Protein Synthesis: transcription and translation



What two effects on bread mold were observed by Beadle and Tatum when it was exposed to x-rays?The mold was _______________to produce certain molecules it needed to _________.A specific ___________that produced these molecules was missing in the mold’s cellsTheir hypothesis, based on these results, was ___________________________________.What does this hypothesis mean?However, some proteins aren’t _____________________.Researchers later revised the hypothesis: ________________________________However, many proteins are composed of several ________________, each of which has its own_________________What was the final revision of the hypothesis?______________________________TRANSCRIPTIONTranscription is the copying of a gene in ____________using ___________ coding sequenceWhy is RNA needed?What is the name of RNA molecule produced?_____________________What is the central dogma of DNA?__________________--> ____________________--> __________________________EukaryotesDNADNAmRNAmRNATranscriptionPre-mRNARNA ProcessingTranscriptionProkaryoteTRANSLATIONTranslation is the_________________ of a polypeptide, which occurs under the direction of _______________________Where does translation occur?_______________________________A cell ______________an mRNA message into protein with the help of __________________(tRNA)Molecules of tRNA are not identical:Each carries a specific amino acid on one endEach has an _________________on the other end; the anticodon base-pairs with a complementary___________________ on mRNATRANSLATIONTRANSCRIPTIONDNAProkaryotic cellRibosomePolypeptidemRNA DNAPre-mRNANuclearenvelopemRNATRANSLATIONTRANSCRIPTIONRNA PROCESSINGRibosomePolypeptide The Genetic Code:Proteins are made of_____________________________There are___________amino acids, but there are only __________nucleotide bases in DNAThis is possible because the four DNA bases (A, T, C, G) can be arranged in total of _______different ways.The flow of information from gene to protein is based on a ____________________________.What does this mean?Example: What does A-G-T on a DNA molecule encode for?How many different codons are there?_______________Each codon translates to _______________________________________________.Each amino acid may be produced from ___________________________________.Codons must be read in the ____________________________.Ribosomes facilitate specific coupling of _________________________with __________ codons in protein synthesisRibosomes are made of proteins and ________________________(rRNA)Transcribe this DNA strand to mRNA:DNA Strand: A - T - C - C - G - A - T - T -C - G - A - G - G - A mRNA : Translate this mRNA strand into protein mRNA:Polypeptide:The existence of DNA is evidence of the theory of____________________________.The genetic code is nearly universal, shared by the simplest bacteria to the most complex animals.Genes can be transcribed and translated after being__________________ from one _________________to another.MUTATIONSMutations are ___________________in the______________ material of a cell or virus_____________________________are chemical changes in just one base pair of a geneThe change of a single nucleotide in a DNA template strand leads to production of an abnormal protein.Example: “The cat ate the rat” becomes “The cat are the rat.”A famous example is Sickle-cell anemia, which is caused by a mutation of a single base pair within a gene.A base-pair substitution replaces one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides____________________still code for an amino acid, but not necessarily the right amino acid___________________________change an amino acid codon into a stop codon, nearly always leading to a nonfunctional proteinMissense mutations are more common Insertions and deletions are additions or losses of nucleotide pairs in a geneThese mutations have a disastrous effect on the resulting protein, because the entire sequence of amino acids is altered.The result is called a__________________________, because it shifts the entire way that the ribosome translates the mRNA.Example: “The cat ate the rat.” becomes“The cta tet her at.” by deleting an “a” or“The caa tat eth era t.” by inserting an “a”Spontaneous mutations can occur during DNA replication, recombination, or repair.__________________________are physical or chemical agents that can increase the likeliness of mutations. Ultraviolet radiationNuclear radiation ................
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