Harvard University
FC93: Pathways Through the Andes
Spring 2009
Professor: Thomas Cummins (cummins@fas.harvard.edu)
Teaching Fellow: Andrew Hamilton (hamilton@fas.harvard.edu)
Overview
This course provides a history of Andean civilizations from the Pre-Ceramic Period through the Pre-Columbian Period to the end of the Colonial Period. Although many distinct cultures appeared over the course of this nearly 3,000 year period, each had to adapt to the extreme altitudes of the Andes Mountains, the parched desert coast, and the freezing Pacific waters, or fall to the earthquakes, droughts, and tsunamis that are inherent in this terrain. In order to survive, these civilizations developed unique relationships with the region’s resources, such as the potato, coca leaves, marine life, cotton, alpaca, and of course silver and gold. These relationships were significantly transformed by the arrival of the Spanish, resulting in social upheaval, religious conversion, new economies, and the development of hybrid artistic styles.
Lectures and Readings
This course meets Tuesdays and Thursdays from 1:00pm-2:30pm in Room 213 of Sever Hall. The lecture will last approximately one hour, leaving time for discussion at the end. The first half of the course will cover Pre-Columbian history, with a lecture devoted to every major culture. Following the mid-term exam, we will move into the second half of the course, the Colonial Period, where we will focus on the interactions between indigenous Andeans and the Spanish. Assigned readings are meant to be done before each lecture. Because the class will move swiftly through cultures and geographies, lectures attendance is mandatory.
Section
Hour-long sections will meet Wednesday afternoons between 12:00pm and 3:00pm (12-1, 1-2, 2-3, depending on enrollment) in the Bowditch Room of the Peabody Museum (first floor, behind the staircase, to the left of the water fountains.) Because each section will feature a selection of artifacts brought out of Peabody Museum storage, we have had to pre-arrange these times with museum curators. It is therefore very important that you are able to attend a section during this time period. Each week, starred (***) readings appear on the syllabus. These readings are not meant to give you a comprehensive overview of the culture, but are specifically directed at the objects we will be examining in section. It is therefore recommended that you look over these readings before section in order to make your experience with these artifacts as meaningful as possible. These readings will also be able to help you review objects when studying for the mid-term and final exams.
Texts, Source Book, and Readings
The following four (4) required texts are available at the Harvard Coop, 1400 Massachusetts Avenue.
Moseley, Michael. The Incas and Their Ancestors. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1992.
Stone-Miller, Rebecca. Art of the Andes from Chavin to Inca. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2002.
Colonial Spanish America: A Documentary History, Eds. Kenneth Mills and William B. Taylor. Delaware: Scholarly Resources Inc., 1998.
Walker, Charles F. Shaky Colonialism: The 1746 Earthquake-Tsunami in Lima, Peru and Its Long Aftermath. Durham: Duke University Press, 2008.
The required Source Book is also available at the Harvard Coop, 1400 Massachusetts Avenue.
Further readings can be found online and at JSTOR, accessed through deep links imbedded in the course website. JSTOR can also be accessed through the Harvard Library page.
Requirements
Attendance, preparation, and participation in section: 25%
Midterm exam: 20%
Final Exam: 35%
Object Response Paper: 20%
Because the lectures and sections will cover complementary topics, attendance at both is mandatory. If you are unable to attend section due to illness, travel, or an athletic event, please notify your TF beforehand (hamilton@fas.harvard.edu.) It is extremely important to stay abreast of the readings so that you are able to fully participate in section. Because of the amount of work this will require throughout the semester, the course only requires a short Object Response paper (6-8 pages) to be due at the end of reading week, May 13, 2009.
Thursday January 29th - Introduction and Themes of the Course
Book: Moseley, Chapter 2, “The Land of the Four Quarters and Chapter” pp. 25-48
Source Book: E. Tonkin et al. “History and Ethnicity” and M. Nash “The Core Elements of Ethnicity” in J. Hutchinson and A.D. Smith, eds. Ethnicity (1996), pp. 18-28. OUP, Oxford.
Tuesday February 3rd - Settings, Environments, and Peopling of the Continent
Book: Stone-Miller, “Preface” and “Introduction” pp. 7-16
Book: Moseley, Chapter 3, “Colonization of the Cordillera” pp. 81-98
Source Book: H. Lechtman, “The Andean World.” In E.H. Boone, Andean Art at Dumbarton Oaks. Washington, D.C. (1996); pp. 15-32.
Wednesday February 4th – Section (to be done at home)
Watch:
Planet Earth, “Mountains,” BBC, segment on the Andes
Planet Earth, “Deserts,” BBC, segment on the Atacama
(from minute 6.30 to the end)
(Approximately 15 minutes total)
Read:
“The Humboldt Current” on Wikipedia:
Thursday February 5th - The Preceramic Period
Book: Moseley, Chapter 5, “The Pre-Ceramic Foundations of Civilization” pp. 99-122
Book: Stone-Miller, from the beginning of Chapter 2“Early and Chavin Art” until The Initial Period, pp 17-23.
Tuesday February 10th - Chavín
Book: Stone-Miller, Chapter 2, the remainder of “Early and Chavín Art”, pp. 23-47
Book: Moseley, Chapter 6, “The Initial Period and Early Horizon,” pp. 122-159
Source Book: Cummins, Tom. “The Felicitous Legacy of the Lanzón,” in Chavín: Art, Architecture and Culture. William Conklin and Jeffrey Quilter, eds. Los Angeles: Cotsen Institute. 2008. pp 279-305.
Wednesday February 11th - Section: Pre-Ceramic and Chavín
***JSTOR: Hudson, Jean L. “Additional Evidence for Gourd Floats on Fishing Nets,” American Antiquity Vol. 69, No. 3 (Jul., 2004), pp. 586-587
***JSTOR: McK. Bird, Robert. “A Postulated Tsunami and Its Effects on Cultural Development in the Peruvian Early Horizon” in American Antiquity, Vol. 52, No. 2 (Apr., 1987), pp. 285-303
Precereamic Knotted Net Fragment, 976-42-30/11150
Preceramic Knotted Net Fragment, 976-42-30/11092
Preceramic Net Fragment, 976-42-30/11100
Preceramic Knotted Net Fragment, 976-42-30/11136
Preceramic Woven Net, 976-42-30/11254
Preceramic Looped Net Fragment, 976-42-30/11406
Preceramic Woven Textile Fragment, 976-42-30/11104
Preceramic Twined Textile, 976-42-30/11121
Precereamic Textile Fragment, 976-42-30/11086
Preceramic Woven Textile Fragment, 976-42-30/11437
Preceramic Fish Hook (Blank), 976-42-30/11374
Preceramic Fish Hook, 976-42-30/11365
Preceramic Ballast Stone, 976-42-30/11460.1
Preceramic Ballast Stone, 976-42-30/11819
Cupisnique Animal Stirrup Vessel, 980-1-30/10555
Cuspinique Humanoid Head Stirrup Vessel, 46-77-30/5064
Chavin Stone Head, 52-30-30/7345
CAST of Chavin Incised Strombus shell, 38-9-30/1537
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Thursday February 12th - Paracas
Book: Stone-Miller, Chapter 3, “Paracas and Nasca,” pp. 48-81
Source Book: Paul, Ann. “Procedures, Patterns, and Deviations in Paracas Embroidered Textiles: Traces of the Creative Process” from To Weave for the Sun: Ancient Andean Textiles. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1992. pp 25-34
Tuesday February 17th – Nasca
Book: Moseley, Nazca from “The Early Intermediate Period” pp. 185-190
Source Book: Silverman, Helaine, “The Early Nasca Pilgrimage Center of Cahuachi and the Nazca Lines: Anthropological and Archaeological Perspectives” in A. Aveni, ed., The Lines of Nazca (1990). American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia. pp 207-244
Source Book: Sawyer, Alan R. “An Introduction to Early Nasca Needlework” and “A Reconstruction of the Paracas and Nasca Cultural Evolutions” from Early Nasca Needlework. London: Laurence King. 1997. pp 14-43
Wednesday, February 18th – Section: Paracas and Nasca
***JSTOR: O’Neale, Lila M. “Peruvian Needleknitting,” American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1934), pp. 405-430
***JSTOR: Townsend, Richard F. “Deciphering the Nazca World: Ceramic Images from Ancient Peru,” Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies, Vol. 11, No. 2 (Spring, 1985), pp. 116-139
Paracas Gold Ornament, 38-10-30/1703
Paracas Feline Ceramic, 09-3-30/75520
Unfinished Paracas Linear Style Mantle, 38-28-30/4132
Paracas Linear Style Shoulder Poncho, 38-28-30/4144
Paracas Linear Style Mantle, 63-12-30/8410
Paracas Linear/Block Style Embroidered Border, 32-30-30/50
Paracas Block Style Embroidered Border, 63-12-30/8399
Paracas Needleknit Border, 15-41-30/86892
Paracas Needleknit Border, 42-12-30/3371
Nasca Man Ceramic Vessel, 09-3-30/75632
Nasca Woman Ceramic Vessel, 09-3-30/75633
Nasca Painted Vessel, 46-77-30/5372
Nasca Painted Vessel, 46-77-30/5386
Early Nasca Needleknit Border, 42-12-30/3383
Early Nasca Embroidery, 32-76-30/F867
Nasca Gold Mouth Mask, 996-20-30/11822.1.2.1
Nasca Feathered Headress, 42-12-30/3342
Nasca Feathered Tunic, 42-12-30/3368
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Thursday February 19th - Moche
Book: Stone-Miller, Chapter 4, “Moche Art and Architecture” pp. 82-117
Book: Moseley, Moche from Chapter 6, “The Early Intermediate Period” pp. 161-184
Source Book: Garth. Bawden, “The Art of Moche Politics,” in Andean Archaeology. H. Silverman, ed. (2004), pp. 116-129.
Tuesday February 24th - Tiwanaku
Book: Stone-Miller, Chapter 5, “Tiwanaku and Wari Imperial Styles,” pp. 118-152
Source Book: Alan Kolata “Understanding Tiwanaku: Conquest, Colonization, and Clientage in the South Central Andes. D.S. Rice, ed., Latin American Horizons (1986), 193-224. Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks.
Wednesday February 25th – Section: Moche and Chimu
***Source Book: Donnan, Christopher. “Moche Ceramic Portraits” in Moche Art and Archaeology in Ancient Peru. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005. pp 127-139
***JSTOR: Quilter, Jeffrey. “The Narrative Approach to Moche Iconography,” Latin American Antiquity, Vol. 8, No. 2 (Jun., 1997), pp. 113-133
***Course Packet, Rowe, Ann Pollard. “Introduction” from Costumes and Featherwork of the Lords of Chimor. Washington D.C.: The Textile Museum, 1984. 13-34
Section:
Moche Vessel, Jaguar and Warrior, 16-62-30/F727
Moche Vessel, Hunting Scene, 16-62-30/F726
Moche Vessel, Men Emerging from Potato, 46-77-30/4982
Moche Head (?) 46-77-30/4964
Moche Ceramic Mold, Woman with Braids, 46-77-30/5199
Moche Mold-Made Woman with Braids, 968-14-30/8607
Moche Crawfish Vessel, 42-28-30/4377
Moche Owl Vessel, 979-14-30/10144
Moche Vessel with Painted Hunting Scene, 46-77-30/4978
Chimu 3-D textile, 39-83-30/1867
Chimu Woven Tunic, 41-52-30/3058
Chimu Belt, 42-12-30/3184
Chimu Geometric Textile, 42-28-30/4436
Chimu Padded Tunic with Sleeves, 45-10-30/4307
Chimu Miniature Silver Tunic with Sleeves, 46-77-30/6873
Chimu Feathered Hat, 46-77-30/10527
Chimu Miniature Silver Spondylus Shell, 46-77-30/6158
Chimu Miniature Loom, 48-37-30/7162
Chimu Miniature Comb, 48-37-30/7164
Chimu Miniature Spindles, 48-37-30/7168
Chimu Beaker, 32-30-30/92
Chimu Wooden Ear Spool, 42-12-30/3675
Chimu Silver Ear Spool, 42-28-30/4366
Chimu (?) Feathered Ear Spool, 46-77-30/6701A
Chimu Silver Liter, 52-30-30/7348
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Thursday February 26th - Wari
Book: Moseley, Chapter 8, “The Middle Horizon,” pp 209-230
Source Book: Stone-Miller, Rebecca, and Gordon F. McEwan. “The Representation of the Wari State in Stone and Thread: A Comparison of Architecture and Tapestry Tunics.” Res 19/20 (1990-1991)
Tuesday March 3rd - The Chimu
Book: Stone-Miller, Chapter 6, “Late Intermediate Period Styles,” pp 153-179
Book: Moseley, Chapter 9, “The Late Intermediate Period,” 231-261
JSTOR: McEwan, Gordon, “Some Formal Correspondences between the Imperial Architecture of the Wari and Chimu Cultures of Ancient Peru,” Latin American Antiquity, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Jun., 1990), pp. 97-116
Wednesday March 4th – Section: Tiwanaku and Wari
***Source Book: Pollard Rowe, Ann. “Four Cornered Hats” from Andean Art at Dumbarton Oaks, Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks. 1996. pp 407-412
***Source Book: Young-Sanchez, Margaret. “The Art of Tiwanaku” from Tiwanaku: Ancestors of the Inca, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2004. pp 24- 69
Tiwanaku Shoulder Panel Tunic Inset, 42-12-30/3588
Tiwanaku Bronze Tumi, 05-2-30/64873
Tiwanaku Jar, 75-20-30/8642
MODEL of the Gateway of the Sun, 88-33-30/45902
Tiwanaku Inlaid Shell Disc, 47-63-30/5683
Wari Four-Cornered Hat, 38-10-30/1707
Wari Tunic, 41-52-30/3089
Wari Tunic, 42-12-30/3346
Wari Tunic, 46-77-30/10228
Wari Pyrite Mirrors, 46-77-30/6146
Wari Tapestry with Skulls, 42-12-30/3522
Wari Tie-Dyed Tunic, 41-52-30/2941
Wari Tie-Dyed Tunic, 41-52-30/3092
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Thursday March 5th - Inka I
Book: Moseley, Chapter 3, “The Inca Model of Statecraft,” 49-79
Source Book: T. D’Altroy, “The Politics of Blood in Cuzco,” in The Incas (2002), Chap. 5, pp. 86-108. Blackwell, Oxford.
Tuesday March 10th - Inka II
Book: Stone-Miller, Chapter 7, “Inca Art and Architecture”
JSTOR: John Murra, “Cloth and its Functions in the Inca State,” American Anthropologist 64 (1962): 710-28
On-Line: Carolyn Dean “The Inka Married the Earth: Integrated Outcrops and the Making of Place” The Art Bulletin September 2007, Vol. LXXXIX No. 3, 502-518.
Wednesday March 11th – Section: Inka
***Source Book: Quilter, Jeffrey. “Yncap Cimin Quipococ’s Knots” from Narrative Threads, Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002. pp 197- 222
***Source Book: Heather Lechtman “Cloth and Metal: The Culture of Technology,” in Andean Art at Dumbarton Oaks Vol. 1, E. Boone ed., Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 1996: 33-43
Inka khipu, 32-30-30/53
Inka khikpu, 41-52-30/2938
Inka kero, 42-12-30/3414
Inka kero, 42-28-30/4428
Inka kero, 46-81-30/5565
Inka kero, 46-81-30/5576
Inka kero, 46-81-30/5577
Inca Chuquibamba star textile, 32-75-30/F856
Inca Chuquibamba star textile, 46-77-30/7715
Inca tunic waistband, 46-77-30/10276
Inca ceramic foot plough, 09-3-30/75589
Inca miniature figurine with tunic, 41-52-30/2934
Inca tunic, 42-12-30/3523
Inca bag, 46-77-30/7657
Inca tunic, 46-77-30/7684
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Thursday March 12th - Midterm Examination
Tuesday March 16th - The Spanish Invasion
Source Book: J. Hemming, “Cajamarca” in The Conquest of the Incas (1970), Chap. 1, pp. 23-45. Harcourt, Brace, Janovitch, New York.
Source Book: Tom Cummins, “Representation in the sixteenth-Century and the Colonial Image of the Inca” in Writing Without Words: Alternative Literacies, E. Boone and W. Mignolo eds. 188-219.
Wednesday March 17th – Section: The Attack
***Source Book: J. Guilmartin, “The cutting edge: An analysis of the Spanish invasion and overthrow of the Inca Empire,” in Transatlantic Encounters, ed. by K. Andrien and R. Adorno (1991), pp. 40-69.
Inka Sling, 41-52-30/3100
Inka Sling-shaped headband, 41-52-30/3101
Inka ax, 39-83-30/1877
Inka stone mace, 42-28-30/4632
Inka metal mace, 46-81-30/5562
Spanish stirrup, 10-47-30/76814
Spanish stirrup, 86-50-30/55190
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Thursday March 19th - “Conquest Culture”
Source Book: S. Stern, “Rise and Demise of the Post-Incaic Alliances,” Chap. 2 in, S. Stern, Peru’s Indigenous People and the Challenge of the Spanish Conquest (1982), pp. 27-50.
JSTOR: Rowe, John Howland. “The Incas Under Spanish Colonial Institutions” The Hispanic American Historical Review, Vol. 37, No. 2 (May, 1957), pp. 155-199
************************************************************************
Spring Break
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Tuesday March 31st - The Reforms of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo
Source Book: Cummins, Thomas. 2002. “Forms of Andean Colonial Towns, Free Will, and Marriage,” in Lyons, Claire L. and John Papadopoulos, eds., The Archaeology of Colonialism. Los Angeles: Getty Research Institute. 199-240.
Source Book: Osorio, Alejandra B. “An Imperial Tale of Two Cities and One Imaginary Body” from Inventing Lima: Baroque Modernity in Peru’s South Sea Metropolis, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. pp 35-55
Wednesday April 1st – Section: Conquest Culture
Colonial tapestry fragment, 37-92-30/1732
Colonial hybrid tunic, 41-52-30/3060
Portrait of Atahaulpa, 63-44-30/8396
Colonial manta, 50-28-30/7326
Colonial Vase with battling Spaniard and Indian, 970-34-30/8819
Colonial green glazed vessel, 46-77-30/5425
Colonial green glazed vessel, 46-77-30/5424
Colonial green glazed vessel, 49-31-30/7201
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Thursday April 2nd - Missionization and Christianity in the 16th and 17th Centuries
Book: José de Acosta “On the Salvation of the Indians” [1588] in Colonial Spanish America: A Documentary History, eds. Kenneth Mills and
William Taylor. SR Books (2002); pp. 115-124.
Book: “Santa Rosa of Lima according to a Pious Account,” in Colonial Spanish America: A Documentary History, eds. Kenneth Mills and
William Taylor; pp. 194-203.
***On-Line: Sabine MacCormack, "From The Sun of the Incas to the Virgin of Copacabana," Representations no. 8, 1984: 30-60.
Tuesday April 7th - Cities, Markets, and the Countryside in the 17th Century
Book: Pedro de León, “Portocarrero’s Description of Lima, Peru.” in Colonial Spanish America: A Documentary History, eds. Kenneth Mills and
William Taylor. SR Books (2002); pp.165-177
Source Book: Harris, Olivia. “Ethnic Identity & Market Relations: Indians and Mestizos in the Andes,” in Ethnicity Markets and Migration in the Andes: At the Crossroads of History and Anthropology. (eds.) B Larson & O Harris, Duke University Press, 1995: 351-390.
***On-Line: Burns, Kathryn. “Nuns, Kurakas, and Credit: The Spiritual Economy of Seventeenth Century Cuzco.” Colonial Latin American Review 6 (2): 185-203.
Wednesday April 8th – Section: Missions and Markets
Colonial tapestry bag, 90-17-30/49304
Colonial Cape, 42-12-30/3525
Head of Cherub, 41-79-30/2986
Colonial Silver Coin, 39-101-30/2880
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Thursday April 9th - “Africans” in the Andes
Source Book: A.Twinam, `Pedro de Ayarza: The Purchase of Whiteness’, in Human Traditions in Colonial Latin America, Andrien (ed.),
Source Book: Bowser, Frederick P., Chapter 3, “The Peruvian Slave Trade” in The African Slave in Colonial Peru 1524-1650, California: Stanford University Press, 1974. pp 52-88
Tuesday April 14th - The 18th Century City as Theater: Lima, Cusco, and Potosi
Source Book: Osorio, Alejandra B. “Lima es Corte” from Inventing Lima: Baroque Modernity in Peru’s South Sea Metropolis, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. pp 57-79
JSTOR: Lynch, John. “The Institutional Framework of Colonial Spanish America,” Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 24, Quincentenary Supplement: The Colonial and Post Colonial Experience. Five Centuries of Spanish and Portuguese America (1992), pp. 69-81
Wednesday April 15th - Section: Colonial Books and Manuscripts
Houghton Rare Book Library:
Juan Meléndez, “Tesoros Verdaderos de las Yndias,” 1681
Houghton SA 8596.81 F*
Cieza de León, “La Chronica del Peru,” 1553.
Houghton Accessions *58-803 F
Fernando de Valverde, “Nuestra Senora de Copacabana en el Peru,” 1641.
Houghton SAL 7375.1.3*
Garcilaso de la Vega, “Los Commentarios Reales,” 1609.
Houghton SA 8596.09*
Thursday April 16th - The Bourbon Enlightenment and the Indigenous
Renaissance
Book: Walker, Charles. Chapter 1, “Earthquakes, Tsunamis, Absolutism and Lima,” from Shaky Colonialism, Duke University Press, 2008. pp 1-20
Book: Walker, Charles. Chapter 3, “The City of Kings: Before and After” from Shaky Colonialism, Duke University Press, 2008. pp 52-73
Source Book: Bradley, Peter and David Cahill, “The Inca and the Politics of Nostalgia,” in Habsburg Peru: Images, Imagination and Memory, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2000. pp 97-114
Tuesday April 21st – Revolt and Rebellion in the late 18th Century
Book: Walker, Charles. Chapter 8, “The Lima and Huarochiri Rebellions” from Shaky Colonialism, Duke University Press, 2008. pp 156-192
Source Book: Alberto Flores Galindo “The Rebellion of Túpac Amaru,” in The Peru Reader: History Culture, Politics ed. by Orin Starn et al; Duke University Press (1995): 147-156.
Book: “Concolorcorvo Engages the Postal Inspector about Indian affairs, Lima, Peru’, in Colonial Spanish America: A Documentary History, eds. Kenneth Mills and William Taylor. SR Books (2002); pp. 282-288.
Source Book: Jose Antonio de Areche, “All Must Die!” in The Peru Reader, ed. By O. Starn et al, Duke University Press (1995); pp. 157-165
Wednesday April 22nd – Section: Indigenous Identity in the 18th Century
Colonial Figures of Inca Nobility:
974-10-30/8910
974-10-30/8904
974-10-30/8905
974-10-30/8906
974-10-30/8907
974-10-30/8908
974-10-30/8909
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Thursday April 23rd - The Casta System and the Repression of Indigenous Identity
On-Line: Cummins, Tom. Review of “Casta Paintings: Images of Race in Eighteenth-Century Mexico” (2004) in The Art Bulletin, Vol. LXXXVIII, No. 1, 2006, pp 185-189
JSTOR: Cahill, David. “Colour by Numbers: Racial and Ethnic Categories in the Viceroyalty of Peru, 1532-1824” Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 26, No. 2 (May, 1994), pp. 325-346
JSTOR: Fischer, John. “Commerce and Imperial Decline: Spanish Trade with Spanish America, 1797-1820” Journal of Latin American Studies, Vol. 30, No. 3 (Oct., 1998), pp. 459-479
Tuesday April 28th - Independence and Creole Nationalism
Source Book: S. Bolivar “The Jamaica Letter: Response from a South American to a Gentleman from This Island” (6 September 1815), in El Libertador: Writings of Simon Bolívar, ed. by D. Bushnell; trans. By F.H. Fornoff. Oxford: OUP (2003). p.12-30.
JSTOR: C.F. Walker “The Patriotic Society: Discussions and Omissions about Indians in the Peruvian War of Independence” The Americas, Vol. 55, No. 2. (Oct., 1998), pp. 275-298.
Wednesday April 29th - Final Section
18th Century Kero, 46-81-30/5578
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Thursday April 30th - Conclusions and Course Summary
No Readings
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