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Cell Structure and Function

Practice Packet

Please read Sections 7.1 and 7.2 in your textbook to complete the worksheets attached. Use the Internet as an additional resource if needed!

HW # 1 Cell Structure

BUILD Understanding

Venn Diagram A Venn diagram is made up of overlapping circles. It is a useful tool for comparing two or even three topics.

Use terms from the box to complete the Venn diagram. Write the letters that represent the words to save space.

Cell Organization

Follow the directions.

1. Use the words below to label the plant cell. Some structures have been labeled for you.

2. Use the words below to label the animal cell. Some structures have been labeled for you.

Use the words below to label the plant cell. Some structures have been labeled for you.

Use the diagrams to answer the questions.

3. Which structure is found in a plant cell but not in an animal cell? Circle the correct answer.

chloroplast cell membrane ribosome

4. What is the main function of vacuoles? Store water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates

HW #2 Comparing Animal, Plant and Prokaryotic Cells

Read section 7.2 in your textbook.

See pages 206-207 as especially helpful references for the questions below!

1. Which cell structures are categorized as “organelles that capture and release energy”? chloroplasts and mitochondria

2. Which cell structures are categorized as “cellular boundaries”? cell wall and cell membrane

3. Which cell structures are categorized as “organelles that store, clean-up and support”? vacuoles/vesicles, lysosomes, cytoskeleton (centrioles)

4. Which cell structures are categorized as “organelles that build proteins”? ribosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus

5. Name two cell structures that are found in plant cells but NOT in animal cells. Chloroplast and cell wall

__E, G, H, J___6. Which of the following are common to ALL cells? (Select all correct answers.)

a. nucleus b. cell wall c. lysosomes d. mitochondria

e. cell membrane f. chloroplasts g. cytoplasm h. DNA

i. Golgi j. ribosomes k. ER l. nucleolus

__________7. Which cells are generally larger and more complex, containing a variety of internal organelles?

a. prokaryotic b. eukaryotic

8. Label the parts of the Prokaryotic Cell shown at right.

Word bank: cell wall, cell membrane, DNA, ribosomes

**Challenge: can you also label cilia and flagella?**

HW #3: Functions of Cell Organelles

Match the following organelles with their functions:

1) J - Proteins are absorbed, modified, packaged and distributed to their destination in this organelle.

2) O - Although not membrane bound, this organelle is the site of protein synthesis.

3) A - The “Powerhouse” of the cell, this organelle is the site of cellular respiration and production of ATP.

4) L - The “skeleton” and “muscles” of the cell, this structure is made of microtubules that also form cilia, flagella and centrioles.

5) E - This organelle is green due to the presence of chlorophyll and is the site of photosynthesis.

6) H - This set of smooth membranes functions to synthesize lipids and detoxify drugs and toxins.

7) M - This membrane holds the chromosomes within the nucleus.

8) N - This organelle is very large in plant cells and contains food, enzymes, minerals, wastes and water.

9) D - This, the largest object in a eukaryotic cell, holds the cell’s genetic information.

10) P - Everything between the cell membrane and the nucleus. Contains all organelles and cytosol (solution in the cell).

11) G - Composed of cellulose, this gives plant cells stability.

12) C / M This selectively permeable structure is composed of phospholipids embedded with proteins.

13) K - This extensive network of membranes is studded with ribosomes and functions as a surface for protein synthesis and transport of materials.

14) B - This specialized vesicle contains digestive enzymes and is the site of hydrolysis in animal cells

15) Q - These small microtubules are involved in animal cell division.

16) F - Dark sections of DNA and proteins in the nucleus which are the site of ribosome synthesis.

17) I - Structures within the nucleus that are composed of DNA. Called chromatin in a non-dividing cell.

a. mitochondria

b. lysosome

c. cell membrane

d. nucleus

e. chloroplast

f. nucleoli

g. cell wall

h. smooth ER

i. chromosomes

j. Golgi apparatus

k. rough ER

l. cytoskeleton

m. nuclear envelope

n. vacuole

o. ribosomes

p. cytoplasm

q. centrioles

r. HW #4 Key Words in Function of Organelles

Using the list below, fill in the “Key Word(s)” which describes each organelle or cell structure.

1) CELL MEMBRANE selectively permeable

2) NUCLEUS control center

3) CHROMOSOMES genetic information

4) MITOCHONDRIA power house

5) CHLOROPLASTS food production

6) LYSOSOMES digestion/hydrolysis

7) CYTOSKELETON internal support, cilia and flagella

8) CELL WALL support structure (plants, bacteria & fungi)

9) RIBOSOMES site of protein synthesis

10) ROUGH ER surface for protein synthesis and transport

11) SMOOTH ER detoxification/ lipid synthesis

12) NUCLEAR ENVELOPE protects chromosomes

13) CENTRIOLES used in animal cell division only

14) CYTOPLASM cell contents

15) CENTRAL VACUOLE water and solute compartment in plant cells

16) GOLGI protein package and distribution center

17) NUCLEOLI site of ribosome synthesis

1) Lysosome cell membrane

Nucleus chloroplast

cell wall nucleoli

smooth ER mitochondria

chromosomes Golgi apparatus

rough ER centrioles

cytoskeleton

nuclear envelope

large, central vacuole

ribosomes

cytoplasm

HW #5: How to Interpret Drawings of Plant and Animal Cells

Objective: You will be asked to label the different structures in a cell and will use simple techniques to determine the identity of structures.

Information: Use the following characteristics to help identify parts of a cell.

1) cell membrane—Outermost part of cell. Can easily be confused with the cell wall (see below).

2) cell wall—If the cell is labeled plant, bacteria or fungi, look for a cell wall on the outside of the cell

membrane. Sometimes drawn as mesh or fiber-like material.

3) nucleus—Usually easy to locate, the largest structure in the cell. Normally oval or round in shape.

The nucleus usually has a line to the center of the circular body.

4) nuclear envelope—The membrane around the nucleus. Usually with obvious nuclear pores or holes.

Can be confused with the nucleus so look for labels that might apply to each part.

5) chromosomes—Usually in the form of chromatin, a spaghetti like group of DNA strands.

Occasionally the chromosomes are shown as X-shaped structures within the nucleus.

6) nucleolus—Dark area(s) (nucleoli) within the nucleus. It is part of the DNA and will be mixed in with the

chromatin. Each nucleus will have one to three nucleoli drawn in.

7) mitochondria—Usually peanut or jelly bean shaped with a squiggle or worm shape within.

May be confused with the chloroplast in a plant cell.

8) chloroplast—Usually has oval to mound shape. Membranes inside are usually stacked like papers.

9) rough ER—Membranes normally located just outside the nucleus and dotted with obvious ribosomes.

10) ribosomes—Represented as small, free floating dots in the cytoplasm or attached to the outside of the

rough ER.

11) smooth ER—Similar to rough ER, usually further away from the nucleus than the ER, never with dots.

12) Golgi apparatus—Shown further away from the nucleus than the ER, looks like stacks of pita bread with

small dots (vesicles) to each side.

13) vacuole—Easily identified as a large, central, fluid filled space in a plant cell. Food vacuoles are much

smaller. Contractile vacuoles are star-shaped.

14) vesicle—Small, fluid filled organelles in animal cells. Easily confused with the lysosome in an animal cell.

15) lysosome—Found in animal cells. They are easily confused with vesicles but sometimes with various

internal features such as small food particles.

16) centrioles--Always shown as a pair, next to the nucleus, and only in animal cells. Look like little,

cylindrical stacks of tubes. Sometimes shown in cross section as a swirl of lines or commas.

17) cytoplasm—Usually labeled with a line pointing to the inside of a cell but not to any particular structure.

Continue on next page(

Directions: Label the organelles in the diagram below of a typical PLANT cell. Note that there isn’t a line to label the chromosomes or cytoskeleton. You won’t find centrioles, vesicles, or lysosomes in a plant cell.

[pic]

Label the following Animal cell: Note that there isn’t a line to label the cytoskeleton. You won’t find a chloroplast, vacuoles or cell wall in an animal cell.

HW #6 Cell Structure and Function Review

Directions: Use your text book to answer the following questions about cell structures and functions. You should also use the internet and library as additional resources.

Part I: Fill in the functions for each of the cell structures below:

|Cell Structure |Function |

|Cell membrane |Barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell |

|Mitochondria |Converts chemical energy (glucose) into cellular energy (ATP) |

|Lysosome |Breaks down large molecules (hydrolysis/ digestion) |

|Nucleus |Contains and protects DNA |

|Cholorplast |Captures light energy from the sun and converts it to chemical energy (glucose) |

|Nucleoli |Area of the nucleus that helps make RNA which is important for protein synthesis |

|Cell wall |Provides strength and structure for the cell |

|Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |Helps synthesize lipids and remove toxins (detoxify) |

|Chromosomes |Condensed form of DNA (with proteins)- stores genetic information. |

|Golgi apparatus |Packages molecules for transport around or out of the cell |

|Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |Synthesis of proteins (on ribosomes) and modification of proteins for secretion |

|Cytoskeleton |Proteins that provide cell structure and transport of molecules |

|Nuclear envelope |Protect and encloses DNA |

|Vacuole |Stores water, salts , carbohydrates, and proteins |

|Ribosome |Production of proteins |

|Cytoplasm |Contains organelles, site of many chemical reactions |

|Centrioles |Important in cell division (organization of chromosomes) |

|Vesicles |Store large molecules |

a.

Part 2: Answer the following questions. Write your answers on the lines provided.

___D__1. The basic unit of life is the:

a. organ c. molecule

b. atom d. cell

___C__2. The cell theory states that all organisms are made of cells; cells are the most basic unit of life and

a. all existing cells spontaneous appear

b. all cells are eukaryotic

c. all existing cells are produced by other living cells

d. all cells have a nucleus

3. Use complete sentences to summarize the role of the microscope in the development of the cell theory. (use your text book and additional resources to fully answer the question!)

Microscopes helped scientists to observe cells for the first time. So they could collect data and make hypotheses and study cells. Through many observations and over time several scientists contributed to the Cell Theory

______________________________________________________________________________

__A___4. Specialized structures that work together inside a cell are called

a. organelle

b. prokaryotes

c. eukaryotes

d. nucleus

___C__5. The specialized structure of different types of cells are related to the cell’s:

a. energy c. function

b. homeostasis d. mass

___A, D__6. The type of lipids that serve as components of cell membranes is a(n): (2 answers)

a. cholesterol c. fatty acid

b. glycerol d. phospholipid

__A__7. What is the term for the jellylike substances that is contained inside the cell membrane?

a. cytoplasm

b. DNA

c. organelle

d. nucleus

__B___8. Organisms must maintain homeostasis because cells function best when internal conditions:

a. change at regular intervals

b. remain within a limited range

c. reflect external conditions

d. respond to positive feedback

__D___9. Which of the following is a network of proteins that supports and gives shape to a cell?

a. cilia c. cytoplasm

b. mitochondria d. cytoskeleton

__A___10. Which organelle contains enzymes that break down damaged cell parts?

a. lysosomes c. centrioles

b. vesicles d. vacuole

___B__11. A structure that contains a cell’s genetic information is called

a. nucleolus c. DNA

b. chromosome d. RNA

___B__12. What organelle is responsible for protein synthesis?

a. nucleus c. mitochondria

b. ribosome d. centrioles

___B__13. Muscle cells would have more _______ than skin cells. (Structure related to function)

a. cilia c. phospholipids

b. mitochondria d. ribosomes

14. Choose one organelle and relate the structure of the organelle to its function.

______________Answers will vary. Example: The cell membrane is made up of different components (lipids and proteins) to make it selectively permeable.

______________________________________________________________________________

-----------------------

A. cell membrane F. cytoskeleton K. mitochondria

B. cell wall G . DNA found in cytoplasm L. nucleus containing DNA

C. centriole H. endoplasmic reticulum M. ribosome

D. chloroplast I. Golgi apparatus N. vacuole

E. cytoplasm J. lysosome

Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes

Both

C (animal cells), D (plant cells), H, I, J, K, L, N

A, B, E, M,

F(recently described, primitive)

G

Both

Animal Cells

Plant Cells

A, E, H, I, K, L, M, F, N

B, D,

C, J

rough endoplasmic reticulum

cell membrane mitochondrion rough endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus nucleus ribosome

ribosome

Animal Cell

nucleus

mitochondrion

smooth

endoplasmic

reticulum

Cell membrane

Golgi Apparatus

centrioles

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

cell wall mitochondrion ribosome

chloroplast nucleus vacuole

Plant Cell

vacuole

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

mitochondrion

choloroplast

ribosome

nucleus

Golgi apparatus

Rough ER

Cell wall

cell membrane

cilia

flagella

Cell wall

Cell membrane

DNA

ribosomes

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