Cell Structures and Processes Notes 8
Cell Structures and Processes Notes 8.L.5 (Molecular Biology)
Cells
o _____________________________
o Living things
o Everything is made up of ______________
o Some have just one cell
o Others are made up of trillions
▪ Like __________________
o Cells
o Basic unit of structure and ________________________ in all organisms.
o Smallest structure that can carry out the functions of life
▪ Growing
▪ Taking in and using ___________________
▪ Responding to the environment
▪ ____________________________________
o Also regulate the amount of water they contain and release ____________
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
o Two basic types
o _________________
o Eukaryote
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
o Prokaryote
o Organisms whose cell lack a nucleus and membrane bound ______________________
o Simpler than the Eukaryote
o Has ______________________, but no membranes surrounding them.
o Most life processes happen in the _________________________
▪ Fluid that fills most of the space in the cell
o Most are single cells
▪ Includes: _________________________
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
o Eukaryote
o Organism whose cells have a _______________________ and Organelles
▪ Structure that carries out a certain function
o Larger than _________________________
o Has a nucleus
o Includes:
o Plants, animals, ______________________, and fungi
o Usually a large number of cells working together
o Has ribosomes with _______________________________ surrounding them
Structures of Eukaryotic Cells
o Structures are located inside the ____________________________
o Nucleus
o Large structure inside the cell that controls many functions in the cell
o Contains the cells genetic material
▪ __________________________________
• Genetic material organized into structures
o Cell membrane
o Thin, flexible ____________________________ that holds the cell together and controls what enters and leaves
o Ribosomes
o Cell structures that make ______________________________
o All cells need energy
o ___________________________ (Mitochondrion -singular)
o Release the energy stored in ___________________________
o They take in fuel and change it to energy
o ___________________________
o Store materials inside the cell
▪ Water, salts, proteins, & ________________________________
o Animal cells have small vacuoles
o Plant cells have large vacuoles
▪ Help support structure of the cell
o _________________ cells have two things animal cells do not:
o ___________________________
▪ Organelles that make food for cells
▪ Contain _______________________ which makes the plants green
▪ Converts CO2 and H2O into Glucose and O2
o Cell Walls
▪ Protective layer that surrounds the _________________________
▪ Made of ______________________
▪ Rigid to support plant cells
▪ Allows plants to stand upright and support flowers and _________
Energy and Matter for Cells
o All living things need ___________________
o Provides organisms with what is needed to grow and repair
o Some organisms _______________________________________________ food
Photosynthesis
o Photosynthesis
o Process in which the cells of plants and other organisms use the energy of _____________ to make food.
o Used to make ____________
Cellular Respiration
o Cellular Respiration
o The process by which cells break down sugar to _____________________.
o It is the ______________________ of photosynthesis
o Oxygen taken in by air we breathe
o Some energy turned into _____________________________ to keep body warm
[pic]
Building Cells
o _______________________
o The compounds that provide energy and building materials for living things
o Carbohydrates
o Hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon
o Includes ______________________ made during photosynthesis
o Plants use and store glucose
o Molecules link together to form cellulose
o _____________________________ used for plant structure and is what gives vegetables their crunch.
o Lipids
o _______________
▪ Solid at room temperature
o _______________
▪ Liquid at room temperature
o Second choice for ___________________
o Produce oils that keep hair, _____________, and feathers smooth and waterproof
o Animals store energy as ______________
o Found under layers of skin to keep animals warm
Cell Structures and Processes Notes 8.L.5 (Molecular Biology)
Cell Division and Reproduction
o Reproduce
o Make more cells like __________________________
o They do this by ___________________
o There are two types
o Asexual
▪ Mitosis
o Sexual
▪ Meiosis
Chromosomes and Cell Division
o Chromosomes
o Structures in a cell’s nucleus that contain ___________________
o Gene
o Tiny part of a chromosome that gives a living thing a certain __________
o Tells a cell how to grow and ____________________
o DNA
o Large _____________________ that make up genes
o Deoxyribonucleic acid
o Mitosis
o Parent cell divides to form two new cells called _________________ cells
o Each is an ____________________________ of the parent
o Before dividing the cell makes exact copies of the ___________________
o Each daughter has the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent
o This occurs in 4 stages
o Four stages of mitosis
▪ _____________________
o Chromosomes cannot be seen
▪ _____________________
o Chromosomes are lined up in the center
▪ _____________________
o Chromatids are pulled apart
▪ _____________________
o Chromosomes separate and a nucleus is formed
o This is process by which living things grow
▪ Muscles
▪ _____________________________
▪ Flowers
o Process by which bodies repair themselves
▪ ______________________ in your skin
▪ Limb regeneration in some animals
Asexual Reproduction
o Also occurs in some plants
o __________________________
o Potatoes
o Kalanchoes
Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis
o Sexual reproduction
o Production of new ________________ from two parents, male and female
o Organisms use gametes for this process
o Only have half the number of chromosomes found in the other body cells
o Two types
▪ Sperm
▪ _______________
o Fertilization
o Male and female __________________________ combine
o ___________________
o The resulting cell from fertilization
o It is important that each cell only have half the chromosomes to make up the fertilized cell
o Meiosis
o The process that produces ____________________
o Involves two sets of divisions
▪ First division
• Pairs _________________
▪ Second division
• Copies separate
o One cell produces four gametes
▪ Each has ____________________ the chromosomes of the parent
o In a male it produces sperm cells
o In a __________________ it produces egg cells
o A single sperm joins with a single egg to produce a fertilized egg (zygote)
▪ Zygote has a ______________________ set of chromosomes
o ________________________ is then used to grow and develop into a complete organism.
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