THE STATUS OF NATIVE FARM ANIMAL GENETIC DIVERSITY …



Trakia Journal of Sciences, Vol.1, No 3, pp 1-12, 2003

Copyright © 2003 Trakia University

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ISSN 1312-1723

Review Article

THE STATUS OF NATIVE FARM ANIMAL GENETIC DIVERSITY IN TURKIYE AND IN THE WORLD

M. İ. Soysal*, E. Özkan, E. K. Gürcan

Trakya University, Agriculture Faculty in Tekirdağ, Dept. of Animal Science, Tekirdağ, Turkey

ABSTRACT

There were argued that 50% of livestock species of European extincted with in the period of last 100 years and there are risks for 40% of prevaling present 1100 breeds of Europae (F. Wigh-Larsen, 2000). For this reason, there are rising puplic ınterests to protect the planet earth ecologicaly. It is reported that for the efficient animal productıon it is also necessary to utilize the potential of native genetic farm animal sources. According to the convention on biological diversity signed majority of world’s nation ın order to obtain sustaınable development and also welfare of our future we must pull attracht of attentıon of public opinion on Ecological protecting of planet earth. Animal improvoment programs should include the target of demanded countries need together with efforts preservıng genetic diversity of farm animal genetic sources of the country. It is also strategically necessary to keep the animals even breeds with worse prodictivity comparıng with higy productiv exotic breeds for the futures. Material may be would need in case of necesary. Due to theese reasons FAO start a program so called Domestıc Animal Diversity – Information System (DAD-İS). This program aimed to monitorıng the state of World Animal genetic resources (Sow-ANGR). Besides these studies every country tryıng to prepare their National report on this issue. Natıonal coordınators of the countries particıpate to this program are gathering regularly for the ıntention of World watch list.There is also intention to prepare a kind of farm animal encyclopedia. There is much software as a databank of farm animal genetic sources also constructed.This study is intended togive brief explanatıon about the state of prerservıng farm animal genetic sources of Turkiye and to show an examples as a software program of turkıshdatabank of native farm animal genetic sources.Database examples in Türkiye and world were explaned in this paper.

Key words: Animal genetic sources, Domestıc Animal Diversity.

INTRODUCTION

The idea carried on by FAO as global strategy for the management of Farm Animal Genetic Sources was initaded in 1993.. The strategy developed by FAO aimed utilization of animal genetic sources through active and sustainable manner. This concept also included sustainable, developments and conservation programmes for them.

To maintain as much as possible high level of genetic diversity among the existed farm animal breeds and also to cope with the risk of endargering breeds.

The need for keeping the existed genetic diversity of farm animals is not necessary for only the consenvation point of wiev but also needs for increasing in production efficiency with minimal environmental impact.

Genetic diversity of Livestock has a risk of being lost. The number of farm animal breeds has drastically declined over past half century. According to the study done by FAO up to 30% of Global mammalian and avian Livestock breeds are faced currently at risk of being lost and cannot be replaced (1-6).

The reasons of becoming breeds rare on at risk of totaly extincted are even do not suit contemporarly domand of consumer breeders or their qualities not been understood by consumers. As a rule if any of breeds consist of below the number of 1000 anaimals in population are considered as a rare and dangered.

FAO estimates that every week one breed of farm animal genetic sources are dissappered. The most popular visible reasons of this tendency are as follows

1- Destruction of natural environmentals and native habitats of farm animal breed.

2- Development of Genetically uniform livestock breeds so called exotic bredds.

3- Farmers or consumer the charge in prefences of farmers for certain breeds.

Farmers are focussing new farm animal breeds in order to maximize their income FAO also claiming 16 and 15 percent of 3831 breedss of farm animals existed in the begining of this century are extincted and become the status of rare respectively.

In other Worlds it is believed that over 617 farm animal breeds have become extiincted since 1892.

Farmers naturaly are having their decission regarding preference of breds according to the commecially point of view.

The growth performance (productivity) , pest and disease resistance , else of handtıg adaptation ocuurent level of habitat and technology are the components of their commercial interests whose had most important pressure an Livestock diversity.

The tendency of having animal with more efficient level of aconomically important traits. In spite of their low level of traits releated with native breed's adaptability to the existed environment naturaly resulted with crossbreeding with exotic breeds.

Several reason were the cause of genetic erosion from the begining of civilization farm animal genetic sources of the world have lived in close association with humans being mutudily influenced to their presences. The unige genetic heritage off domaniel genetics sources ads contributed to the human welfare by providing their economically ımportant traits such as milk , meat , eggs, fibre in the process of civilizations and evaluations and results of close associations over thousant of year by the results alot of gradual adaptations of animals to the suitable environmental conditions some sub groups of populations so called breeds are distinguished with their preffered morphologie and physilogical traits.

Cattle for example lives every where of the world and has been well said that cow is the rural was of life including nomaddic human population the daily life more totaly dependend animals than urban people. In urban area animals has a value of their value as a source of protein diets which is most benetifically and prestigious sources of food. Animal has value as providing recreation and material for agrotourizm.

Consequencies of domestication of animals some sepecies such as farm animals has widely dispaosed im the world. Some of the species such as Camelidae, Yaks, Mithun Elephants are more restrictedly dispersed. Very few animal species have been choosen by humans's food requirements for domestications, but there are numerous breeds with in each of species selected. So various subgroups of any species of farm animals. have adapted to the different, rigours of harsh climate conditions of the world : Any breeds adapted to any area has the capability of resistence to endemics disease and are able to survive on poar quality an seasonally feed supplied area of the world.

The humans being's natural attitude of looking for new type of animal with desired level of productivity has consequently resulted with interbreeding animals and germplasm around the world today has presented humans with oppurtunity to produce new gene combinations within animal species. This results has either positive or negative effects . Positive effect included chance of choosing the breeds or crossbreeds best adapted to produce well under desired conditions. The negative effects includes grooving tendency to lose native breeds as they are replaced or crossed with exotic germ plasm. Besides with destruction of some breeds existed more tragically in some cases we do not even know what are the features of lost breeds. This inclinations tends to the public aware to start inventory studies on the farm animal genetic sources. The proces of recording the charecteristics of existed farm animal breeds needs first public awareness . This kind of study also requires international level of cooperation.

First step of this inventory studies is almost decide whether they should conserved or not . The economic stand point of this kind of conservations studies relies on the potential need for these genetic traits in future. In other words these genetic traits as they are great scientific interest may will be needed on and more over they are also representative of human beings history and culture.

There is contraversial relations between biological diversity and civilizations . There is groving international concern about destruction of farm animal genetics diversity . There were many organizations has been established in order to keep biological diversity of farm animals.

Most well known studies in this fields is software programs and web pages. Negotiations on the loss of genetic diversity are in progres for an international convention of biological diversity . FAO already autlined the strateagy of conserving the genetic diversity as sustainable use of genetic resources base of agriculture. Sustainable developments implied that process of using the resources base will continue , but in such a manner the resources are not depleted .

FAO 's study of preservation of farm animal genetic sources are based on the primary guıdlines for development of national farm animal genetic resources managment plan ( http:// dad-is/index.htm ).

According to the quidelinas of Domestic Animal Diversity information system (DAD-IS; 2.0) . The FAO global strategy for the management of farm animal genetic sources. The global stretegy for the management of farm animal genetic sources provides a technical and operationed frame work for assisting countries FAO has also establish state of world AnGR , monitaring map. According to that map as of March 2001 a program has 180 member nation 1 organization and 10 non member organizations.

General directorate of agricultural research (GDAR) of Ministry of Agriculture and rural affairs are responsible to represent the country in FAO's DAD-IS frame work . It is supposed that National Coordiration should coordinate the researchess , university institutions and NGO studies related with frame work in the country.

GDAR has several insitu and exsitu studies of preservation of farm animal genetic sources. One of this researches are dealing with genetic conservation of domestic poultry ( ) .

The breeds are subjected to the program of genetic preservation studies are Eastern Anotolian, Red Cattle in Erzurum, Angora Rabbit (Poultry Research Ins. in Ankara) , natıve silk worm lines of Bursa region (Silk Worm Research Institute in Bursa) , native poultry breed of Turkey , Sakız, Dağlıc, İvesi, Karacabey Merino, Kıvırcık, Karayaka, İmroz sheep breeds ( Bandırma Research Ins.), Red Karaman sheep breeds are preserved in Eastern Anotolian Research Inst. in Erzurum .

According to the World Watch List for domestic animal diversity (3rd edition Edited by Beate D. Scherf Food and Agricultural organization of the united nations, Rome, October, 2000) . Ten cattle breeds, two horse breeds and three sheep breeds are extincted . The most important reason for extinction is eross breeding with exotic breeds (economic reasons).

According to the same source Malakan horse breed and Cinecapari sheep breeds are in endargered state (as breeds at risk). During last three years the remaining eight breeds of sheep (Kıvırcık, Karayaka, İmroz, Dağlıç, Akkaraman, Morkaraman, İvesi), one goat breed (Angora Goat) and four cattle breeds (Gray Cattle, Native Black Cattle, eastern Anotolian Red Cattle, Southern eastern Anatolian Cattle, Red Cattle) are subjected heavy pressure of crossbreding from economic point of wiew. To pull attaction to this problem two university based database were constructed . One is called native farm animalsgenetics sources () established department of animal science of Tekirdağ Agricultura Faculty of Trakya University by Prof. Dr. M. İhsan Soysal for all farm animal species . One data based from Middle East Technical University by Prof. Dr. İnci Togan for only sheep breeds (.) as the form of database of sheep breed of Turkey.

The General Directorate of Agricultural Research has also recently constructed the national data base of farm animals ()

In the analysis of global data bank for farm animal genetic resourches breeds are classified into one of seven categories of extinct, critical maintaned, endargered, endargered maintained not at risk, unknown.

Generally speaking terms of stands for a breed if it is no longer possiple to recred the population if anybreed has total number of breeding female is less than or equail to 100 and total number of breeding male is less than or equal to five is called critical breeds.

If a breed has total number of breeding females and males are greater than 1000 and 20 respectively is called not at risk. Endargered breeds has theese figures as 100-1000 breeding females and 5-20 breeding males.

The sumary of information recorded for mamallian species in the global databank for farm animal genetics resources are shown in below ( Table.1.)

The other required information in order to identfy are given in (EAAP) animal genetic data bank as prepared in the form of questionorse of in information on livestock production.

Structure of the global strategy for management of farm animal genetics resources were given as below.

It is also recomended all breeds regarding to be placed in database content should referred as the main source of Mason's World Dictionary of Livestock Breeds (7-14) .

In situ conservation of farm animal genetics diversity is the maintenence of live population of animals in their adaptive environment or as close to it as practically possible.

Table 1. Summary of Information Recorded for Mammalian Species in the Global Databank for Farm Animal Genetic Resources

|General Information |Special Qualities |

|Species |Specific quality of products |

|Breed name (most common name and other local names) |Specific health characteristics |

|Distribution |Adaptability to specific environment |

|Population Data |Special reproductive characteristics |

|Basic Population information: |Other special qualities |

|Year of data collection | |

|Total population size (range or exact figure) |Management Conditions |

|Reliability of population data |Management system |

|Population trend (increasaing, stable, decreasing). |Mobility |

|Population figures based on (census / survey at species / breed level or|Feeding of adults |

|estimate ) |Housing period |

|Advanced population information : |Specific management conditions |

|Number of breeding female and males | |

|Percentage of females bred to males of the same breed and percentage of |In situ conservation |

|males used for breeding |Description of in situ conservation programmes |

|Number of females registered in herd book / register | |

|Artificial insemination usage and storage of semen and embryos |Ex situ conservation |

|Number of herd and avarege herd size |Semen stored and number of sires represented |

|Main Uses |Embryos stored and number of dams ans sires represented in |

|Listed in order of importance |embryos |

|Origin and Development |Descrition of ex situ conservation programmes |

|Current domestication status (domestic / wild / feral) | |

|Taxonomic Classification ( Breed / Variety / Strain / Line) |Performance |

|Origin (description and year ) |Birth Weight |

|Import |Age at sexual maturity |

|Year of herd book establisment |Avarege age of breeding males |

|Organization monitoring breed (address) |Age at first parturition and parturition interval |

| |Length of productive life |

|Morfology |Milk yield and lactation length (mammals) |

|Adult height and weight |Milk fat |

|Number and shape / size of horns |Lean Meat |

|Colour |Daily gain |

|Specific Visible traits |Carcass Weight |

|Hair and / or wool type |Dressing percentage |

| |Management conditions under which performance was measured. |

Resource: (1).

Including DAD-IS(overlay) Participating Country Structure

National

Focal Points

Figure 1. Structure of the Global Stategy for Management of Farm Animal Geneitic Resources

Resource: (1).

Ex situ conservation covers the conservation of genetic material invivo but out of environment in which it developped and invitro including inter alio , cryo-conservation of semen , oocytes, embriyos, cells or tissues . Brieedly this terms stands for long term storage of animals germsplasmusing cryoconservation.

United Nations Confrence on Enviroment and development at Rio de Jenerion in june 1992 adapted a number of documents including ''agenda 21 '' A paragraph related with genetic diversity of Agenda 21 states under the title of promating sustainable agriculture and rural development that animal genetic resources are under thread. It is recommend that local animal breeds with their specific adaption and disease resistance should be preserved . The agenda also incudes the suggestion of 10 yeras programme of action is needed for the description of all breeds of livestock . It is stated in Agenda 21 that programmes should be established to preserve breeds at risk and to develop measures for the survival and development of native (Autochontows) animal breeds.

Agenda 21 has lead to establish, Unidet Nation Commision on Sustanable Development. Every country's institution responsible for these conservation studies are free to pursue it's recommendations or not .

European Union Commision on agriculture also tyrid to take measure in concerted level . The most important and significant event on this topics is to establish the software of Hannover databas ().

This web pages also known as the EAAP animals genetic data bank (EAAP= European Associations of Animal Production). This data base corresponds to some of objective established by Agenda 21 and has information about 46 member countries.

This database aimed to monitor information on cattle , sheep, goats , pigs and horses in the 15 member states and 18 other nonmember European countries as well.

The aim is to take care of development and risks and to encourage of use and conservation of genetic diversity of 877 breeds of farm animals in Europea . The member states are registreted on the Hannover data base as holding 586 breeds of farm animals (172 cattle, 229 sheep, 52 goats, 68 pigs, 65 horse breeds).

The major features of Turkiye's farm animal genetic sources were given belows.

FAO has also same kind of data as Global Data Bank for Farm Animal Genetic resources so called Domestic Animal Diversity Information System (DAD-IS) for the Global Strategy for The Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR) ()

Oklahama University has also published web pages for farm animal genetics diversitual ().

The member states are divided subgroups so called Focal Point according to geographical placement. Every country has represented in (FAO) genetic diversity study programes by National Coordinatori) . Every counyry supposed to prepare country report . FAO has proposed to combine them for preparing status of Genetic Diversity of Farm Animals of the Florida . The final aim to publish world watch list for domestic animal diversity (1).

FAO data base provides information by country by species grup by risk state and in alphabetical order by name. According to the FAO statistics Europea posses around 68, 50, 30 % of world animal genetics resources for poultry, cattle, goat respectively.

Table 2 show number of breed are believed critical endangered critical maintained, endargened maintaned.

Formal ınternational activities on the conservation of Animal Genetic are still very sparse compared with those of plant genetic sources.

This is not to neqlect the informal activities of scientist who have worked together across native boundreies for many years. These contact have intensified recently with development for example of cooperative internetional repositories for genetic information on farm animal genomes conservation .

Table. 2. Status of Farm Animal Breed of Europea As Numberof Breeds

| |Critical |Endangered |Critical- |Endanger|

| | | |Maintanence |ed- |

| | | | |Maintane|

| | | | |nce |

|Cattle |13 |15 |23 |21 |

|Goat |7 |11 |0 |6 |

|Horse/ Ass |13 |23 |6 |10 |

|Sheep |15 |19 |5 |19 |

|Pig |5 |4 |7 |3 |

|Poultry |47 |57 |0 |0 |

Source: Animal Genetics Databank

Generally the studies of FAO group or other institutions studying on genetic diversity are focused on four areas as international structures , monitoring animal genetic resourches , breed consevation prorammes , biotechnologie.

In any event as the work of FAO comission prorammes full community coordination will be needed including N.G.O's official represantatives of country (National coordinators and also of course universities . It was argued that European proramme commitee for genetic Resourches in agriculture should keep under rewiev the implementation of FAO global plan for plant genetic resourches . It also may be appropridte to keep under review the activities of FAO and other interrative bodies in the field of animal genetics resources.

Noticable event of preserving the animal genetics diversity are the publication of world Watch List for Domestic Animal Diversition published by support of UNEP by FAO . This study is mainly based on the study of world dictionary of livestock breeds, types and variation.

Which was originally in house document of the CAB= Commonwealth Agricultura Bureou (UK) and Data base of Honnever study founded by Deutche Farshungsgemein schaft and organized by EAAP.

Table 3.Narive cattle breeds in Turkey.

| |TURKISH GREY |EASTERN ANATOLIAN RED |NATIVE BLACK CATTLE |SOUTHERN YELLOW –RED |

|Name of Breed (in English) |Turkish Grey |Eastern Anatolıan Red |Natıve Black Cattle |Southern Yellow –Red Native Cattle |

|Local Name of Breed |Boz step (Plevne) |Doğu Anadolu Kırmızısı |Yerli kara |Güney Doğu Anadolu Kırmızısı |

|Origin of Breed |Descended from Iskar (Bulgaria) about|Caucasian origin |Indigenous balac cattle of Turkey | |

| |100-150 years ago | | |Not known |

|Purpose of raising |1)work:draught power, |1)food: Milk |1)food: Milk |1)food: Milk |

| |2)food:meat |2)food:Meat |2)food:Meat |2)food:Meat |

| |3)food:milk | | | |

|Main region or country |Especially in Trace and South |Eastern and North Eastern Anatolia. |Central Anatolia |South-eastern provinces of Turkey. Bordering |

| |Marmara, North-western Turkey | | |Syria and the Mediterranean Sea. |

|Features |Native Turkish Breed |Narrow breast zone |Head is narrow and long |Tallest cattle Turkish breed, short body head |

| | | | |narrow and long relativelly small body size. |

|Color |Grey, light silver to dark ash black |Basically red but varies from light |Black |Varies from light yellow to dark red |

| |neck narrow breast growing slowly. |yellow to dark brunette. | | |

|Polled or not |Female not horn, male has horn |Male and female have horn. |Male and female have horn. |Male and female have horn, short horns, |

| | | | |sometimes rudimentary |

|Herd (%) |4.2 (%) |13.4 (%) |33.81(%) |4.3 (%) |

|Height (♀, ♂ cm) |120 cm (avg.) |118-125 cm |110-115 cm |125-135 cm |

|Body Weight (♀, ♂ kg) |300-387 kg |250-500 kg |200-300 kg |200-350 kg |

|Age at first parturition /egg (month) |56 |--- |56 |--- |

|Average daily gain for fattening (g) |700-800 g |800-900 g |600-700 kg |700-1000 g |

|Milk (kg) |1000-1500 kg |1000-1200 kg |500-750 kg |1500-3200 kg |

|Lactation Lenght |205 days |179-270 days |200 days |275 days |

|Fat (%) |4.1 (%) |4.4 (%) |4.0 (%) |--- |

Table 4. Native goat breeds in Turkey.

| |Anatolian Black Goat |Kilis Goat |Angora Goat |

|Name of Breed (ın English) |Anatolian Black Goat |Kilis Goat |Angora goat |

|Local Name of Breed |Kıl keçisi |Kilis keçisi |Ankara keçisi |

|Origin of Breed |Anatolia- |Composite of Damascus |Native to Turkey |

| | | |(2400 years BC) |

|Purpose of Raising |1)food:Meat |1) food: Milk |fibre:Wool |

| |2)food:Milk | |2) food:Meat |

| |3)fibre:Wool | | |

|Main Region or country |All region in Turkey |South-Eastern of Turkey (Gaziantep, Kilis |Central Turkey (Anatolia) |

| | |and Hatay provinces) | |

|Features |Syrian type, large drooping ears, coarse |Similar to Damascus, long hair. |Small sized, small head in proportion to |

| |flat long hair | |the body. |

|Color |Black, grey, brown. Multicoloured sometimes|Usually black but sometimes black, grey, |White |

| |pied. |brown | |

|Polled or not |Usually male and female have strong horn |Male and female have horn, sometimes with |Male and female have horn |

| | |out horn | |

|Height (♀, ♂ cm) |♂=65 - 70 cm |♂=65 - 75 cm |♂=55 - 60 cm |

| |♀= 65 – 73 cm |♀= 60 – 70 cm |♀= 50 – 55 cm |

|Body Weight (♀, ♂ kg) |♂=60 - 90 kg |♂=50 - 60 kg |♂=45 - 55 kg |

| |♀= 45 – 65 kg |♀= 35 – 45 kg |♀= 30 – 40 kg |

|Lactation Length |180-235 days |210-260 days |---- |

|Fleece Weight (kg / year) |1-2 kg |0.50-0.60 kg |1.53 – 6 kg |

|Birth weight (kg) |2.5 – 2.6 kg |--- |2.30 – 2.6 kg |

|Milk (kg) |100-130 kg |200-300 kg |25 – 50 kg |

|Fat (%) |5 – 5.5 kg |4.7 (%) |--- |

|Twinning Rate | 1 (%) |15-20 (%) |5-15 % (Birth Rate:80-85 %) |

|Fibre Type |Mohair Angora |--- |--- |

|Lengthof wool fibre |23 mm |--- |--- |

Table 5. Native sheep breeds in Turkey.

| |White Karaman |Red Karaman |Awassi |Karayaka |Daglıc |Sakiz |

|Name of breed (in Eng.) |White Karaman |Red Karaman |Awassi |Karayaka |Daglic |Sakiz |

|Local Name of Breed |Akkaraman |Mor Karaman |İvesi |Karayaka |Dağlıç |Sakız |

|Origin of Breed |Indigenous breed in Turkey |Anatolia |In South West Asia |Indigenous breed in Turkey |Indigenous breed in Turkey |Originated from the Greek |

| | | | | | |island of Chios around 1830 |

|Purpose of Raising |Combined |Combined |Combined |Combined |Combined |Combined |

| |1)food:meat |1) fibre:wool |1) food:milk |1)fibre:wool |1)fibre:wool |1)food:milk |

| |2)fibre:wool |2) food:meat |food:meat |2)food:meat |2)food:meat |2) fibre:wool |

| |3)food:milk |3)food:milk |fibre:wool |3)food:milk |3)food:milk |3)food: meat |

|Main Region or country |Central Anatolia |Eastern and north-eastern part|South-eastern of Turkey |Northern Anatolia |Western Anatolia |İzmir province, Western Turkey |

| | |of Turkey | | | | |

|Features |Small head, long legs, fat |Fat tailed. Tail with three |Near- east fat tail type, |Long thin tailed . Small body |Short fat tailed |Long tail fat at base |

| |tailed |lobe of shape |roman nose, long and dropping |size. | | |

| | | |ears. | | | |

|Color |White with black nose and |Red, Brown. From reddish brown|White with brown head and |Usually white with black eyes, |White with black spots on head |White with black spots around |

| |occasionally around eyes. |to black |legs. Occasionally black or |head and legs. |and legs. |mouth eyes, ears, legs. |

| | | |brown | | | |

|Polled or not |Most of ram has horn, ewes |Most of ram has horn, ewes |Most of ram has spiral horn, |Most of ram has a thick, strong, |Most of ram has spiral horn, |Ewes usually without horn. Ram |

| |without horn |usually without horn |ewes usually without horn |spirally horn, ewes usually |ewes usually without horn |has a strong and spiral horn. |

| | | | |without horn | | |

|Herd (%) |46.8 (%) |19.6 (%) |1.6 (%) |3 (%) |15.5 (%) |0.02 (%) |

|Height (♀, ♂ cm) |♂=62 - 67 cm |♂=65 - 71 cm |♂=70 - 80 cm |♂=60 - 64 cm |♂=60 - 67 cm |♂=76 - 81 cm |

| |♀= 63 – 66 cm |♀= 66 – 68 cm |♀= 60 – 70 cm |♀= 60 – 62 cm |♀= 58 – 62 cm |♀= 70 – 76 cm |

|Body Weight (♀, ♂ kg) |♂=50 - 60 kg |♂=60 - 70 kg |♂=60 - 90 kg |♂=40 - 50 kg |♂=50 - 60 kg |♂=50 - 60 kg |

| |♀= 35 – 40 kg |♀= 45 – 50 kg |♀= 30 – 50 kg |♀= 35 – 40 kg |♀= 35 – 40 kg |♀= 35– 40 kg |

|Lactation Lenght |150 days |141-150 days |200 days |130 – 140 days |140 – 179 days |230 days |

|Birth Weight |4 kg |3-4 kg |4.3 – 4.5 kg |2.5 – 4.0 kg |3.4 – 3.5 kg |---- |

|Fleece Weight |1.5 – 2.0 kg |1.5 – 2.0 kg |1.8 – 2.4 kg |2 – 2.5 kg |1.8 – 2.5 kg |1.5 – 2.5 kg |

| |32’S – 36’S |28’S – 32’S |36’S - 40’S |28’S – 32’S |36’S – 50’S |50’S – 56’S |

|Twinning rate |4-5 % |4-8 % |6-10 % |4 – 8 % |1-2 % |Over of 70 % |

|Birth Rate |85-90 % |85-87 % |80-85 % |85 – 90 % |80 – 90 % |--- |

|Milk (kg) |40 – 60 kg |50-65 kg |90-155 kg |40 – 45 kg |40 – 50 kg |200 – 230 kg |

|Tail (kg) |Fat tailed (5-6 kg) |Fat tailed |Fat tail type |Long thin tailed |Short fat tail |Long fat tailed |

|Other Remarks |This breed produces a good |This breed are well adapted to|The breed is well adapted to |The breed is well adapted to wood|This breed are well adapted to |The breed is well adapted to |

| |wool quality. |herd climate |hot climate |and rainy climate |step climate |cool down climate |

Table 5 (continue)

| |Western Thrace |Çine Çapari |Gokceada |Hemşin |Herik |Tushin |

|Name of breed (in Eng.) |Western Thrace |Çine Çapari |Gokceada |Hemsin |Herik |Tıshin |

|Local Name of Breed |Kıvırcık |Çine Çapari |Gökçeada |Hemşin |Herik |Tuj |

|Origin of Breed |Indigenous breed in Turkey |--- |Island Zackal type |---- |Similar To Dağlıç |---- |

|Purpose of Raising |Combined |Combined |Combined |Combined |Combined |Combined |

| |1)food:Meat |(milk, meat, wool) |1)food:milk |1)fibre:wool |1)fibre: wool |Wool, milk, meat |

| |2)fibre:wool | |2)food:meat |2)food:meat |2)food:meat | |

| |3)food:milk | |3)fibre:wool |3)food:milk |3)food: milk | |

|Main Region or country |North-western of Turkey |Aydın province in Turkey |Gökçeada island and Çanakkale |Artvin and Ardahan Province. |Amasya Province Northern |Eastern of Anatolia (Kars, |

| | | |province |North Eastern of Turkey |Anatolia |Ardahan and Iğdır provinces) |

|Features |Thin tail, short ears, middle |White colour |One of the smallest breeds of |Long tail fat at base |Short fat tail, small body|Short and fat tailed |

| |weighed breed | |Turkey, long thin tailed | | | |

|Color |White, sometimes with spotted |White colour and sometimes have | | | | |

| |face also black on brown. |light brown to dark black spots |White with black spots around |Black, brown, white |White with dark spots on |White |

| | |on the feed and stomach |eyes, nose, ears and legs | |head. | |

|Polled or not |Ewes without horn, rams has a |---- |Most of ram has spiral horn, ewes|Most of ram has horn, ewes |Most of ram has horn, ewes| |

| |horn. | |usually without horn |usually without horn |usually without horn |---- |

|Herd (%) |7.5 (%) |---- |---- |---- |---- |---- |

|Height (♀, ♂ cm) |♂=67 - 71 cm |---- |♂=60 - 65 cm |---- |---- |---- |

| |♀= 60 – 66 cm | |♀= 60 – 62 cm | | | |

|Body Weight (♀, ♂ kg) |♂=40 - 45 kg |38 kg |♂=40 kg |---- |---- |---- |

| |♀= 30 – 40 kg | |♀= 38 kg (35 – 40 kg) | | | |

|Lactation Lenght |120-180 days |---- |157 – 200 days |---- |---- |---- |

|Birth Weight |3.9 – 4.3 kg |---- |3.7 – 4.0 kg |---- |---- |---- |

|Fleece Weight |1.5 – 2.0 kg |---- |1.6 – 2.0 kg |---- |1.5 – 2.0 kg |---- |

| |44’S – 56’S | | | | | |

|Twinning rate |10 – 20 % |---- |15 – 20 % |---- |---- |---- |

|Birth Rate |82-90 % |---- |---- |---- |---- |---- |

|Milk (kg) |60 – 90 kg |---- |70 – 100 kg |---- |20-25 kg |---- |

|Tail (kg) |Long thin tailed |---- |Long thin tailed |---- |Short fat tailed |---- |

|Other Remarks |The breed is well adapted to |---- |The breed is well adapted to cool|----- |---- |---- |

| |cool down climate. | |climate | | | |

Member state of EU are now consulting FAO and EAAP databases over internet . Every country has own conservation systems for the breeds at risk such as in situ, ex situ conservation studies including cryoconservation studies . It would seem useful to encourage the person responsible for the maintanange of animal databases in the member frame work of system to meet together from time to time.

Member states should have their own data bank systems suit with global data base system. The content of data base system should provide the answer for the maragement enguıry of utilization pontential of breeds , risk of genetic erosion of breed, need for urgency of conserving breed, which conservation maragement should be performed..

There is another data base published by UK offers ınformation on species British Ishles rare breeds.

The other relatives data bank store international livestock researches instituties ( genetic and genomic Programes, Irish Molied cattle society, Kelmscott Rare Breed foundation, League for pastoral peoples rare Breeds of Australian , rare breeds of canada, Rare Breed surviving trust and rare breed internationaly (RBI) . The last one is the only international NGO that aims to prevent the loss of diversty in global farm animal genetic sources ( AnGR)through encouring and supporting relevant activities and research by NGO's and goverments.

Central documantation of Animal Genetic Resourches in Germany so called TGRDEU established for providing information for future measures and coordnates data from research institute breeds associations .

Society for conservation of old and endargered breed (GEH) and institute for animal science and animal husbandry of the federal agricultural research centra (FAL) are also engaged the umpresid organizations of TGRDEU . Another studies in germany national program animal genetics resourches by german association for animal production (DGFZ).

50 % 50

42

20

16

11

6

A B C D E F

A: Africa (239) B: Asia/Pasific (750) C: Europea (151)

D: Latin American/Caribbean (143) E: Near East (214)

F: N. America (117)

Figure 2. Percentage of remaining animal genetic resources at risk of lost.

Source: Global Strategy for the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Sources . Rome , 1999 . FAO of U.N: Executive Vrief.

REFERENCES

1. FAO / UNEP (1995). World Watch List for Domestic Animals Diversity. Second Edi. Rome , Italy.

2. ).

3.

4. .

5. FAO (1998). Domestic Animal Diversity Information System Stage 2.0 CD- Rom and >rome,FAO.

6. Hammond , K. and Leitch H.W. (1996). The FAO Global Program for Management of Farm Animal Genetic Sources . In R.H. Miller, V. G. Pursel and H.D. Norma eds. Biotechnology is Role in the Genetic Improvement of Farm Animals . Beltswilk Sympossium in Agricultura Research XX . Sany . İllinois. American Society of Animal Science.

7. IUCN/YNEP/WWF/FAO/UNESCO (1980).World Conservation Strategy . Living Resources Conservation for Sustainable Development Switzerland . I.U.C.N.

8. Frank Wigh- Larsen (2000). Danish Institute of Agric. Sci. Dept. of Animal Breeding and Genetic , an Animal Genetics Resources Programs for Cent. and Eastern Europa.

9. Dominique, Planchenault (2000). Everything You've Alway Wanted to Know About RFP-Europes, Bureau des Resources Genetiques.

10. Anonymus (1999). Report on the 5th Workshop for The European National Co-ordinaters for the Management of Farm Animal Genetic Resources . European Association for Animal Production. Foof and Agricultura Organization of the Unidet Nation.

11. F. W-Larsen (2000). An Animal Genetic Resources Management Project for Central and Eastern . Europea ( An GRMPCEE) . Danish Inst. of Agric. Sci. Dept. of Anim.Breed and Genetic ; And Arunds suıtojus, Lithuania.

12. Schmitt, F. (1999). Co-operation on Animal Genetic Resources Management in the Countries of South Eastern Europea. Proceeding of the Int. workshop on the Dev. of Programs. Food and Agric org . The Greek Foral Point for Animal Genetic Resources and The Direction of Inputs to Animal Production Min. of Agric.

13. Soysal, M.İ., 1995. Native Sheep Breeds in Türkiye, Trakya University. Agric.Faculty, Department of Animal Sciences, Livestock-newsletter Volume-6.2(11 LN 6.2-13 LN 6.2).

14. Soysal, M.İ., 1996. Native Cattle Breeds of Turkey, Trakya .University. Faculty of Agriculture., Department of Animal Sciences, Livestock-newsletter Volume-7.1(22 LN 7.1-25 LN 7.1)

*Correspondence to: Prof. Dr. M. Soysal, Trakya University , Agricultural Faculty, Department. of Animal Science, Tekirdağ , Turkiye

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Global

Focus

Regional Focal

Point

Member Goverment

Other levels of

Goverment

Agriculture

Environment

Foreign Affairs

Policy Coordination

For Naitonal Action

Naitonal Focal

Point

Regional

Focal

Point

NGOs, including Commercial Sector

Training Institutions

Research Institutions

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National Technical

Coordinator

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