Chapter 7 - A Tour of the Cell



Chapter 6 - Outline

A Tour of the Cell

Level 1 Items AP Biology students will be able to:

1. Recognize the types and uses of microscopes in the study of cells.

2. Recognize the limitations on cell size.

3. Recognize why cells must have internal compartmentalization.

4. Identify the structures and functions of cell organelles.

5. Identify the structures and functions of the cytoskeleton.

6. Recognize the surface features and inter-cellular connections of plant and animal cells.

Outline AP Biology students will understand:

A. How Cells are Studied F. The Endomembrane System

1. Microscopes 1. Endoplasmic reticulum

a. Light a. structure

b. Transmission Electron b. types

c. Scanning Electron 1. rough

2. Other Tools 2. smooth

a. Cell Fractionization c. functions

b. Electrophoresis 1. general

c. Chromatography 2. rough

3. smooth

B. Cell Theory 2. Golgi apparatus

1. Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells a. Structure

2. Limits on Cell Size b. Functions

a. Surface Area to Volume Ratios 1. Packaging/modifications

b. Cytoplasm to Nucleus Ratios 2. Distribution

c. Metabolic Requirements c. Golgi vesicles

3. Lysosomes

C. Basic Cell Organization a. Structure

1. Plasma Membrane b. Function

2. Nucleus c. Role in human diseases

3. Cytoplasm 4. Vacuoles

4. Organelles a. contractile

b. food

D. The Nucleus c. central

1. Structure

a. Nuclear Membrane G. Microbodies

b. Nuclear Pores 1. Peroxisomes

c. Nucleolus 2. Glyoxosomes

d. Chromatin

2. Function H. Mitochondria

1. Structure

E. Ribosomes a. outer membrane

1. Structure b. inner membrane/cristae

a. rRNA c. matrix

b. Protein d. DNA and ribosomes

c. Subunits 2. Function

2. Types

a. Free/function

b. Bound/function

I. Chloroplasts and other plastids

1. Structure

a. Other Membranes

b. Thylakoids and Grana

c. Stroma

d. Starch Grains

e. DNA and ribosomes

2. Function

3. Other Plastids

J. The Cytoskeleton

1. Microtubules

a. Structure

b. Roles in Cells

1. Cilia and Flagella

a. Structure

1. 9 + 2 configuration

2. Dynein

b. Function

2. Centrioles

3. Basal Bodies

2. Microfilaments

3. Intermediate Filaments

K. The Cell Surface

1. Cell Walls

a. Structure

1. Primary Wall

2. Secondary Wall

3. Middle Lamella

b. Function

2. Extracellular Matrix of Animal Cells

a. Structure

b. Function

3. Intercellular Junctions

a. Plasmodesmata

b. Tight Junctions

c. Desmosomes

d. Gap Junctions

Chapter 7 – Outline

Membrane Structure and Function

Level 1 Items AP Students will be able to:

1. Recognize the Davson-Danielli model of cell membranes.

2. Identify the components and structure of the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes.

3. Identify methods that keep cell membranes fluid.

4. Identify methods that cells use for transporting small molecules across membranes.

5. Recognize the conditions that regulate osmosis and tonicity in cells.

6. Identify methods that cells use for transporting large molecules across membranes.

Outline AP Students will understand:

A. Models of Membrane Structure

1. Davson-Danielli (Sandwich) Model - 1935

a. Lipids

b. Proteins

c. Evidence and Problems

2. Fluid Mosaic Model - 1972

a. Lipids

b. Proteins

1. Integral Proteins

2. Peripheral Proteins

3. Protein Functions

c. Evidence for the Model

1. Micrographs or EM pictures

2. Antibody Markers

d. Membrane Fluidity

1. Lipid Modifications

2. Cholesterol

e. Membrane Carbohydrates

1. Structure

2. Function

B. The Traffic of Small Molecules

1. Selective Permeability

a. Lipid Bilayer

b. Transport Proteins

2. Diffusion and Passive Transport

a. Definitions

b. Concentration Gradients

3. Osmosis

a. Tonicity

1. Hypertonic

2. Hypotonic

3. Isotonic

b. Osmoregulation

Chapter 7 – Homework

Membrane Structure and Function

1. The most accepted model of membrane structure today is the fluid mosaic model.

Explain the meaning behind the terms “fluid” and “mosaic” in this model.

2. Are both sides of a cell membrane the same?

Explain and give evidence to support your answer.

3. Explain why integral proteins stay in place in the phospholipid bilayer.

4. Identify what types of molecules have difficulty crossing the plasma membrane.

Explain the reason(s) why.

5. Define aquaporins and discuss their importance.

6. Contrast and compare passive and active transport. What kind of molecules are moved by

each? Which direction do the materials move?

7. Predict what will happen if some of your cheek cells were placed in the following solutions?

a) hypertonic b) isotonic c) hypotonic

8. Predict what will happen to a cell with a rigid cell wall (e.g. bacteria or plant) if they a

are placed in the following solutions?

a) hypertonic b) isotonic c) hypotonic

9. A writer for a TV soap opera, The Young & the Restless, consults with you about their idea for killing

off one of the characters. Their idea is to have the villain, Phyllis, replace the IV drip being given to

Jack (her ex-husband) with a bag of distilled water while he is unconscious in the hospital.

Could murder most foul be accomplished this way? Explain.

10. The Na+/K+ pump, the major electrogenic pump in animal cells, exchanges

sodium ions for potassium ions, both of which are cations. Describe how this exchange

generates a membrane potential or difference in electrical charge since both ions have

the same charge.

11. One of the first signs of cell death is that ions such as Na+ and K+ start moving

down their concentration gradients. Explain why this occurs.

Chapter 12 – Outline

The Cell Cycle

Level 1 Items AP Students will be able to:

1. Identify the roles of cell division

2. Identify the composition of a chromosome.

3. Recognize the phases of the cell cycle.

4. Identify the stages and characteristics of Interphase.

5. Identify the stages and characteristics of Mitosis.

6. Recognize the mechanisms of Cytokinesis.

7. Recognize factors that control cell division.

8. Recognize the results when the regulation of cell division goes wrong.

Outline AP Students will understand:

A. Roles of Cell Division c. Anaphase

1. Reproduction 1. Characteristics

2. Growth 2. Chromosome movement

3. Repair 3. Cell elongation

d. Telophase

B. Chromosomes 1. Characteristics

1. Genome 2. Nuclear envelope formation

2. Molecular composition 3. Cytokinesis

a. DNA a. Animal cells

b. Protein b. Plant cells

3. Structure 4. Mitosis without cytokinesis

a. Centromere

b. Sister chromatids D. Regulation of the Cell Cycle

1. Checkpoints

C. The Cell Cycle a. Definitions

1. Interphase b. G1 restriction point

a. G1 phase c. G0 phase

1. Definition 2. G2 checkpoint

2. Characteristics a. MPF

b. S phase b. cdk

1. Definition c. cyclin

2. Characteristics 3. Growth Factors

c. G2 phase a. Definition

1. Definition b. examples

2. Characteristics 1. PDGF

2. Mitotic Phase 2. Density Dependent Inhibition

a. Prophase 3. Anchorage Dependence

1. General Characteristics 4. Abnormal Growth-cancer, etc.

2. Chromosome Formation

3. Spindle Formation

b. Metaphase

1. Characteristics

2. Chromosome Arrangement

Chapter 12 – Homework

The Cell Cycle

1. Describe how the three subphases of interphase are alike and how they are different.

2. Is binary fission the same as mitosis? Explain.

3. During prometaphase, the nuclear envelope disappears. Where does it go?

4. Imagine a cell that mutates and loses the function of its kinetochore proteins. Explain what

this might do to the cell the next time it divides.

5. Is mitosis the same thing as Cytokinesis? Explain.

6. Imagine a cell mutation that allows the cell to ignore anchorage dependency. Discuss

what might be the results of this mutation.

7. Identify where three main checkpoints within the cell cycle are located. What determines if the

cell moves past each checkpoint?

8. Chemicals, such as colchicine from the Autumn Crocus plant, are known to disrupt

spindle fibers. Speculate on what affect this will have on a cell undergoing mitosis.

Identify the ploidy level (N=?) of the cell resulting from this treatment.

9. Imagine that the enzyme that breaks down cyclin is on strike and refuses to work. Explain

what might result from this situation.

10. Small cuts that open blood vessels and bleed often heal faster than cuts that don’t

bleed (e.g. paper cuts). Using your knowledge of factors that affect cell division,

speculate why this occurs.

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Chapter 6-Homework

A Tour of the Cell

1. Identify several (> 3) cell structures common to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

2. Prepare a chart that gives the major parts of eukaryotic cells (excluding the cytoskeleton).

* For each item in your chart give the following four items of information:

a) name of part, b) structure, c) function(s), d) cell(s) found

in (plants, animals or both).

3. Explain why are mitochondria and chloroplasts not considered part of the endomembrane system.

4. Contrast and Compare the cell walls of plants and bacteria.

5. If given a choice between the two, you would rather be hit by an object made of plant cells with primary cell walls

than an object made of plant cells with secondary walls. Explain why this would be.

6. Several years ago, a meteorite was found from Mars. Upon SEM examination, objects that looked like prokaryotic cells were found in the interior. This discovery caused a major

splash in the scientific community. Discuss why this was so.

7. The structure of cilia and flagella are the same in all eukaryotic cells. Discuss why this might be so.

c. Plasmolysis

1. Definition

2. Effects in Cells

a. Turgid

b. Flaccid

4. Facilitated Diffusion

a. Definition

b. Model

5. Active Transport

a. Definition

b. Examples

1. Na+ and K+ Pump

2. Electrogenic Pump

3. Cotransport

C. The Traffic of Large Molecules

1. Endocytosis

a. Definition

b. Types

1. Phagocytosis

2. Pinocytosis

3. Receptor-Mediated

2. Exocytosis

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