Summarize three observations Darwin made in his research ...



Chapter Vocabulary

Study the definitions for each of the following words by preparing flash cards with the word on one side and a context sentence on the reverse side.

artificial selection

natural selection

evolution

ancestral trait

derived trait

homologous structure

analogous structure

vestigial structure

embryo

biogeography

camouflage

mimicry

fitness

fossil

15.1 Darwin’s Theory

1. In 1832 most people believed the world was about ________________ years old and that animals and plants were ______________________.

2. During his voyage, Darwin read a book titled _______________________________ written by Charles Lyell.

3. This book proposed that the Earth was __________________________________________.

4. How did Lyell’s book influence Darwin’s thought?

5. Summarize Darwin’s observations made in his research on the Galápagos Islands.

6. After his return from the Galapagos, Darwin hypothesized that a new species could appear ______________________________.

7. Darwin also read an essay by Thomas Malthus that greatly influenced his thinking. In this essay, Malthus that suggested that

8. This led Darwin to propose his theory of ____________________ __________________ as the mechanism whereby new species appear.

9. List the four principles of natural selection.

1)

2)

3)

4)

10. What does the term evolution mean to biologists? ________________________________

11. Compare and contrast the terms natural selection and artificial selection.

Similarity

Difference

15.2 Evidence for Evolution

1. List 5 the categories of evidence for evolution.

1)

2)

3)

4)

5)

2. How does the fossil record provide evidence for evolution?

3. The structures shown above are considered to be ________________________ structures because

4. What are analogous structures?

5. How do homologous and analogous structures differ?

6. The structures indicated by the arrows in the above illustrations are called _____________________ structures because ___________________________________.

7. List three other examples of such structures:

1)

2)

3)

8. How does comparative embryology suggest evolutionary relationships?

9. Comparative biochemistry also shows common ancestry. Look at Figure 15.9 in your text. Would the cytochrome c of a reptile of a duck be expected to have more amino acid differences when compared with that of a human? ___________ Explain your answer

10. How do DNA and RNA demonstrate a similar biochemical pattern?

11. Define the term biogeography.

12. What is an adaptation?

13. How do organisms “adapt” to an environment. (e.g., can individuals evolve?)

14. What is meant by the term “fitness?”

15. How do mimicry and camouflage increase the fitness of a species?

16. How might an albino of a species that is normally green and lives among leaves, be less fit?”

17. From your experience and personal observations, list three adaptations each for animals and plants that increase their fitness:

Animals

1)

2)

3)

Plants

1)

2)

3)

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