UNIT 1 – CLASSIFICATION & KINGDOMS



UNIT 1 – CLASSIFICATION & KINGDOMSChapter:Name: Date: Block:People/Vocabulary/ Main Ideas/ImagesObjectives/Notes/Definitions/Examples/SketchesSection 18-1Objectives:Finding Order in DiversityWhy Classify?Assigning Scientific NamesEarly Efforts at Naming OrganismsBinomial NomenclatureLinnaeus’s System of ClassificationWhy Classify?There is a vast abundance of plants and animals on earth; therefore we must _________ them in a logical way according to __________ biological meaning. The process of ____________ classifies organisms into several categories.Assigning Scientific NamesEarly Efforts: Describing the organism’s ______________ characteristics in great detail. Ex: four legged mammal with hooves, hair, upright ears, and is vegetarian. This had a major drawback! This animal could be anything…Binomial Nomenclature1800’s Carolus ______________, a Swedish botanist developed a two-word universal naming system called _______________ Nomenclature. Each species is given a ______-part scientific name. The first word is capitalized, and both words are written in italics. First word = Genus, second word = species-4953049657000Linnaeus’s System of ClassificationIn taxonomy, a group or level of organization is called a taxonomic category or __________ (plural: taxa). There are 7 taxonomic levels; the two most specific are genus and species.Kingdom: Linnaeus named the first two kingdoms Animalia and Plantae. This is the largest level!Phylum: Groups organisms by their body characteristics, ex: chordata (has a back bone) Class: By type of animal, ex: carnivore (meat eater), herbivore (plant eater). Order: an additional level between class and family.Family: groups of similar plants/animals, ex: canidae or felidae (dogs and cats).Summary of 18-1:Section 18-2Objectives:Modern Evolutionary ClassificationProblems With Traditional ClassificationEvolutionary ClassificationClassification Using CladogramsSimilarities in DNA & RNAMolecular ClocksProblems with Traditional ClassificationIn the 1800’s Linnaeus classified organisms into categories by their _______________ (body structure).How might have he classified dolphin? They have fins, no fur, and lives in the ocean. Would he think dolphins were fish? Dolphins are actually classified as mammals: they’re warm blooded, breathe air, and give birth to live young. Fish don’t do that!Both examples (dolphin and crabs) point out problems faced by taxonomists who relied on body structure comparisons. ___________ Evolution causes organisms that are very different to evolve similar bodies when living in ____________ conditions. These similarities can make it difficult to classify them. Evolutionary ClassificationDarwin’s theory of evolution showed that animals _______ traits because they share an evolutionary history. Biologists now group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent, not just physical similarities. Ex: species in the same genus should be ________ closely related to one another than to a different species under a different genus. -4953021399500Classification Using CladogramsMany biologists use cladistic ______________ to identify and consider only characteristics of organisms that are evolutionary innovations (helpful differences). Characteristics that appear more ___________ in time are called derived characteristics. Derived characteristics are used to construct a ____________ (diagram showing evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms.Similarities in DNA & RNAAll life has ___________ info that is passes on by DNA or RNA. The genes of many organisms can show similarity at the molecular level. These similarities are used to determine classification. More similarities in DNA = ___________ relatedMolecular ClocksComparisons of DNA can also be used to mark the passage of evolutionary _______. Molecular Clocks use DNA comparisons to establish the length of time that two species have been evolving independently. As species evolve (become different), they develop mutations (changes in DNA). More mutations = _______ related. Summary 18-2: Section 18-3Objectives:Kingdoms and DomainsThe Tree of Life EvolvesThe Three-Domain SystemUsing a Dichotomous KeyThe Tree of Life EvolvesDuring Linnaeus’s time, __________ was known about the living world, Linnaeus said their were only _____ types of living things: plants and animals. Plants were green and photosynthetic; they used energy from the _____ to make their own food. And animals were mobile and consumed food for energy. As scientists learned more about the natural world, they realized that Linnaeus’s system didn’t represent all living things on earth. There were bacteria, mushrooms, yeast, and other ___________________; which were placed in a kingdom called Monera. At first scientists created 5 _____________: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plante, and Animalia. As research continued, Monera was split into ____ kingdoms: Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. The Three-Domain SystemAs scientists use DNA evidence to help classify organisms, they developed a more inclusive category called ______________.There are 3 domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. And they are all larger than the Kingdoms!Using a Dichotomous KeyHow can you chose organisms to fit in all those categories?!Dichotomous Keys use ____________ statements that describe physical characteristics of different organisms. 88011045656500Choosing one statement will lead you to the next, and so on, until you determine the organism’s _____________.Summary 18-3: Skip 2 whole pages in your notebook for foldables ................
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