
• Created the Hellenistic Era
• Ended era of the Polis
Empire divided into 4 Kingdoms:
• Macedonia
• Egypt
• Pergamum
• Syria
The Spread of Hellenistic Culture
• It was an age that saw the expansion of Greek language and Greek ideas to the non Greek world.
• Hellenism became the core of Western Civilization
• Greeks flocked to the new empire
• Greek language united the region
Hellenism: blend of Greek and local cultures – means “to imitate the Greeks”
Alexandria, Egypt
• Became greatest city of the age
• Lighthouse--one of the 7 Wonders of the World
• Library (first research library)
• Glass tomb of Alexander
• University, Zoo, museum
Science and Technology
• Ptolemy--earth is center of universe--main authority for science for 1,000 years
• Eratosthenes—Determined that the earth was round and calculated its circumference (24,675 miles)
• Euclid—Wrote the Elements. It was a textbook on plane geometry
Philosophy and Art
Stoicism--Zeno
• Divine power controls the universe
• Natural harmony
• Control of desires=ethical life
• Believed happiness could only be found when people gained an inner peace by living in harmony with God.
Epicureanism—Epicurus
• Gods rule, but no interest in humans
• Only reality is what we perceive with our senses
• Happiness comes from freedom from turmoil and worry.
• Happiness was the goal of life, and could be achieved through the pursuit of pleasure.
Art--away from classical idealism toward realism and drama
Hellenism dominated the Mediterranean and SW Asia for 1,000 years
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