HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY OF ANDERSON COUNTY ...

[Pages:194]HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY OF ANDERSON COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA

TRC 621 CHATHAM AVENUE COLUMBIA, SOUTH CAROLINA 29205

HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL SURVEY OF ANDERSON COUNTY, SOUTH CAROLINA

FINAL REPORT

Submitted to:

Anderson County 101 South Main Street, Room 217

Anderson, SC 29624

Submitted by:

TRC 621 Chatham Avenue, 2nd Floor

Columbia, SC 29205

Project # 33548

______________________________________________________

Jennifer S. Revels, M.A., Principal Investigator

Authored By Jennifer Revels and Mary Sherrer

August 2002

The activity that is the subject of this report has been financed, in part, with Federal funds from the National Park Services, U.S. Department of the Interior, and administered by the South Carolina Department of Archives and History. However, the contents and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of the Interior. This program receives Federal financial assistance for identification and protection of historic properties. Under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, as amended, the U. S. Department of the Interior prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, disability or age in its federally assisted programs. If you believe you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility as described above, or if you desire further information please write to: Office of Equal Opportunity, National Park Service, 1849 C Street, N.W., Washington DC 20240.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

TRC wishes to thank Catherine Bergstrom and Paula Reel of the Anderson County Museum, and Donna Roper of the Pendleton District Commission for their assistance in gathering information on the history of Anderson County. TRC would also like to thank Krista Knaul of the South Carolina Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism for her assistance in identifying possible heritage tourism opportunities; Jonathan Fowler and C. Preston Cooley of the Williamston Area Historic Commission for their time in introducing the survey team to Williamston; and Philip MacArthur for his assistance in preparing this report.

iiHistorical and Architectural Survey of Anderson County

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................................ii FIGURES...................................................................................................................................................... v

I. PROJECT SUMMARY............................................................................................................................. 1

II. PROJECT OBJECTIVES ........................................................................................................................ 2

III. SURVEY METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................. 3

IV. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW .................................................................................................................. 5 Narrative Summary .............................................................................................................................. 5 Physical Description of the County...................................................................................................... 5 Cherokee Occupation, ca. 1500?1777.................................................................................................. 5 Settlement Before and during the Revolutionary War, 1761?1785 ..................................................... 7 From Pendleton District to Anderson County, 1785?1826.................................................................. 9 Settlement and Growth of Anderson County, 1785?1860 ................................................................... 9 The Columbia-Greenville Railroad, 1845?1865 ................................................................................ 14 Reconstruction and Expansion, 1865?1910s...................................................................................... 17 Industrial and Infrastructure Development, 1880s?1920s.................................................................. 20 Economic Depression and the New Deal, 1920s?1940s .................................................................... 23 1940s to the Present............................................................................................................................ 23

V. ARCHITECTURE OF ANDERSON COUNTY................................................................................... 26 Homes of Log Construction ............................................................................................................... 27 The I-House........................................................................................................................................ 28 One-Story Hall and Parlor Homes...................................................................................................... 33 Queen Anne........................................................................................................................................ 35 Craftsman Bungalows ........................................................................................................................ 40 Tenant Housing .................................................................................................................................. 41 Neoclassical........................................................................................................................................ 42

VI. MILLS AND MILL VILLAGES IN ANDERSON COUNTY ............................................................ 46 Jackson Mill, Iva ................................................................................................................................ 47 Autun Mill, La France........................................................................................................................ 48 Chiquola Mill, Honea Path................................................................................................................. 49 Belton Mill ......................................................................................................................................... 50 Pelzer Mills 1?4 ................................................................................................................................. 51 Williamston Print Cotton Mill............................................................................................................ 52 Gluck Mill, Anderson......................................................................................................................... 53 Orr Mill, Anderson............................................................................................................................. 54 Equinox Mill, Anderson..................................................................................................................... 55 Brogan Mill, Anderson ....................................................................................................................... 55

VII. RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................................... 57 Townville ........................................................................................................................................... 57 Starr .................................................................................................................................................... 58 Iva....................................................................................................................................................... 58 Honea Path ......................................................................................................................................... 60

iiiHistorical and Architectural Survey of Anderson County

Belton ................................................................................................................................................. 62 Pelzer/West Pelzer.............................................................................................................................. 64 Williamston ........................................................................................................................................ 66 Pendleton............................................................................................................................................ 69 Anderson ............................................................................................................................................ 70 Evaluation of Heritage Tourism Opportunities in Anderson County................................................. 73 V. BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................. 78 VI. DATA GAPS.......................................................................................................84 VII. PROPERTIES LISTED IN THE NATIONAL REGISTER VIII. PROPERTIES DETERMINED ELIGIBLE FOR THE NATIONAL REGISTER IX. COMPILED INVENTORY X. APPENDICIES: MAPS OF PROPOSED AND EXISTING HISTORIC DISTRICTS

A. ANDERSON B. BELTON C. HONEA PATH D. PELZER E. TOWNVILLE

ivHistorical and Architectural Survey of Anderson County

FIGURES

1. Milwee plantation, Site 0414 ..................................................................... 10 2. Smith's Chapel, Site 0273.......................................................................... 14 3. Obediah Shirley House, Site 0161 ............................................................... 16 4. Cheddar Farm Supply, Site 1108 ................................................................ 19 5. Ebenezer School, Site 0801........................................................................ 22 6. Double pen log house, Site 0530.................................................................. 28 7. Pettigrew House, Site 0555........................................................................ 30 8. McAdams House, Site 0217....................................................................... 32 9. Postell Cater House, Site 0624.................................................................... 33 10. High-style Queen Anne, Site 0431............................................................... 35 11. Vernacular Queen Anne, Site 0322............................................................... 37 12. Tenant House, Site 0538........................................................................... 42 13. Earle House, Site 0472............................................................................. 44

vHistorical and Architectural Survey of Anderson County

I. PROJECT SUMMARY

TRC, Inc. conducted a historic resources survey of Anderson County, South Carolina. The work was undertaken on behalf of the County of Anderson and was funded by a matching grant provided by South Carolina Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism (PRT) and the South Carolina Department of Archives and History (SCDAH). The survey was conducted in order to identify properties and districts that should be considered for possible local designation or National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) designation within the county. The information in the survey will aid the local governments in future planning activities and cultural tourism development. The boundaries for the survey were the established boundaries of the county. There were 1,191 properties surveyed within a total area of 718 square miles. The results of the architectural survey indicate 32 properties are individually eligible for listing in the NRHP in Anderson County. In addition, there are potential historic districts within the towns of Townville, Honea Path, Belton, Anderson, and Pelzer. Fieldwork for the project was conducted from February to June 2002. TRC Program Manager William Green, M.A., R.P.A. supervised the survey. Preservation Planner Jennifer Revels and Historian Mary Sherrer conducted the architectural survey as well as the historical research. Program Manager William Green provided technical editing and Jessica Cox edited and formatted the report.

1Historical and Architectural Survey of Anderson County

II. PROJECT OBJECTIVES

The historic resource survey of Anderson County was undertaken to compile an up-to-date, accurate inventory of historic properties located within the boundaries of the county. The information was compiled in order to identify properties and districts that should be considered for possible local designation and National Register designation, as well as to aid the local governments in preservation planning and cultural tourism development. PRT is currently developing the South Carolina National Heritage Corridor, a project that aims to promote economic development in rural areas of South Carolina through heritage tourism. Designated by Congress in 1996 as a National Heritage Area, the Heritage Corridor runs from the foothills of Oconee County in the northwestern corner of the state, along the Savannah River, through the Edisto River Basin, to the port city of Charleston. The architectural survey will aid PRT in identifying possible heritage tourism sites within Anderson County to incorporate into the Corridor, as well as providing histories of smaller county towns that they can utilize in brochures and advertisements. Information gathered during the survey will also be used to evaluate the loss of historic properties over time and the effects of new development on the historic fabric in the county's incorporated municipalities. The survey will aid in future preservation-planning efforts by identifying historic properties and districts. This information can then be used when creating future zoning ordinances and local preservation ordinances. By establishing a clear picture of the history of the county and how its architecture fits into that history, residents and local government officials will be able to make informed decisions regarding the adaptive reuse or demolition of historic properties.

2Historical and Architectural Survey of Anderson County

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