Archaeology: An Introduction to the World's Greatest Sites

Topic History

Subtopic Ancient History

Archaeology

An Introduction to the World's Greatest Sites

Course Guidebook

Dr. Eric H. Cline

The George Washington University

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Eric H. Cline, Ph.D. Professor of Classics and Anthropology

Director of The George Washington University Capitol Archaeological Institute

The George Washington University

Dr. Eric H. Cline is a Professor of Classics and Anthropology, the former Chair of the Department of Classical and Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, and the current Director of The George Washington University (GWU) Capitol Archaeological Institute. He is also a National Geographic Explorer, a Fulbright Scholar, a National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) Public Scholar, and an award-winning teacher and author. He holds a Ph.D. in Ancient History from the University of Pennsylvania, an M.A. in Near Eastern Languages and Literatures from Yale University, and a B.A. in Classical Archaeology modified by Anthropology from Dartmouth College. In 2015, he was awarded an honorary doctoral degree (honoris causa) from Muhlenberg College.

An archaeologist and ancient historian by training, Dr. Cline's primary fields of study are biblical archaeology, the military history of the Mediterranean world from antiquity to the present, and the international connections among Greece, Egypt, and the Near East during the Late Bronze Age (1700? 1100 B.C.E.). He is an experienced and active field archaeologist, with more than 30 seasons of excavation and survey to his credit in Israel, Egypt, Jordan, Cyprus, Greece, Crete, and the United States. Dr. Cline is currently codirector of the renewed series of archaeological excavations at the site of Tel Kabri in Israel, which began in 2005. The project is run by the University of Haifa (with Assaf Yasur-Landau) and GWU. Dr. Cline was also a member of the Megiddo Expedition in Israel, excavating at biblical Armageddon for 10 seasons over a 20-year period, from 1994 to 2014. In 2015, Dr. Cline was named a member of the inaugural class of NEH Public Scholars, receiving the award for his next book project.

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At GWU, Dr. Cline has won the Oscar and Shoshana Trachtenberg Prize for Teaching Excellence and the Oscar and Shoshana Trachtenberg Prize for Faculty Scholarship; he is the first faculty member at GWU to have won both awards. He also won the national Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching Award from the Archaeological Institute of America. Dr. Cline teaches a wide variety of courses at GWU, including Introduction to Archaeology, History of Ancient Greece, History of Egypt and the Ancient Near East, and History of Ancient Israel, as well as various smaller honors and freshmen seminars. He has also served as the advisor to undergraduate archaeology majors at GWU since 2001.

Dr. Cline's most recent book, 1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed, received the 2014 Award for the Best Popular Book from the American Schools of Oriental Research and was considered for the 2014 Pulitzer Prize. Three of his previous books have won the Biblical Archaeology Society's award for Best Popular Book on Archaeology. His books have also been featured as a main selection of the Natural Science Book Club, a main selection of the Discovery Channel Book Club, a USA TODAY "Books for Your Brain" selection, and a selection of the Association of American University Presses for Public and Secondary School Libraries.

A prolific researcher and author with 16 books and more than 100 articles and book reviews to his credit, Dr. Cline is perhaps best known for such books as The Battles of Armageddon: Megiddo and the Jezreel Valley from the Bronze Age to the Nuclear Age; Jerusalem Besieged: From Ancient Canaan to Modern Israel; From Eden to Exile: Unraveling Mysteries of the Bible; Biblical Archaeology: A Very Short Introduction; and The Trojan War: A Very Short Introduction. His books have been translated or are being translated into 14 languages. His research has been featured in The Washington Post, The New York Times, U.S. News & World Report, USA TODAY, National Geographic News, CNN, the London Telegraph, the London Mirror, the Associated Press, and elsewhere, His books have been reviewed in The Times Literary Supplement, Times Higher Education, The Jerusalem Post, the Cincinnati Enquirer, the History News Network, Jewish Book World, and many professional journals.

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Dr. Cline has also appeared in more than 20 television programs and documentaries, including those on ABC, the BBC, the National Geographic Channel, HISTORY, and the Discovery Channel. Dr. Cline has been interviewed by syndicated national and international television and radio hosts on such shows as ABC's Good Morning America, Fox News Channel's America's Newsroom, the BBC World Service's The World Today, NPR's Public Interest, and The Michael Dresser Show. In addition, he has presented more than 300 scholarly and public lectures on his work to a wide variety of audiences both nationally and internationally, including at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington DC, The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York, and the Skirball Cultural Center in Los Angeles.

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION Professor Biography.............................................................................i Course Scope......................................................................................1

LECTURE GUIDES

LECTURE 1 The Origins of Modern Archaeology3 LECTURE 2 Excavating Pompeii and Herculaneum10 LECTURE 3 Schliemann and His Successors at Troy17 LECTURE 4 Early Archaeology in Mesopotamia24 LECTURE 5 How Do Archaeologists Know Where to Dig?32 LECTURE 6 Prehistoric Archaeology39 LECTURE 7 G?bekli Tepe, ?atalh?y?k, and Jericho46 LECTURE 8 Pyramids, Mummies, and Hieroglyphics53 LECTURE 9 King Tut's Tomb60 LECTURE 10 How Do You Excavate at a Site?67

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LECTURE 11 Discovering Mycenae and Knossos74

LECTURE 12 Santorini, Akrotiri, and the Atlantis Myth82

LECTURE 13 The Uluburun Shipwreck90

LECTURE 14 The Dead Sea Scrolls97

LECTURE 15 The Myth of Masada?104

LECTURE 16 Megiddo: Excavating Armageddon 111

LECTURE 17 The Canaanite Palace at Tel Kabri 118

LECTURE 18 Petra, Palmyra, and Ebla124

LECTURE 19 How Are Artifacts Dated and Preserved?131

LECTURE 20 The Terracotta Army, Sutton Hoo, and ?tzi138

LECTURE 21 Discovering the Maya146

LECTURE 22 The Nazca Lines, Sip?n, and Machu Picchu154

LECTURE 23 Archaeology in North America162

LECTURE 24 From the Aztecs to Future Archaeology170

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SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL Bibliography177 Image Credits191

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