Harvard University



FC93: Pathways Through the Andes

Spring 2009

Professor: Thomas Cummins (cummins@fas.harvard.edu)

Teaching Fellow: Andrew Hamilton (hamilton@fas.harvard.edu)

Overview

This course provides a history of Andean civilizations from the Pre-Ceramic Period through the Pre-Columbian Period to the end of the Colonial Period. Although many distinct cultures appeared over the course of this nearly 3,000 year period, each had to adapt to the extreme altitudes of the Andes Mountains, the parched desert coast, and the freezing Pacific waters, or fall to the earthquakes, droughts, and tsunamis that are inherent in this terrain. In order to survive, these civilizations developed unique relationships with the region’s resources, such as the potato, coca leaves, marine life, cotton, alpaca, and of course silver and gold. These relationships were significantly transformed by the arrival of the Spanish, resulting in social upheaval, religious conversion, new economies, and the development of hybrid artistic styles.

Lectures and Readings

This course meets Tuesdays and Thursdays from 1:00pm-2:30pm in Room 213 of Sever Hall. The lecture will last approximately one hour, leaving time for discussion at the end. The first half of the course will cover Pre-Columbian history, with a lecture devoted to every major culture. Following the mid-term exam, we will move into the second half of the course, the Colonial Period, where we will focus on the interactions between indigenous Andeans and the Spanish. Assigned readings are meant to be done before each lecture. Because the class will move swiftly through cultures and geographies, lectures attendance is mandatory.

Section

Hour-long sections will meet Wednesday afternoons between 12:00pm and 3:00pm (12-1, 1-2, 2-3, depending on enrollment) in the Bowditch Room of the Peabody Museum (first floor, behind the staircase, to the left of the water fountains.) Because each section will feature a selection of artifacts brought out of Peabody Museum storage, we have had to pre-arrange these times with museum curators. It is therefore very important that you are able to attend a section during this time period. Each week, starred (***) readings appear on the syllabus. These readings are not meant to give you a comprehensive overview of the culture, but are specifically directed at the objects we will be examining in section. It is therefore recommended that you look over these readings before section in order to make your experience with these artifacts as meaningful as possible. These readings will also be able to help you review objects when studying for the mid-term and final exams.

Texts, Source Book, and Readings

The following four (4) required texts are available at the Harvard Coop, 1400 Massachusetts Avenue.

Moseley, Michael. The Incas and Their Ancestors. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1992.

Stone-Miller, Rebecca. Art of the Andes from Chavin to Inca. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2002.

Colonial Spanish America: A Documentary History, Eds. Kenneth Mills and William B. Taylor. Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc., 1998.

Walker, Charles F. Shaky Colonialism: The 1746 Earthquake-Tsunami in Lima, Peru and Its Long Aftermath. Durham: Duke University Press, 2008.

The required Source Book is also available at the Harvard Coop, 1400 Massachusetts Avenue.

Further readings can be found online and at JSTOR, accessed through deep links imbedded in the course website. JSTOR can also be accessed through the Harvard Library page.

Requirements

Attendance, preparation, and participation in section: 25%

Midterm exam: 20%

Final Exam: 35%

Object Response Paper: 20%

Because the lectures and sections will cover complementary topics, attendance at both is mandatory. If you are unable to attend section due to illness, travel, or an athletic event, please notify your TF beforehand (hamilton@fas.harvard.edu.) It is extremely important to stay abreast of the readings so that you are able to fully participate in section. Because of the amount of work this will require throughout the semester, the course only requires a short Object Response paper (6-8 pages) to be due at the end of reading week, May 13, 2009.

Thursday January 29th - Introduction and Themes of the Course

Book: Moseley, Chapter 2, “The Land of the Four Quarters and Chapter” pp. 25-48

Source Book: E. Tonkin et al. “History and Ethnicity” and M. Nash “The Core Elements of Ethnicity” in J. Hutchinson and A.D. Smith, eds. Ethnicity (1996), pp. 18-28. OUP, Oxford.

Tuesday February 3rd - Settings, Environments, and Peopling of the Continent

Book: Stone-Miller, “Preface” and “Introduction” pp. 7-16

Book: Moseley, Chapter 3, “Colonization of the Cordillera” pp. 81-98

Source Book: H. Lechtman, “The Andean World.” In E.H. Boone, Andean Art at Dumbarton Oaks. Washington, D.C. (1996); pp. 15-32.

Wednesday February 4th – Section (to be done at home)

Watch:

Planet Earth, “Mountains,” BBC, segment on the Andes



Planet Earth, “Deserts,” BBC, segment on the Atacama



(from minute 6.30 to the end)

(Approximately 15 minutes total)

Read:

“The Humboldt Current” on Wikipedia:



Thursday February 5th - The Preceramic Period

Book: Moseley, Chapter 5, “The Pre-Ceramic Foundations of Civilization” pp. 99-122

Book: Stone-Miller, from the beginning of Chapter 2“Early and Chavin Art” until The Initial Period, pp 17-23.

Tuesday February 10th - Chavín

Book: Stone-Miller, Chapter 2, the remainder of “Early and Chavín Art”, pp. 23-47

Book: Moseley, Chapter 6, “The Initial Period and Early Horizon,” pp. 122-159

Source Book: Cummins, Tom. “The Felicitous Legacy of the Lanzón,” in Chavín: Art, Architecture and Culture. William Conklin and Jeffrey Quilter, eds. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute. 2008. pp 279-305.

Wednesday February 11th - Section: Pre-Ceramic and Chavín

***JSTOR: Hudson, Jean L. “Additional Evidence for Gourd Floats on Fishing Nets,” American Antiquity Vol. 69, No. 3 (Jul., 2004), pp. 586-587

***JSTOR: McK. Bird, Robert. “A Postulated Tsunami and Its Effects on Cultural Development in the Peruvian Early Horizon” in American Antiquity, Vol. 52, No. 2 (Apr., 1987), pp. 285-303

Precereamic Knotted Net Fragment, 976-42-30/11150

Preceramic Knotted Net Fragment, 976-42-30/11092

Preceramic Net Fragment, 976-42-30/11100

Preceramic Knotted Net Fragment, 976-42-30/11136

Preceramic Woven Net, 976-42-30/11254

Preceramic Looped Net Fragment, 976-42-30/11406

Preceramic Woven Textile Fragment, 976-42-30/11104

Preceramic Twined Textile, 976-42-30/11121

Precereamic Textile Fragment, 976-42-30/11086

Preceramic Woven Textile Fragment, 976-42-30/11437

Preceramic Fish Hook (Blank), 976-42-30/11374

Preceramic Fish Hook, 976-42-30/11365

Preceramic Ballast Stone, 976-42-30/11460.1

Preceramic Ballast Stone, 976-42-30/11819

Cupisnique Animal Stirrup Vessel, 980-1-30/10555

Cuspinique Humanoid Head Stirrup Vessel, 46-77-30/5064

Chavin Stone Head, 52-30-30/7345

CAST of Chavin Incised Strombus shell, 38-9-30/1537

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Thursday February 12th - Paracas

Book: Stone-Miller, Chapter 3, “Paracas and Nasca,” pp. 48-81

Source Book: Paul, Ann. “Procedures, Patterns, and Deviations in Paracas Embroidered Textiles: Traces of the Creative Process” from To Weave for the Sun: Ancient Andean Textiles. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1992. pp 25-34

Tuesday February 17th – Nasca

Book: Moseley, Nazca from “The Early Intermediate Period” pp. 185-190

Source Book: Silverman, Helaine, “The Early Nasca Pilgrimage Center of Cahuachi and the Nazca Lines: Anthropological and Archaeological Perspectives” in A. Aveni, ed., The Lines of Nazca (1990). American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. pp 207-244

Source Book: Sawyer, Alan R. “An Introduction to Early Nasca Needlework” and “A Reconstruction of the Paracas and Nasca Cultural Evolutions” from Early Nasca Needlework. London: Laurence King. 1997. pp 14-43

Wednesday, February 18th – Section: Paracas and Nasca

***JSTOR: O’Neale, Lila M. “Peruvian Needleknitting,” American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1934), pp. 405-430

***JSTOR: Townsend, Richard F. “Deciphering the Nazca World: Ceramic Images from Ancient Peru,” Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies, Vol. 11, No. 2 (Spring, 1985), pp. 116-139

Paracas Gold Ornament, 38-10-30/1703

Paracas Feline Ceramic, 09-3-30/75520

Unfinished Paracas Linear Style Mantle, 38-28-30/4132

Paracas Linear Style Shoulder Poncho, 38-28-30/4144

Paracas Linear Style Mantle, 63-12-30/8410

Paracas Linear/Block Style Embroidered Border, 32-30-30/50

Paracas Block Style Embroidered Border, 63-12-30/8399

Paracas Needleknit Border, 15-41-30/86892

Paracas Needleknit Border, 42-12-30/3371

Nasca Man Ceramic Vessel, 09-3-30/75632

Nasca Woman Ceramic Vessel, 09-3-30/75633

Nasca Painted Vessel, 46-77-30/5372

Nasca Painted Vessel, 46-77-30/5386

Early Nasca Needleknit Border, 42-12-30/3383

Early Nasca Embroidery, 32-76-30/F867

Nasca Gold Mouth Mask, 996-20-30/11822.1.2.1

Nasca Feathered Headress, 42-12-30/3342

Nasca Feathered Tunic, 42-12-30/3368

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Thursday February 19th - Moche

Book: Stone-Miller, Chapter 4, “Moche Art and Architecture” pp. 82-117

Book: Moseley, Moche from Chapter 6, “The Early Intermediate Period” pp. 161-184

Source Book: Garth. Bawden, “The Art of Moche Politics,” in Andean Archaeology. H. Silverman, ed. (2004), pp. 116-129.

Tuesday February 24th - Tiwanaku

Book: Stone-Miller, Chapter 5, “Tiwanaku and Wari Imperial Styles,” pp. 118-152

Source Book: Alan Kolata “Understanding Tiwanaku: Conquest, Colonization, and Clientage in the South Central Andes. D.S. Rice, ed., Latin American Horizons (1986), 193-224. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks.

Wednesday February 25th – Section: Moche and Chimu

***Source Book: Donnan, Christopher. “Moche Ceramic Portraits” in Moche Art and Archaeology in Ancient Peru. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005. pp 127-139

***JSTOR: Quilter, Jeffrey. “The Narrative Approach to Moche Iconography,” Latin American Antiquity, Vol. 8, No. 2 (Jun., 1997), pp. 113-133

***Course Packet, Rowe, Ann Pollard. “Introduction” from Costumes and Featherwork of the Lords of Chimor. Washington D.C.: The Textile Museum, 1984. 13-34

Section:

Moche Vessel, Jaguar and Warrior, 16-62-30/F727

Moche Vessel, Hunting Scene, 16-62-30/F726

Moche Vessel, Men Emerging from Potato, 46-77-30/4982

Moche Head (?) 46-77-30/4964

Moche Ceramic Mold, Woman with Braids, 46-77-30/5199

Moche Mold-Made Woman with Braids, 968-14-30/8607

Moche Crawfish Vessel, 42-28-30/4377

Moche Owl Vessel, 979-14-30/10144

Moche Vessel with Painted Hunting Scene, 46-77-30/4978

Chimu 3-D textile, 39-83-30/1867

Chimu Woven Tunic, 41-52-30/3058

Chimu Belt, 42-12-30/3184

Chimu Geometric Textile, 42-28-30/4436

Chimu Padded Tunic with Sleeves, 45-10-30/4307

Chimu Miniature Silver Tunic with Sleeves, 46-77-30/6873

Chimu Feathered Hat, 46-77-30/10527

Chimu Miniature Silver Spondylus Shell, 46-77-30/6158

Chimu Miniature Loom, 48-37-30/7162

Chimu Miniature Comb, 48-37-30/7164

Chimu Miniature Spindles, 48-37-30/7168

Chimu Beaker, 32-30-30/92

Chimu Wooden Ear Spool, 42-12-30/3675

Chimu Silver Ear Spool, 42-28-30/4366

Chimu (?) Feathered Ear Spool, 46-77-30/6701A

Chimu Silver Liter, 52-30-30/7348

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Thursday February 26th - Wari

Book: Moseley, Chapter 8, “The Middle Horizon,” pp 209-230

Source Book: Stone-Miller, Rebecca, and Gordon F. McEwan. “The Representation of the Wari State in Stone and Thread: A Comparison of Architecture and Tapestry Tunics.” Res 19/20 (1990-1991)

Tuesday March 3rd - The Chimu

Book: Stone-Miller, Chapter 6, “Late Intermediate Period Styles,” pp 153-179

Book: Moseley, Chapter 9, “The Late Intermediate Period,” 231-261

JSTOR: McEwan, Gordon, “Some Formal Correspondences between the Imperial Architecture of the Wari and Chimu Cultures of Ancient Peru,” Latin American Antiquity, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Jun., 1990), pp. 97-116

Wednesday March 4th – Section: Tiwanaku and Wari

***Source Book: Pollard Rowe, Ann. “Four Cornered Hats” from Andean Art at Dumbarton Oaks, Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks. 1996. pp 407-412

***Source Book: Young-Sanchez, Margaret. “The Art of Tiwanaku” from Tiwanaku: Ancestors of the Inca, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004. pp 24- 69

Tiwanaku Shoulder Panel Tunic Inset, 42-12-30/3588

Tiwanaku Bronze Tumi, 05-2-30/64873

Tiwanaku Jar, 75-20-30/8642

MODEL of the Gateway of the Sun, 88-33-30/45902

Tiwanaku Inlaid Shell Disc, 47-63-30/5683

Wari Four-Cornered Hat, 38-10-30/1707

Wari Tunic, 41-52-30/3089

Wari Tunic, 42-12-30/3346

Wari Tunic, 46-77-30/10228

Wari Pyrite Mirrors, 46-77-30/6146

Wari Tapestry with Skulls, 42-12-30/3522

Wari Tie-Dyed Tunic, 41-52-30/2941

Wari Tie-Dyed Tunic, 41-52-30/3092

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Thursday March 5th - Inka I

Book: Moseley, Chapter 3, “The Inca Model of Statecraft,” 49-79

Source Book: T. D’Altroy, “The Politics of Blood in Cuzco,” in The Incas (2002), Chap. 5, pp. 86-108. Blackwell, Oxford.

Tuesday March 10th - Inka II

Book: Stone-Miller, Chapter 7, “Inca Art and Architecture”

JSTOR: John Murra, “Cloth and its Functions in the Inca State,” American Anthropologist 64 (1962): 710-28

On-Line: Carolyn Dean “The Inka Married the Earth: Integrated Outcrops and the Making of Place” The Art Bulletin September 2007, Vol. LXXXIX No. 3, 502-518.

Wednesday March 11th – Section: Inka

***Source Book: Quilter, Jeffrey. “Yncap Cimin Quipococ’s Knots” from Narrative Threads, Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002. pp 197- 222

***Source Book: Heather Lechtman “Cloth and Metal: The Culture of Technology,” in Andean Art at Dumbarton Oaks Vol. 1, E. Boone ed., Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1996: 33-43

Inka khipu, 32-30-30/53

Inka khikpu, 41-52-30/2938

Inka kero, 42-12-30/3414

Inka kero, 42-28-30/4428

Inka kero, 46-81-30/5565

Inka kero, 46-81-30/5576

Inka kero, 46-81-30/5577

Inca Chuquibamba star textile, 32-75-30/F856

Inca Chuquibamba star textile, 46-77-30/7715

Inca tunic waistband, 46-77-30/10276

Inca ceramic foot plough, 09-3-30/75589

Inca miniature figurine with tunic, 41-52-30/2934

Inca tunic, 42-12-30/3523

Inca bag, 46-77-30/7657

Inca tunic, 46-77-30/7684

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Thursday March 12th - Midterm Examination

Tuesday March 16th - The Spanish Invasion

Source Book: J. Hemming, “Cajamarca” in The Conquest of the Incas (1970), Chap. 1, pp. 23-45. Harcourt, Brace, Janovitch, New York.

Source Book: Tom Cummins, “Representation in the sixteenth-Century and the Colonial Image of the Inca” in Writing Without Words: Alternative Literacies, E. Boone and W. Mignolo eds. 188-219.

Wednesday March 17th – Section: The Attack

***Source Book: J. Guilmartin, “The cutting edge: An analysis of the Spanish invasion and overthrow of the Inca Empire,” in Transatlantic Encounters, ed. by K. Andrien and R. Adorno (1991), pp. 40-69.

Inka Sling, 41-52-30/3100

Inka Sling-shaped headband, 41-52-30/3101

Inka ax, 39-83-30/1877

Inka stone mace, 42-28-30/4632

Inka metal mace, 46-81-30/5562

Spanish stirrup, 10-47-30/76814

Spanish stirrup, 86-50-30/55190

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Thursday March 19th - “Conquest Culture”

Source Book: S. Stern, “Rise and Demise of the Post-Incaic Alliances,” Chap. 2 in, S. Stern, Peru’s Indigenous People and the Challenge of the Spanish Conquest (1982), pp. 27-50.

JSTOR: Rowe, John Howland. “The Incas Under Spanish Colonial Institutions” The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 37, No. 2 (May, 1957), pp. 155-199

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Spring Break

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Tuesday March 31st - The Reforms of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo

Source Book: Cummins, Thomas. 2002. “Forms of Andean Colonial Towns, Free Will, and Marriage,” in Lyons, Claire L. and John Papadopoulos, eds., The Archaeology of Colonialism. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. 199-240.

Source Book: Osorio, Alejandra B. “An Imperial Tale of Two Cities and One Imaginary Body” from Inventing Lima: Baroque Modernity in Peru’s South Sea Metropolis, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. pp 35-55

Wednesday April 1st – Section: Conquest Culture

Colonial tapestry fragment, 37-92-30/1732

Colonial hybrid tunic, 41-52-30/3060

Portrait of Atahaulpa, 63-44-30/8396

Colonial manta, 50-28-30/7326

Colonial Vase with battling Spaniard and Indian, 970-34-30/8819

Colonial green glazed vessel, 46-77-30/5425

Colonial green glazed vessel, 46-77-30/5424

Colonial green glazed vessel, 49-31-30/7201

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Thursday April 2nd - Missionization and Christianity in the 16th and 17th Centuries

Book: José de Acosta “On the Salvation of the Indians” [1588] in Colonial Spanish America: A Documentary History, eds. Kenneth Mills and

William Taylor. SR Books (2002); pp. 115-124.

Book: “Santa Rosa of Lima according to a Pious Account,” in Colonial Spanish America: A Documentary History, eds. Kenneth Mills and

William Taylor; pp. 194-203.

***On-Line: Sabine MacCormack, "From The Sun of the Incas to the Virgin of Copacabana," Representations no. 8, 1984: 30-60.

Tuesday April 7th - Cities, Markets, and the Countryside in the 17th Century

Book: Pedro de León, “Portocarrero’s Description of Lima, Peru.” in Colonial Spanish America: A Documentary History, eds. Kenneth Mills and

William Taylor. SR Books (2002); pp.165-177

Source Book: Harris, Olivia. “Ethnic Identity & Market Relations: Indians and Mestizos in the Andes,” in Ethnicity Markets and Migration in the Andes: At the Crossroads of History and Anthropology. (eds.) B Larson & O Harris, Duke University Press, 1995: 351-390.

***On-Line: Burns, Kathryn. “Nuns, Kurakas, and Credit: The Spiritual Economy of Seventeenth Century Cuzco.” Colonial Latin American Review 6 (2): 185-203.

Wednesday April 8th – Section: Missions and Markets

Colonial tapestry bag, 90-17-30/49304

Colonial Cape, 42-12-30/3525

Head of Cherub, 41-79-30/2986

Colonial Silver Coin, 39-101-30/2880

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Thursday April 9th - “Africans” in the Andes

Source Book: A.Twinam, `Pedro de Ayarza: The Purchase of Whiteness’, in Human Traditions in Colonial Latin America, Andrien (ed.),

Source Book: Bowser, Frederick P., Chapter 3, “The Peruvian Slave Trade” in The African Slave in Colonial Peru 1524-1650, California: Stanford University Press, 1974. pp 52-88

Tuesday April 14th - The 18th Century City as Theater: Lima, Cusco, and Potosi

Source Book: Osorio, Alejandra B. “Lima es Corte” from Inventing Lima: Baroque Modernity in Peru’s South Sea Metropolis, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. pp 57-79

JSTOR: Lynch, John. “The Institutional Framework of Colonial Spanish America,” Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 24, Quincentenary Supplement: The Colonial and Post Colonial Experience. Five Centuries of Spanish and Portuguese America (1992), pp. 69-81

Wednesday April 15th - Section: Colonial Books and Manuscripts

Houghton Rare Book Library:

Juan Meléndez, “Tesoros Verdaderos de las Yndias,” 1681

Houghton SA 8596.81 F* 

Cieza de León, “La Chronica del Peru,” 1553.

Houghton Accessions *58-803 F 

Fernando de Valverde, “Nuestra Senora de Copacabana en el Peru,” 1641.

Houghton SAL 7375.1.3* 

Garcilaso de la Vega, “Los Commentarios Reales,” 1609.

Houghton SA 8596.09* 

Thursday April 16th - The Bourbon Enlightenment and the Indigenous

Renaissance

Book: Walker, Charles. Chapter 1, “Earthquakes, Tsunamis, Absolutism and Lima,” from Shaky Colonialism, Duke University Press, 2008. pp 1-20

Book: Walker, Charles. Chapter 3, “The City of Kings: Before and After” from Shaky Colonialism, Duke University Press, 2008. pp 52-73

Source Book: Bradley, Peter and David Cahill, “The Inca and the Politics of Nostalgia,” in Habsburg Peru: Images, Imagination and Memory, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2000. pp 97-114

Tuesday April 21st – Revolt and Rebellion in the late 18th Century

Book: Walker, Charles. Chapter 8, “The Lima and Huarochiri Rebellions” from Shaky Colonialism, Duke University Press, 2008. pp 156-192

Source Book: Alberto Flores Galindo “The Rebellion of Túpac Amaru,” in The Peru Reader: History Culture, Politics ed. by Orin Starn et al; Duke University Press (1995): 147-156.

Book: “Concolorcorvo Engages the Postal Inspector about Indian affairs, Lima, Peru’, in Colonial Spanish America: A Documentary History, eds. Kenneth Mills and William Taylor. SR Books (2002); pp. 282-288.

Source Book: Jose Antonio de Areche, “All Must Die!” in The Peru Reader, ed. By O. Starn et al, Duke University Press (1995); pp. 157-165

Wednesday April 22nd – Section: Indigenous Identity in the 18th Century

Colonial Figures of Inca Nobility:

974-10-30/8910

974-10-30/8904

974-10-30/8905

974-10-30/8906

974-10-30/8907

974-10-30/8908

974-10-30/8909

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Thursday April 23rd - The Casta System and the Repression of Indigenous Identity

On-Line: Cummins, Tom. Review of “Casta Paintings: Images of Race in Eighteenth-Century Mexico” (2004) in The Art Bulletin, Vol. LXXXVIII, No. 1, 2006, pp 185-189

JSTOR: Cahill, David. “Colour by Numbers: Racial and Ethnic Categories in the Viceroyalty of Peru, 1532-1824” Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 26, No. 2 (May, 1994), pp. 325-346

JSTOR: Fischer, John. “Commerce and Imperial Decline: Spanish Trade with Spanish America, 1797-1820” Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 30, No. 3 (Oct., 1998), pp. 459-479

Tuesday April 28th - Independence and Creole Nationalism

Source Book: S. Bolivar “The Jamaica Letter: Response from a South American to a Gentleman from This Island” (6 September 1815), in El Libertador: Writings of Simon Bolívar, ed. by D. Bushnell; trans. By F.H. Fornoff. Oxford: OUP (2003). p.12-30.

JSTOR: C.F. Walker “The Patriotic Society: Discussions and Omissions about Indians in the Peruvian War of Independence” The Americas, Vol. 55, No. 2. (Oct., 1998), pp. 275-298.

Wednesday April 29th - Final Section

18th Century Kero, 46-81-30/5578

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Thursday April 30th - Conclusions and Course Summary

No Readings

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