Ancient Civilizations - Cornell Notes - AP WORLD MODERN ...
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Ancient Civilizations - Cornell Notes
| |Dawn of History |
| |Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age) |
| | |
| |When - 2 million BCE to 10,000 BCE |
| |First people lived more than 2 million years ago in East Africa |
| |Hunters and Gatherers |
| |People lived nomadic lifestyles |
| |Men would hunt game animals and fish |
| |Women would collect fruits, berries and other edibles |
| |Adapting to their environment |
| |Tools |
|What are the |Simple tools - digging sticks, spears and axes out of stone, bone or wood. |
|characteristics of the |Clothing - skins of animals |
|Paleolithic Era? |Shelter – caves |
| |Fire - people learned to build fires for warmth and cooking. |
| |Paleolithic Societies |
| |Groups numbered between 20-30 people |
| |Developed spoken languages |
| |Allowed people to communicate during a hunt |
| |Early belief systems |
| |Polytheistic – early forms of animism |
| |People began burying the dead |
| |Burials suggest that people believed in an afterlife |
| |The dead were buried with their tools and weapons |
| |Migration |
| |People migrated from Africa to Asia, Europe and North America |
| |Led to cultural diffusion |
| |Also occurred through warfare and trade |
| |Scarce resources |
| |Hunting and gathering sustained human life for millions of years, but people barely survived. |
| |People moved from place to place because resources were scarce |
| |People needed a more reliable way of obtaining a supply of food |
| | |
| |Neolithic or Agricultural Revolution (New Stone Age) |
| |When - 10,000 BCE |
| |Important discoveries |
|How did people obtain |Farming |
|food during the Neolithic|People learned to plant seeds to grow food |
|Era? |Led to permanent settlements |
| |Sedentary agriculture – Farm in one place |
| |Domesticate animals |
| |Tamed animals they had been hunting |
| |Herded and penned the animals |
| |Used for food, clothing, labor and transportation |
| |Impact of Neolithic Revolution |
| |Farming led to a more reliable source of food |
| |As food supply increased, so did the population |
|Why was the Neolithic Era|Population of settlements numbered in the hundreds to thousands |
|considered a revolution? |Permanent communities formed |
| |New Technologies – people needed new tools in order to meet their new needs |
| |Calendars – helped determine when to plant and harvest crops |
| |Metal tools – built bronze and then iron plows that were pulled by animals |
| |Irrigation systems – brought water from rivers to farms |
| |Metal weapons – developed bronze and then iron weapons to defend their resources and villages |
| | |
| |Rise of Civilizations |
| |Rivers valleys - home to the first civilizations |
| |Fertile Land – the yearly floods provided arable land |
| |Fresh Water – gave people water source |
| |Transportation – Used the river as a means of transportation |
| |Trade – as the civilizations grew and expanded, more people came into contact with one another |
| |[pic] |
| | |
|Why were rivers valleys |Characteristics of a Civilization |
|important to early |Cities – populations grew into the thousands due to increased food supplies |
|civilizations? |Central governments – provide order, organization and protection |
| |Traditional economy – based on farming and other skilled crafts such as pottery, clothing and other goods |
| |Organized religion – polytheistic, where priests would perform ceremonies to ensure plentiful crops and protection |
| | |
| |Specialization of labor - increased food supplies allowed people to perform different jobs in society |
| |Social classes emerge – based on one’s occupation |
| |Priests, warriors, craftsmen or artisan, and farmer |
| |Chiefs - emerged as leaders |
| |Women’s status declined as men took lead roles as warriors |
| |Warfare increased as resources became scarce |
| |Systems of writing – Used for record keeping. Early writing used pictures and then developed into symbols |
| |Art and architecture – Built temples and palaces to honor religious and political leaders. |
| |Public works – built infrastructure such as roads, bridges and walls for protection |
| | |
| |River Valley Civilizations - (4000 BCE - 1650 BCE) |
| | |
| |Nile River Valley – Egypt (North Africa) |
| |Geographic Setting |
| |Region – North Africa, Middle East |
| |Topography – Mostly Desert |
| |Natural barrier – provided protection from invasion |
| |Lack of arable land |
| |Nile River - River flows from South to North |
| |Silt from floods leaves a rich deposit of soil |
| |Used as a highway for travel and trade |
| |Villages merge to form cities along river becomes into one kingdoms: Upper Egypt (South) and Lower Egypt (North) |
| |Nile Delta - in Lower Egypt, where the Nile emptied into the Mediterranean Sea |
| |Government |
| |Pharaohs – ruler of Egypt that is believed to be both a God and a King |
| |Absolute power – claimed divine right |
| |Centralized Government – Strong central government/leaders |
| |Bureaucracy – Run by a Vizier to help run government business, such as collecting taxes |
| |Dynasty – Ruling family of Egypt; When the pharaoh died, power was passed onto the another family member |
| |Menes – Pharaoh (3100 BCE) - United Upper and Lower Egypt to create the first dynasty |
| |Used the Nile to link Upper and Lower Egypt |
| |Religion |
| |Polytheistic – Worshipped many gods |
| |Amon-Re – The Sun God and the Chief God |
| |Osirus – God of the Nile, controlled the Nile’s annual flood |
| |Afterlife – Egyptians prepared the dead for life after death |
| |Pyramids – Tombs and monuments used to store the remains of dead pharaohs as they await the afterlife |
| |Society |
| |Social Classes |
| |Upper Class – Pharaoh, Priests, Nobles |
| |Middle Class – Merchants and artisans (skilled workers) |
| |Lower Class – Peasants (Farmers) |
| |Slaves |
| |Role of Women: |
| |Legally own property |
| |Run business |
| |Divorce |
| |Contributions |
| |Papyrus – Paper making |
| |Hieroglyphics – Writing system that used pictures to represent words and ideas |
| |Rosetta Stone- Helped translate Egyptian writing |
| |Literature - poetry, songs, hymns and fiction |
| |Surgery and Medicine |
| |Mummification preserving the dead helped them diagnose illnesses and perform surgery |
| |Calendar – based on 365 days (solar) |
| |Number system - based on 10 (10, 100, 1000, etc) |
| | |
| |Tigris & Euphrates Rivers – Mesopotamia (Middle East) |
| |Geographic Setting |
|How did the Nile allow |Region – Middle East |
|Egypt to centralize its |The Fertile Crescent – a crescent shaped region of good farmland created by the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers that stretches |
|government? |from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea |
| |Mesopotamia – The land between the rivers |
| |Few natural barriers |
| |Cultural diffusion – exchange of goods and ideas |
| |Invasion – lack of barriers allowed for several invasions |
| |Sumerian Civilization – (3000 BCE) |
| |Government |
| |City- States – Sumer was divided into independent areas that included a city and the surrounding land |
| |Rulers – seen as the chief servant to the gods |
| |Role – Enforced laws, collected taxes, led armies into war, kept records, maintained city walls and irrigation systems |
| |Religion |
| |Polytheistic – Gods had human qualities and were tied to the forces of nature |
| |Each city-state had their own God or Goddess |
| |Ziggurats - Stone temples made out of sun-dried bricks that were used for religious purposes |
| |Social Classes |
| |Upper Class – Ruling family, officials and high priests |
| |Middle Class –Merchants and artisans (skilled workers) |
| |Lower Class – Peasants (Farmers) |
| |Contributions |
| |Inventions |
| |Sailboat |
| |Wheel |
| |Plow |
|What Egyptian |Walled cities |
|contribution would you |Architecture |
|consider the most |Ziggurats |
|important to today’s |Irrigation Systems – a network of canals that provided water for those away fro the river banks |
|society? |Cuneiform – Writing systems that used wedged shaped marks to keep records |
| |Math contributions |
| |Basic algebra |
| |Geometry |
| |Number system - based on 6 |
| |Literature - The Epic of Gilgamesh |
| |Babylonian Civilization |
| |Government |
| |Centralized government – strong central government |
| |Hammurabi – (1792-1750 BCE) God-like king |
| |Code of Hammurabi – 300 codified laws carved in stone |
| |Criminal Law – robbery, assault, murder |
| |Civil law – business contracts, property, taxes, marriage and divorce |
| |Specific punishments for specific laws |
| |Harsh punishments – “Eye for an Eye” |
| |Unequal enforcement – Lower social classes vs. nobles, men vs. women, adults vs. children – laws were harsher for lower |
| |classes, women and children) |
| |Contributions |
| |Contract - written agreement |
| |Astronomy – Study of universe |
| |a. Lunar calendar (12 months, 7 day week, 24 hr day) |
| |Number system - based on 60 (60 minute hour, 360 degree circle) |
| |Map makers – cartographer |
| | |
| |Indus River Valley – Indian Subcontinent (India and Pakistan) |
| |Geographic Setting |
| |Region - South Asia |
| |Mountain ranges |
| |Hindu Kush |
| |Himalayan |
| |Climate - Hot dry |
| |Monsoons – seasonal winds that brought rainfall to the Indian Subcontinent |
| |Indus River - Floods brought rich soil and destruction (unpredictable due to monsoon rains) |
| |Mystery |
| |Little is known about the Indus river valley because historians and archaeologists have not been able to decipher the |
| |writing system. |
| |All that is known comes from archaeological finds |
| |Government |
|Why were irrigation |Centralized government – strong central government |
|systems important to the |Well-Planned Cities – Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro |
|development of |Streets with grids |
|civilizations? |Uniformed Systems - weights and measures |
| |Religious buildings |
| |Buildings used to store grain |
| |Contributions |
| |Plumbing systems – baths, drains, sewers |
| |Buildings made of brick |
| |Irrigation ditches and flood barriers |
| |Wheel |
| | |
| |Yellow River Valley (Huang He) and the Yangzi River – China (3000-2500 BCE) |
| |Geographic Setting |
|What are the |Region – East Asia |
|characteristics of |Natural barriers – mountains, deserts, rainforest, ocean |
|Hammurabi’s Code? |Isolation |
| |River Valleys |
| |Huang He – Yellow River |
| |Loess - yellow matter in river that brings nutrients to soil |
| |Floods – given the nickname, “River of Sorrows” |
| |Yangzi River |
| |Government |
| |Decentralized government |
| |Shang Dynasty – 1650 BCE |
| |Dynasty – Ruling family of China; when the emperor died, another family member took over |
| |Kings controlled small areas of land |
| |City-states – ruled by groups of families |
| | |
| |Religion |
| |Polytheistic – worshipped many gods and nature spirits |
| |Early form of Daoism |
| |Yin and yang – opposing forces that held nature in balance |
| |Ancestor Worship – honored ancestors with sacrifices and shrines |
| | |
| |Society |
| |Social Classes |
| |Upper Class - Royals family and nobles |
| |Merchants and artisans |
| |Peasants – farmers |
| | |
| |“Middle Kingdom” - Due to isolation, early Chinese thought of themselves as the center of the universe |
| | |
| |Contributions |
| |Writing system |
| |Thousands of characters made it hard to learn |
| |Pictographs – drawings of objects |
|Why are written records |Ideographs – Drawings of thoughts and ideas |
|important to | |
|understanding history? |Classical Civilizations |
| | |
| |Zhou Dynasty – China (1027 BCE-221 BCE) |
| |Government |
| |Overthrew the Shang Dynasty |
| |Mandate of heaven – Right to rule comes from heaven; used to explain the dynastic cycle |
| |Dynastic Cycle – cycle that explained the rise and fall of dynasties, based on the mandate of heaven |
| |[pic] |
| | |
| |Feudal government – Zhou emperors granted control of large areas of land to their supporters. The local lords controlled |
| |their own areas, but owed military service to the emperor |
| |Economy |
| |a. Trade – increased as a result of new roads and canals that were built (infrastructure) |
| |Money – Chinese copper coins as a form of currency |
| |Agriculture – expanded after the development of iron tools such as plows and axes |
| |3. Contributions |
| |a. Confucianism – Belief system that provided order and stability in China by creating rules of behaviors for individuals|
| |based on filial piety; Best government was educated |
|What are the positive |b. Daoism – Belief system that stressed harmony in nature, based on the Dao and concepts of the yin and yang; best |
|impacts of natural |government, governed least |
|barriers? | |
| |c. Literature – “Book of Songs” – poems that describe farming, government, ceremonies and love |
| |d. Astronomy – Studied planet movements and ellipses to create a 365 day calendar |
| |e. Silk – Fine clothing material that was China’s most valuable export |
| |f. Iron – used for weapons and tools |
| | |
| |Qin Dynasty – China (221 BCE – 206 BCE) |
|What are the negative |Government |
|impacts of natural |a. Overthrew the Zhou dynasty – Shi Huangdi claims to be China’s “First Emperor” |
|barriers? |b. Centralized government |
| |1. Abolished feudal states |
| |2. Created military districts with an official heading each area |
| |c. Legalism - strict set of laws that imposed harsh penalties. Used to jail, torture and kill those who imposed the |
| |emperor. Would target nobles and Confucian scholars. |
| |d. Burned books – ordered the destruction of all books of literature and philosophy |
| |2. Economy |
| |1. Standardized weights and measures |
| |2. Created national coins |
| |3. Repaired canals and roads |
| |3. Contributions |
| |a. Great Wall of China – Built to China’s civilized world from nomadic invaders from the north (Mongols) |
| |1. Thousands of workers died building the wall due to harsh conditions. |
| | |
| |Han Dynasty – China (206 BCE - 220 CE) |
| |Government |
|The belief that your |Dynastic Cycle - People despised the Qin’s dynasty’s harsh laws and heavy taxes; Led by peasants, the Han Dynasty would |
|culture is superior to |take control of China |
|others is known as? |Han Dynasty – Reduced taxes and repealed Legalism |
| |Civil Service Exams – Emperor Wudi improved China’s government by setting up exams based on Confucian principles; this |
| |would assure Chinese officials were given jobs based on merit, not their family influence |
| |Economy |
| |Infrastructure – improved roads and canals to improve trade |
| |Monopoly – set up an monopoly on iron and salt; this gave the government another source of income other than the taxes on |
| |peasants |
| |Silk Road – Wudi opened a trade route to the west that expanded from china to the Middle East and Eastern Europe. China |
| |would capitalize on its silk production ($$); New goods were introduced to China |
| | |
|What European theory is | |
|similar to the Mandate of|Society |
|Heaven? |Scholar gentry – Wealthy educated class emerged from the Civil Service Exams |
| |Women – Confucian principles had women subordinate to men; women were not allowed to take the exams and could not take a |
| |government job |
| |Contributions |
| |Technology |
| |Paper making from wood pulp |
| |Wheel barrow |
| |Fishing reel |
| |Rudder – device to help steer ships |
| |Suspension bridges |
| |Iron stirrups |
| |Science |
| |Acupuncture – needles are inserted under the skin to relieve pain and to treat illnesses |
| |Arts |
| |Temples and palaces |
| |Jade and Ivory carvings |
| |Bronze artworks |
| |Silk |
| |Literature – “Lessons for a Woman” – Roles for men and women |
|What was a positive |Fall of the Han Dynasty |
|impact that Confucianism |Political Causes – Weak rulers after the death of Wudi; unable to control powerful warlords |
|had on Chinese society? |Economic Causes – Did not maintain canals and roads which were vital for trade to prosper; Increased taxes on the peasants,|
| |led to a revolt |
| |Military Causes – Warlords overthrew the last Han emperor in 22 CE, the empire was split into several kingdoms; invaders |
| |overran the Great Wall and set up their own kingdoms |
| | |
| |Greece (1750 BCE – 133 BC) |
| |Geographic setting |
| |Located in southeast Europe, it consists of many mountains isolated valleys and small islands |
| |The Mediterranean and Aegean Seas were an important link to the outside world |
| |The Greeks became skilled sea traders allowed for cultural diffusion where they exchanged goods and ideas (technology) |
| |1. They adopted the Phoenician alphabet for their own use. |
| | |
| |[pic] |
| | |
| |Early civilizations |
| |Minoans – 1750 BCE the first Greek civilization was established. |
| |The Minoans traded with Egypt and Mesopotamia |
| |Government |
| |Due to the rugged mountains and isolated valleys, Greek civilizations revolved around the small city-state or polis. |
| |This geography prevented the Greeks from building a large empire like the Egyptians or Mesopotamians |
|What are the similarities|The Rise of City States |
|between the Qin’s |Greek culture – Greek city-states had independent government but shared many cultural characteristics such as: language, |
|Legalism and Hammurabi’s |religion, and sports. |
|Code? |Between 750 BCE and 500BCE the city states had several different types of government |
| |Monarchy – first form of government |
| |Aristocracy - landowning nobles gained power |
| |Sparta – A Totalitarian, Military Dictatorship |
| |At the age of seven boys moved into the military barracks |
| |They trained hard and faced rigid discipline |
| |Girls also trained hard to strengthen their bodies |
| |Healthy women produce healthy babies |
| |Sparta was an totalitarian state that produced an excellent military |
| |But they did not trade, create products, nor were they scholarly so they left no cultural achievements |
| |Spartan inability to change, would lead to its decline |
| |Athens – A Limited Democracy |
| |Under the leadership of Pericles (460BCE – 429 BCE |
| |Direct-Democracy - all “citizens” participated in government by debating all political actions. |
| |To be a citizen you must be: a male, over 30, who owns land |
|Why is it important to |Women were seen as needing male guidance and were not allowed to participate. |
|have an educated |Slaves and foreign born also did not participate |
|government? | |
| |Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic age |
| |Macedonia was a mountainous region in the kingdom of northern Greece. |
| |Alexander the Great built an empire that included the Egypt, Persia and parts of India |
| |Hellenistic culture - blended aspects of Greek, Persian, Egyptian and Indian life. |
| |[pic] |
|How is the Silk Road |This culture gave more rights and opportunities to women. |
|similar to the internet? |Although the empire fell soon after his death, Hellenistic culture had a lasting impact in the regions he had ruled |
| |Greek and Hellenistic Contributions |
| |Philosophy |
| |Greek thinkers tried to use observation and reason to understand why things happened |
| |The word philosopher means “lover of wisdom” |
| |Socrates - Developed the scientific method: leaning about beliefs and ideas by asking questions; Government put him to |
| |death |
|Even though Civil Service|Plato - Believed government should control the lives of the people; Divided society into three classes; workers, |
|Exams helped provide |philosophers and soldiers |
|China with a stable |Aristotle - Believed on strong and good leader should rule; Believed people ruled through reason |
|government, how did they |Literature |
|also promote in unequal |Famous for plays - tragedies and comedies |
|society? |Famous poet: Homer |
| |Iliad - Set in the Trojan War - the ten-year siege of Ilium by a coalition of Greek states, it tells of the battles and |
| |events during the weeks of a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles |
| |Odyssey – a sequel to the Iliad, The poem mainly centers on the Greek hero Ulysses and his long journey home following the |
| |fall of Troy. It takes Odysseus ten years to reach home |
| |The first true historian: Herodotus |
| |a. Considered the “father of history” for his careful historical writing |
| |Art and Architecture |
| |Greeks believed in beauty, balance, and order in the universe |
| |Greek Statues - were life-like, and showed the human body in the perfect form |
| |[pic] |
| |The Discus Thrower |
| | |
| |Parthenon - The most famous Greek building |
| |[pic] |
| |A modern copy of what the Parthenon looked like |
| | |
| |Use of columns |
| |Symmetry |
| |Science |
| |Aristarchus discovered that the earth rotated on its axis and moved around the sun |
| |Archimedes explored the principals of levels and pulleys |
| |Hippocrates, a Greek physician, studies the causes of illness and looked for cures |
| |Mathematics |
| |Pythagoras; the formula of a right triangle |
| |Euclid: wrote a book that became the basis fir modern geometry |
| | |
| |Rome (509 BCE – 476 CE) |
| |Geography |
| |Italy – located in the center of the Italian peninsula |
| |Mediterranean Sea – helped the Romans trade and expand into an empire that spanned three continents (Europe, North Africa |
| |and the Middle East) |
| |2. Government |
| |a. The Roman Republic – established a government where people had the power to elect representatives |
| |b. Senate – most powerful governing body of the republic |
| |c. Roman Law – Rome’s greatest achievement |
| |1. Twelve Tables – codified laws of Rome that guaranteed the right to all Roman citizens |
| |2. Basic principles – equality under the law, right of the accused to face the accuser and defend one’s self, idea of |
| |being innocent until proven guilty |
| |3. Males had authority over his wife and family |
| |3. Society |
| |a. Patricians – Upper class, landowning Roman citizens that made up the Senate |
| |b. Plebeians – Social class made up of farmers, merchants, artisans and traders who had little power |
| |c. Women – were subordinate to men, but gained right to hold a prominent public role and own businesses |
| |4. Roman Empire |
| |Conquering an Empire – By 270 BCE, Rome had conquered the Italian peninsula and then used the Mediterranean Sea to conquer |
| |an empire that spanned three continents: |
| |Europe (including present day England, France, Germany, and Greece) |
| |North Africa – Mediterranean Coast |
| |Southwest Asia (Middle East) - Asian Minor |
| | |
| |[pic] |
| | |
| |Civil War – Rome erupted into civil war as ambitious generals (including Julius Caesar) tried to conquer Rome for |
| |themselves. After the murder of Caesar, Octavian (Caesar’s Grandnephew) emerged the victor. |
| |Emperor – Octavian changed his name to Augustus and ruled Rome with absolute power and the age of the Roman Empire had |
| |begun. |
| |Strong Central Government |
| |Civil Service Exams – ensured a well educated government officials |
| |Reformed tax system |
| |Uniform coins – made trade easier |
| |Strong military – expanded and protected the empire |
| |Pax Romana – “Roman Peace” was a time of peace and prosperity or a golden age. |
| |Trade - Roman influence, through vast road networks and the Mediterranean Sea. People freely traded with others in the |
| |empire and with other parts of the world, such as China and India, via the Silk Road. |
| |Goods – grain from Nile River Valley, ivory and gold from Africa, spices and gems from India and silk from China |
| |Religion - 313 CE Emperor Constantine legalizes Christianity - Edict of Milan |
| |Engineering |
| |Roads – allowed for trade and military expansion |
| | |
| |[pic] |
| | |
| |Arches – engineering technique that allowed Rome to create large buildings |
| |Concrete – material used for large buildings |
| |Aqueducts – bridge-like structures that used the roman arch to carry water from the hills to the cities |
| | |
| |[pic] |
| | |
| | |
| |Dome – a half, sphere-like roof |
|What were the differences|[pic] |
|between Spartan society |The Pantheon – Temple to all Roman Gods |
|and Athenian society? | |
| |Coliseum – Stadium built in Rome that was used for Gladiator fights, chariot races and executions (Bread and circuses) |
| | |
| |[pic] |
| | |
| |5. Fall of the Roman Empire |
| |Political Causes |
| |Government becomes too strict |
| |People stop supporting the government |
| |Corrupt officials |
| |Divided empire becomes too weak |
| |Economic Causes |
|What is the blending of |Heavy taxes |
|ideas, goods and culture |Use too much slave labor |
|known as? |Military Causes |
| |Constant invasions |
| |Borders become too big to defend |
| |Forced to hire foreign soldiers to protect the borders |
| |Social Causes |
| |Gap between the rich and the poor widens |
| |People become selfish and lazy |
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|What buildings in the | |
|United States were | |
|influenced by the | |
|Parthenon? | |
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|Greece is often | |
|considered the father to | |
|Western Civilization. | |
|What contributions did | |
|the Greeks provide for | |
|Western Civilizations? | |
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|Why was Rome’s legal | |
|system often considered | |
|the greatest contribution| |
|to Western Civilization? | |
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|What geographic feature | |
|allowed Rome to trade | |
|with and conquer three | |
|continents? | |
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|Why must civilizations | |
|have a strong government | |
|in order to have a strong| |
|economy and vice versa? | |
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|Why were Rome’s roads | |
|important for a strong | |
|government and economy? | |
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|Why were aqueducts an | |
|important reason why Rome| |
|was the first city with | |
|over a million people? | |
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|What modern building have| |
|been influenced by Roman | |
|architecture and | |
|engineering? | |
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|Rome’s centralized | |
|government provided | |
|stability (provided | |
|trade, military | |
|protection) for nearly a | |
|thousand years. What | |
|effect do you think this | |
|has on society, when it | |
|is taken away? | |
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