The Process of Research in Psychology



The Process of Research in PsychologyDawn M. McBride, Illinois State UniversityISBN: 9781483347608Pub Date: September 2015Price: $89 Page Count: 392Availability DatesSample Chapters Available Online: Chapter 3 and Chapter 12Ancillaries: YesCourse Cartridge: YesCoursesmart eBook: TBDInteractive E-book: NoANCILLARY GUIDEInstructor Teaching SiteSAGE edge for Instructors,?supports teaching by making it easy to integrate quality content and create a rich learning environment for students.Test banks?provide a diverse range of pre-written options as well as?the opportunity to edit any question and/or insert personalized questions to effectively assess students’ progress and understandingSample course syllabi?for semester and quarter courses provide suggested models for structuring one’s courseEditable, chapter-specific?PowerPoint??slides?offer complete flexibility for creating a multimedia presentation for the courseChapter-specific?discussion questions?help launch classroom interaction by prompting students to engage with the material and by reinforcing important content.?Lively and stimulating?ideas for class activities?can be used in class to reinforce active learning. The activities apply to individual or group projectsAnswers to in-text questions?are included, along with?data sets?for data examplesA?lab exercise matrix?offers a guide to using the lab manual, along with an?answer keyAn?instructor’s manual?offers chapter-by-chapter access to instructor resourcesA?Course cartridge?provides easy LMS integrationStudent Study SiteSAGE edge?for Students?provides a personalized approach to help students accomplish their coursework goals in an easy-to-use learning environment.Mobile-friendly?eFlashcards?strengthen understanding of key terms and conceptsMobile-friendly practice?quizzes?allow for independent assessment by students of their mastery of course materialA??customized online?action plan?includes tips and feedback on progress through the course and materials, which allows students to individualize their learning experienceLearning objectives?reinforce the most important materialWeb resources?facilitate student use of internet resources, further exploration of topics, and responses to critical thinking questionsEXCLUSIVE! Access to full-text?SAGE journal articles?have been carefully selected to support and expand on the concepts presented in each chapter to encourage students to think criticallyMultimedia content?includes video and audio links that appeal to students with different learning stylesNEW TO THE THIRD EDITIONNow a SAGE edge titleTABLE OF CONTENTS – SIDE BY SIDE COMPARISONCURRENT EDITIONNEW EDITIONPreface xiiAcknowledgments xiiiPART I. OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS FROM START TO FINISH 11. Psychological Research: The Whys and Hows of the Scientific Method 3Why Psychologists Conduct Research 3Using Science to Understand and Explain Behavior 5How Psychologists Use the Scientific Method 6Empiricism 7Determinism 8Parsimony 8Testability 8Basic and Applied Research 9Why Should I Care About Research If I Don’t Want To DoResearch In My Career?Chapter Summary 11Thinking About Research 12Study Reference 12Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 13Using ResearchTest Yourself 132. Hypothesis Development: Where Research Questions Come From 15Developing a Research Question 16How to Conduct a Literature Review 19PsycINFO 20PubMed and ERIC 23Other Sources 23What You Find in a Literature Review 24What Is a Journal Article? 24Structure of an Empirical Journal Article26Review Articles and Book Chapters 29Using the Literature to Make Hypotheses 29Theory-Driven Hypotheses 30Data-Driven Hypotheses 31Descriptive and Causal Hypotheses 32Chapter Summary 32Thinking About Research 33Study Reference 33Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 35Test Yourself 353. How Psychologists Use the Scientific Method: Data Collection Techniques and Research Designs 37 (*Now Chapter 4)Data Collection Techniques 39Naturalistic Observation 40Surveys/Questionnaires 42Systematic Observation 45Using Archival Data46Types of Research Designs 49Case Studies 49Correlational Studies 52Experiments 54Quasi-Experiments56Chapter Summary 57Thinking About Research 57Study Reference 57Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 59Using ResearchTest Yourself 594. Measurement Issues in Research 61 (*Now Chapter 5)Dependent Variables 62Scales of Measurement 63Validity and Response Scales65Reliability of Measurements and Response Scales 67Independent Variables 68Types of Manipulations 68Quasi-Independent Variables69Validity and Sources of Bias 71Internal Validity 71External Validity 79Sources of Bias Specific to a Field of Study 81Chapter Summary 81Thinking About Research 82Study Reference 82Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 83Test Yourself 855. Ethical Guidelines for Psychological Research 87 (*Now Chapter 3)Historical Context for Ethical Guidelines88Nuremberg Code 88APA Code 90Current Ethical Guidelines for Human Participants Research93Respect for Persons 95Beneficence 97Justice 97An Example 98Institutional Review Boards 99Exempt Studies 100Expedited Studies 100Full-Review Studies 100Criteria for IRB Approval 100Deception and Debriefing 101An Example 102Current Ethical Guidelines for Nonhuman Animal Subjects 103Justification 103Personnel 104Care and Housing of the Animals 104Acquisition of the Animals 104Procedures Used in the Study 104Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee 105An Example 105Ethics in Reporting Research 106Chapter Summary 107Thinking About Research 108Study Reference 108Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 109Test Yourself 1106. Sampling 113Populations and Samples 114Probability Samples 116Simple Random Samples 118Cluster Samples 119Stratified Random Samples 121Convenience Samples 121Haphazard/Volunteer Samples 123Quota Samples 124Comparison of Probability and Convenience Sampling Techniques 124Recruiting Participants 125Using the Internet to Sample 126Chapter Summary 127Thinking About Research 127Study Reference 128Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 128Using ResearchTest Yourself 1297. Summarizing and Interpreting Data: Using Statistics 131Descriptive Statistics: Summarizing the Data 133Central Tendency 133Variability 134Graphs/Tables 136Inferential Statistics: Testing Hypotheses 138Hypotheses 138Significance Testing 142Predicting the Null Hypothesis 146Chapter Summary 146Thinking About Research 147Study Reference 147Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 148Test Yourself 1498. Reporting Research 151APA-Style Article Writing 152Sections of an APA-Style Article 163Multiple-Study Articles 166Research Proposals 167General Formatting167Citation Format 167Oral Presentations 168Poster Presentations 169Chapter Summary 171Thinking About Research 171Study Reference 171Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 172Test Yourself 173PART II. THE NUTS AND BOLTS OF RESEARCH METHODS AND ANALYSIS 1759. The Nuts and Bolts of Survey Research 177Answering Research Questions With Surveys 179Creating a Survey 179Survey Questions 180Types of Survey Response Scales 181Validity of Scores From a Survey 182Reliability of Responses 185Survey Administration 187Chapter Summary 187Thinking About Research 188Study Reference 188Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 189Test Yourself 18910. The Nuts and Bolts of Correlational Studies 191Research Questions in Correlational Studies 193Correlational Study Examples196Descriptive Studies196Predictive Studies 197Summary198Chapter Summary 198Thinking About Research 199Study Reference 199Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 200Test Yourself 20011. The Nuts and Bolts of Experiments 203Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control 206Control in Within-Subjects and Between-Subjects Experiments 207Between-Subjects Experiments 208Within-Subjects Experiments 209Factorial Designs 215Experiment ExamplesCognitive ExampleBiological ExampleSocial ExampleDevelopmental ExampleChapter Summary 222Thinking About Research 222Study Reference 222Experiment 1 223Experiment 2 224Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 224Test Yourself 22512. The Nuts and Bolts of Quasi-Experiments 229 (*Now Chapter 13)Types of Quasi-Experiments 231Pretest-Posttest Designs 232Time Series Designs 236Chapter Summary 239Thinking About Research 239Study Reference 239Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 240Test Yourself 24113. The Nuts and Bolts of Other Specialized Designs 243 (*Now Chapter 14)Developmental Designs 243Small-n Designs 249Discrete Trials Designs 251Baseline Designs 252Data Analysis in Small-n Designs 254Chapter Summary 254Thinking About Research 254Study Reference 255Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 255Test Yourself 25614. The Nuts and Bolts of Using Statistics 259 (*Now Chapter 15)Comparing Groups or Conditions 262Comparing Two Means With t Tests 263Using SPSS to Conduct t Tests 264Comparing More Than Two Means With ANOVA 271Using SPSS to Conduct ANOVAs 273Looking for Relationships With Pearson r and Regression Tests 287Chapter Summary 295Thinking About Research 295Study Reference 296Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 296Test Yourself 297Appendix: Statistical Calculations 301Glossary 309References 319Index 327About the Author 331 Preface xivAcknowledgments xvii About the Author xixPART I. OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS FROM START TO FINISH 11. Psychological Research: The Whys and Hows of the Scientific Method 2Why Psychologists Conduct Research 2Using Science to Understand and Explain Behavior 3How Psychologists Use the Scientific Method 6Empiricism 6Determinism 7Parsimony 8Testability 8Basic and Applied Research 9Why Should I Care About Research if I Don’t Want to Do Research in My Career? 12Chapter Summary 13Thinking About Research 13Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 16Using Research 16Test Yourself 17Stop and Think Answers 18Student Study Site 182. Hypothesis Development: Where Research Questions Come From 19Developing a Research Question 20How to Conduct a Literature Review 23PsycINFO 24PubMed and ERIC 27Other Sources 27What You Find in a Literature Review 28What Is a Journal Article? 28Structure of an Empirical Journal Article 30Review Articles and Book Chapters 32Using the Literature to Make Hypotheses 33Theory-Driven Hypotheses 34Data-Driven Hypotheses 36Descriptive and Causal Hypotheses 36Chapter Summary 37Thinking About Research 38Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 40Test Yourself 40Stop and Think Answers 41Student Study Site 423. Ethical Guidelines for Psychological Research 43 (*Previously Chapter 5)Historical Context for Ethical Guidelines44Nuremberg Code 44APA Code 46Current Ethical Guidelines for Human Participants Research 49Respect for Persons 51Beneficence 53Justice 53An Example 54Institutional Review Boards 55Exempt Studies 56Expedited Studies 56Full-Review Studies 56Criteria for IRB Approval 56Deception and Debriefing 57An Example 58Current Ethical Guidelines for Nonhuman Animal Subjects 59Justification 59Personnel 59Care and Housing of the Animals 60Acquisition of the Animals 60Procedures Used in the Study 60Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee 60An Example 62Ethics in Reporting Research 62Chapter Summary 64Thinking About Research 65Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 68Test Yourself 69Stop and Think Answers 70Student Study Site 704. How Psychologists Use the Scientific Method: Data Collection Techniques and Research Designs 71 (*Previously Chapter 3)Data Collection Techniques 73Naturalistic Observation 75Surveys/Questionnaires 76Systematic Observation 80Using Archival Data 81Types of Research Designs 84Case Studies 84Correlational Studies 86Experiments 90Quasi-Experiments 92Chapter Summary 93Thinking About Research 94Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 95Using Research96Test Yourself 96Stop and Think Answers 97Student Study Site 975. Variables and Measurement in Research 98 (*Previously Chapter 4)Dependent Variables 99Scales of Measurement 100Validity and Response Scales 103Reliability of Measurements and Response Scales 104Independent Variables 105Types of Manipulations 106Quasi-Independent Variables 107Validity and Sources of Bias 110Internal Validity 110External Validity 114Sources of Bias Specific to a Field of Study 116Chapter Summary 117Thinking About Research 118Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 119Test Yourself 120Stop and Think Answers 121Student Study Site 122 6. Sampling 123Populations and Samples 124Probability Samples 127Simple Random Samples 128Cluster Samples 129Stratified Random Samples 130Convenience Samples 131Volunteer Samples 132Quota Samples 133Comparison of Probability and Convenience Sampling Techniques 134Recruiting Participants 135Using the Internet to Sample 136Chapter Summary 137Thinking About Research 137Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 138Using Research 139Test Yourself 139Stop and Think Answers 141Student Study Site 1417. Summarizing and Interpreting Data: Using Statistics 142Descriptive Statistics: Summarizing the Data 144Central Tendency 144Variability 145Graphs/Tables 146Inferential Statistics: Testing Hypotheses 151Hypotheses 151Significance Testing 156Predicting the Null Hypothesis 159Chapter Summary 159Thinking About Research 160Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 162Test Yourself 162Stop and Think Answers 164Student Study Site 1648. Reporting Research 165APA-Style Article Writing 166Sections of an APA-Style Article 176Multiple-Study Articles 179Research Proposals 180General Formatting 180Citation Format 181Oral Presentations 181Poster Presentations 182Chapter Summary 183Thinking About Research 184Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 185Test Yourself 186Stop and Think Answers 187Student Study Site 188PART II. THE NUTS AND BOLTS OF RESEARCH METHODS AND ANALYSIS 1899. The Nuts and Bolts of Survey Research 190Answering Research Questions With Surveys 191Creating a Survey 193Survey Questions 193Types of Survey Response Scales 194Validity of Scores From a Survey 197Reliability of Responses 198Survey Administration 200Chapter Summary 201Thinking About Research 202Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 203Test Yourself 203Stop and Think Answers 204Student Study Site 20410. The Nuts and Bolts of Correlational Studies 205Research Questions in Correlational Studies 207Correlational Study Examples 211Descriptive Studies 211Predictive Studies 212Summary 213Chapter Summary 214Thinking About Research 214Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 215Test Yourself 216Stop and Think Answers 217Student Study Site 21711. The Nuts and Bolts of One-Factor Experiments 218 (*Updated Chapter Title)Learning About Causation Through Manipulation and Control 220Control in Within-Subjects and Between-Subjects Experiments 222Between-Subjects Experiments 222Within-Subjects Experiments 224Experiment Examples 226Cognitive Example 226Biological Example 227Social Example 229Chapter Summary 230Thinking About Research 230Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 231Test Yourself 232Stop and Think Answers 233Student Study Site 23312. The Nuts and Bolts of Multi-Factor Experiments 234 (*New Chapter)Factorial Designs 235More About Interactions 238Experiment Examples 243Cognitive Example 243Biological Example 245Social Example 246Developmental Example 248Chapter Summary 249Thinking About Research 249Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 251Test Yourself 253Stop and Think Answers 254Student Study Site 25413. The Nuts and Bolts of Quasi-Experiments 255 (*Previously Chapter 12)Types of Quasi-Experiments 257Pretest-Posttest Designs 258Time Series Designs 264Sources of Bias in Quasi-Experiments 266Chapter Summary 268Thinking About Research 269Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 270Test Yourself 271Stop and Think Answers 271Student Study Site 27114. The Nuts and Bolts of Other Specialized Designs 272 (*Previously Chapter 13)Developmental Designs 272Small-n Designs 278Discrete Trials Designs 280Baseline Designs 281Data Analysis in Small-n Designs 281Chapter Summary 283Thinking About Research 283Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 285Test Yourself 286Stop and Think Answers 286Student Study Site 28715. The Nuts and Bolts of Using Statistics 288 (*Previously Chapter 14)Comparing Groups or Conditions 291Comparing Two Means With t Tests 292Using SPSS to Conduct t Tests 293Comparing More Than Two Means With ANOVA 299Using SPSS to Conduct ANOVAs 300Looking for Relationships With Pearson r and Regression Tests 313Chapter Summary 322Thinking About Research 323Common Pitfalls and How to Avoid Them 324Test Yourself 324Stop and Think Answers 326Student Study Site 326Appendix: Statistical Calculations 328Glossary 344References 352Index 359If you have any questions, your sales representative is happy to help. 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