Evolution Study Guides - Reed Biology
Evolution Study GuidesEarly Ideas About EvolutionVocabulary: Evolution, Fossil, Gradualism, Species, Catastrophism, UniformitarianismIn a phrase, tell what each scientist did to help develop evolutionary theory.ScientistContribution1. Linnaeus2. Buffon3. E. Darwin4. Lamarck5. What two conditions must be true for a group of animals to be considered the same species?6. Lamarck’s theories of evolution are known as the inheritance of acquired characteristics. What was incorrect about his theory of how organisms evolve?7. In the 1700’s, many people believed that species were fixed and did not change. How did plant hybridization help change this view?8. Write a description of each theory in the space provided.Geologic TheoryDescriptionCatastrophismGradualismUniformitarianism9. What word refers to traces of an organism that existed in the past?10. What is the process of biological change by which descendants come to differ from their ancestors?11. Events such as volcanoes, floods and earthquakes are the basis of what geologic theory?Match the scientist to his theory.12. Charles Darwin’s poetic grandfather.A. Linnaeus13. Thought that a giraffe’s long neck evolved fromB. Lamarck reaching high in trees.14. Grouped living organisms into categories basedC. Buffonon what they looked like.15. Wrote Histoire Naurelle in 1749D. E. DarwinDarwin’s ObservationsVocabulary: Variation, Adaptation1. What is variation among members of different species called?2. What is variation among members of the SAME species called?3. What island chain in South America was the source of many of Darwin’s insights?4. Darwin saw populations of various species that seems well-suited to their environment. What did this suggest?5. Darwin observed fossils of huge animals such as Glyptodon, a giant armadillo. Why were these fossils of interest?6. How did fossil organisms Darwin saw lead him to think the Earth was much older than 6000 years (as many though)?For each statement choose if it describes: Variation or Adaptation7. the difference in the physical traits of an individual from those of other individuals in the group to which it belongs.8. a feature that allows an organism to better survive in its environment.9. A tortoise population lives in an area with high grass. These tortoises have longer necks than tortoises that live in other areas. 10. One bird in a population has a slightly thicker beak than its relatives. Theory of Natural SelectionVocabulary: Artificial Selection, Natural Selection, Fitness, Heritability, Population1. Why did artificial selection interest Darwin?2. Why must selected traits be heritable?3. In natural selection, what must be true of traits that are passed down through generations?4. What important idea from Thomas Malthus inspired Darwin?Matching5. producing many offspring, some who may not survivea. variation6. individual differences that may be heritable.b. overproduction7. a structure well suited for the environmentc. adaptation8. a heritable trait becoming common in a populationd. descent with modificationUse an organism of your choice to sketch the four principles of natural selection.9. Overproduction10. Variation11. Adaptation12. Descent with Modification13. Humans are the selective agent in which type of process, artificial selection or natural selection?14. The environment is the selective agent in which of type of process, artificial selection or natural selection?15. What is the measure of the ability to survive and produce more offspring relative to other members of the population called?16. What is the ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next called?17. What are all the individuals of a species that live in an area called?Evidence of EvolutionVocabulary: Biogeography, Homologous Structures, Analogous Structures, Vestigial StructuresGive examples of each type of evidence for evolution.1. Fossils:2: Geography:3. Embryology:4. Anatomy:5. Vestigial structures seem to lack any useful function, or are at least no long used for their original purpose. Give 3 examples of vestigial structures.6. Many modern whale species have vestigial pelvic and leg bones. What does this suggest about the ancestry of modern whales?Read each statement. Decide if it represents a: homologous structure, analogous structure or vestigial structure.7. Feature that is similar in structure in different organisms, but has different functions.8. Feature that performs a similar function in different organisms but is NOT similar in origin.9. Is NOT evidence of a common ancestor.10. Remnant of an organ or structure that had a function in an early ancestor.11. Ex: wing of a bat and human hand.12. Ex: wing of a bird and wing of an insect.13. Ex: wing of an ostrich and hip bones on whales.Evolutionary Biology TodayVocabulary: paleontology1. What are two reasons that the fossil record is NOT complete?2. What is one example of a transitional fossil that has been found?3. Why are transitional fossils important?In a phrase, explain how each of the following contributes to evolutionary theory.Molecular EvidenceContribution4. DNA sequence analysis5. Protein comparisons6. What two things combine to make up our modern evolutionary theory?7. How has molecular evidence helped support fossil evidence in determining the early ancestor of modern-day whales?8. What is meant by the phrase “Evolution unites all fields of Biology”?9. How does paleontology contribute to evolutionary biology?Principles of Evolution Vocabulary PracticeEvolutionSpeciesfossilcatastrophismgradualismuniformitarianismVariationadaptationartificial selectionheritabilitynatural selectionpopulationFitnessbiogeographyhomologous structureanalogous structurevestigial structurepaleontologyStepped-Out Vocabulary: Determine the vocabulary word that fits best, define each word, or write two additional facts that are related to the word in the spaces below.WordDefinitionMore InformationEx: FossilTraces of an organism that existed in the past.Different types of fossils.Allow scientists to study evolution.VariationCan occur among members of different species.Can occur among members of the same species.Features that are similar in structure but appear in different organisms and have different functions.Analogous StructuresEvidence for common descent.Ex: pelvic bones on snakes and pound Word Puzzle. Read the phrase and write the word that it most closely describes. Then write another phrase that describes the same word in a different way.Phrase 1WordPhrase 2Ex: Process of biological change over time.EvolutionProcess by which descendents come to differ from their ancestors.Can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.Beneficial FeatureThe environment is the selective agent.All the individuals of a species that live in an area.Do-It Yourself Matching. In random order create a matching activity for the words below.Evolutiona.Fitnessb.Catastrophismc.Gradualismd.Uniformitarianisme.Artificial selectionf.Natural selectiong.Paleontologyh.Biogeographyi.Heritabilityj.Find the Odd Word. Circle the word that does NOT belong and explain why.FossilFitnessPaleontologyExplanation:Artificial SelectionHeritabilityBiogeographyExplanation:CatastrophismGradualismUniformitarianismExplanation:HomologousAnalogousVestigialExplanation:VariationAdaptationVestigial structureExplanation:EvolutionNatural SelectionCatastrophismExplanation:Genetic Variation with Populations Study GuideVocabulary: Gene Pool, Allele Frequency1. What kind of variation must exist in a population that has a wide range of phenotypes?2. How can a wide range of phenotypes increase the chance that some individuals will survive in a changing environment?In a phrase, describe how each term provides a source of genetic variation.SourceVariation3. Mutation4. Recombination5. Hybridization6. How is a gene pool like a “pool of genes”?7. What does an allele frequency measure?Natural Selection in Populations Study GuideVocabulary: Normal distribution, Microevolution, Directional Selection, Stabilizing selection, disruptive selection.1. What is a phenotypic distribution?2. What can you learn from looking at a phenotypic distribution?3. In a population that is NOT undergoing natural selection for a certain trait, what does the phenotype distribution look like?4. Draw a Normal distribution curve.In the table, take notes on the three patterns of natural selection.Type of SelectionHow it WorksGraph5. Directional selection6. Stabilizing selection7. Disruptive selection8. The observable change in over time is called microevolution.Other Mechanisms of Evolution Study GuideVocabulary: Gene Flow, Genetic Drift, Bottleneck Effect, Founder Effect, Sexual Selection1. When an individual from its population, its alleles are no longer part of that population’s gene pool.2. When an individual into a new population, the genetic diversity of the new population increases.3. Gene flow among neighboring populations helps to keep the of these populations similar.4. How is genetic drift different from natural selection?5. Compare and contrast bottleneck effect and the founder effect.6. Why is genetic drift more likely to occur in smaller populations?7. What are some problems that can result from genetic drift?8. Why is the cost of reproduction different for males and females?9. What is sexual selection?10. selection involves fighting among males for a female, whereas selection involves males displaying traits to impress females.Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Study GuideVocabulary: Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium1. What variable remains constant, or in equilibrium, in the Hardy-Weinberg model?2. Name the five conditions that MUST be met in order to reach Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium.3. In what types of systems can the Hardy-Weinberg equation be used?4. What can be concluded if the real genetic data do not match the frequencies predicted by the equation?5. Take notes about these five factors on the table below.FactorHow It Can Lead to EvolutionGenetic driftGene flowMutationSexual SelectionNatural SelectionSpeciation through Isolation Study GuideVocabulary: Reproductive Isolation, Speciation, Behavioral Isolation, Geographic Isolation, Temporal IsolationFill in the term from below that best completes each statement.Speciationgene flowspeciesgene poolsenvironmentsMutationmategenetic drift1. Two populations are said to be isolated is there is no longer any between them2. Over generations, the of isolated populations may become more and more different.3. Isolated populations may become genetically different as the adapt to new , or through random processes such as mutation and .4. When members of two isolated populations can no longer successfully, the populations are said to be reproductively isolated.5. Reproductive isolation is the final step of which is the rise of new .6. The experiment illustrated in Figure 11.12 show how just one can provide enough genetic difference to result in reproductive isolation.7. Name the three types of barriers that can isolate populations.8. In the chart below, take notes about the three ways in which populations can become isolated, leading to reproductive isolation.Type of IsolationHow it works.Ex:Behavioral isolationGeographic isolationTemporal isolation9. What is speciation?10. Which type of isolation involves factors of time?11. Which type of isolation can involve mating or courtship rituals?12. Which type of isolation can involve physical barriers?Patterns in Evolution Study GuideVocabulary: Convergent evolution, divergent evolution, coevolution, extinction, punctuated equilibrium, adaptive radiation.Fill in the Main idea in the center of the web below. Then take notes based on the phrases in the surrounding boxes.3. Its effects are cumulative:2. Natural selection has direction:Main idea:5. Divergent Evolution:4. Convergent Evolution:In the table below, take notes about two ways in which species can evolve.Type of CoevolutionHow it WorksExample6. Beneficial relationship.Evolutionary Arms raceIn the table below, take notes about background and mass extinctions.Type of ExtinctionPossible CausesOutcomeBackground extinction.Mass ExtinctionThe theory of punctuated equilibrium states that relatively brief episodes of are followed by long periods of relatively little evolutionary .Adaptive radiation is a process in which one ancestral species diversifies into many species.Adaptive radiation occurred after the extinction of the dinosaurs, because they left a wide range of into which mammals could diversify.Converge means “to come together” and diverge means “to branch out”. How do these meaning apply to the terms convergent and divergent evolution?The prefix co- means “together”. How does this meaning apply to the term coevolution?Punctuate means “to interrupt periodically”. How does this meaning apply to the term punctuated equilibrium?Vocabulary PracticeGene poolallele frequencynormal distributionmicroevolutiondirectional selectionStabilizing selectiondisruptive selectiongene flowgenetic driftbottleneck effectfounder effectSexual selection Hardy-Weinberg Equilibriumreproductive isolationspeciationbehavioral isolationGeographic isolationtemporal isolationconvergent evolutiondivergent evolutioncoevolutionExtinctionpunctuated equilibriumadaptive radiationWho am I?I separate populations with factors of time, such as when one population reproduces in the spring and another reproduces in the summer.I look like a bell-shaped curve, having the highest frequency in the middle.I separate populations with physical barriers so that members of each population no longer have contact with each other.I occur when there are NO changes in allele frequencies for a certain trait from generation to generation; I rarely occur in real populations.I am a pattern of evolution that is seen in the fossil record. I consist of short periods with lots of evolutionary activity, followed by long periods with much less activity.I separate populations with different courtship or mating rituals.Word Origins. Use the Greek and Latin meanings to construct a very basic definition of each vocabulary word.Co- Togethermicro- smallDiverge- to go in different directions from a common pointconverge- to come together from different directions Coevolution:Convergent Evolution:Divergent Evolution:Microevolution:Choose the Correct Word.Distribution Curves Occurs when natural selection selects for individuals with the intermediate phenotype.Occurs when natural selection is NOT acting on a population for a certain trait.Occurs when natural selection selects for individual with ONE extreme phenotype.Occurs when natural selection selects for individuals with BOTH extreme phenotypes.IsolationSpecies from two populations are separated by physical barriers.Species from two populations can no longer mate successfully for any reason.Species from two populations are separated due to differences in courtship or mating rituals.Species from two populations are separated due to differences in the timing of their reproduction.EvolutionProcess in which two species evolve in response to changes in each other, over many generations.Process in which unrelated species evolve similar traits while adapting to similar environments.Process in which closely related species become more and more different as they adapt to different environments.Process which can occur over a few generations, in which a population’s allele frequencies change in any way.Analogies. Read each analogy. Decide which term it is most like.Long, flat surfaces, interrupted by steep steps.Including only two people in a survey of a large community, and not getting representative results.Medium clothing sizes being the most common in a department store.A radio station that goes off air.Many colleges sharing and exchanging research ideas with each other.How often a certain letter-number combination is called during bingo.A phone book that contains all of the phone numbers of everyone in the city.Sound-proof glass that prevents people from hearing each other.The Fossil Record Study GuideVocabulary: Relative dating, Radiometric Dating, Isotope, Half-lifeIn the spaces provided, write a brief description of how each type of fossil forms.Type of FossilFossil FormationAmber preserved fossilNatural CastTrace FossilPermineralized FossilPreserved RemainsWhat is the main purpose of both relative dating and radiometric dating?What is the main difference between relative dating and radiometric dating?How is the radioactive decay of an element used to determine the age of a rock layer?Measures the actual age of a fossil:Most elements have several of these:Measure of the release of radiation:Infers order in which groups of organisms existed:The Geologic Time Scale Study GuideVocabulary: index fossil, geologic time scale, era, period, epochHow are index fossils used to determine the age of fossils or rock layers?What four characteristics are best for an index fossil to have?Fill in the following classification tree:Eras and Period5.4. 3.11.Cretaceous Period6.Tertiary Period9.7.10.Devonian PeriodSilurian PeriodOrdovician Period8.Fill in the blanks using Era, Period, or Epoch. Terms can be used more than once.12. The smallest unit of geologic time.13. Associated with rock systems.14. Consists of two or more periods.15. Lasts tens to hundreds of millions of years.16. Lasts several million years.17. Lasts tens of millions of years.18. Most commonly used units of geologic time.19. Examples include the Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic.20. Examples include the Cambrian, Jurassic, and Quaternary.21. The longest unit of geologic time.22. How is the geologic time scale a representation of the history of Earth?Origin of Life Study GuideVocabulary: nebula, ribozyme Most scientists agree on two points about Earth’s origins. What are they?In the columns on the left labeled “hypothesis”, write the hypothesis from the readings about how life began on Earth. In the column labeled “Proof,” list the evidence that supports the hypothesis.HypothesisProof Organic MoleculeHypothesisDemonstrated organic compounds could be made by passing electrical current (to simulate lightning) through a closed system that held a mixture of gases (to simulate the early atmosphere)Meteorite HypothesisEarly cell structureHypothesisSimulated in the lab, making a chimney structure with compartments that could have acted as the first cell membranes.Lipid Membrane Hypothesis RNA as EarlyGenetic MaterialRNA world HypothesisA cloud of gas and dust in space:An RNA molecule that can catalyze specific chemical reactions:Early Single-celled organisms Study GuideVocabulary: cyanobacteria, endosymbiosisWhat are two ways that early single-celled organisms changed Earth’s surface?What have scientists inferred from fossil stromatolites?Although prokaryotes existed as long as 3.5 billion years ago, arose about 1.5 billion years ago.Eukaryotes have a and membrane-bound organelles.Eukaryotes are , which means they need oxygen to survive.While the first eukaryotes were made of only one , later eukaryotes were made of many.Summarize the Theory of Endosymbiosis:Describe the role that cyanobacteria play in the theory of endosymbiosis.What is the main advantage of asexual reproduction?Sexual reproduction increases genetic variation in a population. Why might this be beneficial to the population?Bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis are called .The mutually beneficial relationship in which one organism lives within the body of another is called The term endosymbiosis can be broken down into parts. Endo- means “within”. What is another term you have heard that starts with endo-?The term cyanobacteria can be broken down into parts. Cyan- means “Greenish blue”, because cyanobacteria are often blue-green in color. Not too long ago, cyanobacteria were known as blue-green algae. Why do you think they were considered algae?Radiation of Multicellular LifeVocabulary: Paleozoic, Cambrian Explosion, Mesozoic, CenozoicFill in a Main Idea and Supporting Information Diagram describing the Paleozoic Era.Life moved onto land during the Paleozoic Era.Early plants moved onto land. Reptiles Radiated during the Mesozoic Era5.Mammals radiated during the Cenozoic Era6.7.8.Fill in each statement using Paleozoic, Cambrian Explosion, Mesozoic and Cenozoic. Each may be used more than once.Divided into the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous periods.Ended with a mass extinction with more than 90% of all marine life extinct.Earliest part of the Paleozoic era.Primates evolved during this era.Trilobites were abundant then.Rise of the first marsupial mammals.Divided into the Tertiary and Quaternary periods.Life moved onto land.Includes the Carboniferous period.Dinosaurs roamed the earth.Continues today.Primate EvolutionVocabulary: primate, prosimian, anthropoid, hominid, bipedalWhat are the two groups that most hominid species are classified into?What early hominid was known as “handy man”?What early hominid group may have existed alongside modern humans?What trends can be seen in tools from older to more recent fossil sites of Homo?What evidence supports the hypothesis that primate brains evolved faster than rodent brains in the past?Use the following terms to fill in the blanks. May be used more than once: Primate, Prosimian, Anthropoid, HominidWalks upright, has long lower limbs, opposable thumbs, and large brains.Oldest living primate group.Name means humanlike primate.Has flexible hands and feet, eyes that face forward, and large brains.Small primate that is active at night.Includes all species in human lineage, both modern and extinct.Examples include lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers.Divided into New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, and hominoids.Vocabulary PracticeRelative DatingRadiometric DatingIsotopeHalf-lifeIndex FossilGeologic Time ScaleEraPeriodEpochNebulaRibozymeCyanobacteriaEndosymbiosisPaleozoicCambrain ExplosionMesozoicCenozoicPrimateProsimianAnthropoidHominidBipedalWord Origins: Underline the greek and lantin word parts in each vocabulary term. Then construct a basic definition.Anthropo- = humanbi- = twoceno- = newcyan- = greenish blueendo- = insideHomo- = maniso- = equalmeso- = middlepaleo- = ancient-ped = footPro- = beforesimian- = apesym- = together-zoic = geologic eraIsotope – Cyanobacteria – Endosymbiosis – Paleozoic – Mesozoic – Cenozoic – Prosimian – Anthropoid – Hominid – Bipedal – Who am I?I am the amount of time it takes for half of an isotope in a sample to decay into a different element:I am made up of epochs and am the most commonly used unit of time on the geologic time scale:I am an RNA molecule that can catalyze specific chemical reactions:I am a fossil that is used to determine the age of other fossils or rock layers:I can be used to estimate when something lived based on comparing where it is found in a rock layer in relation to other rock layers:I am the smallest unit of geologic time and I last several million years:I am a member of a group of mammals that have flexible hands and feet and forward-looking eyes:I am a member of the oldest living primate group and am small with big eyes:I can estimate the actual age of a fossil or rock layer by using the decay rate of unstable isotopes in the smaple that is tested:I am made up of geologic periods and last tens to hundreds of millions of years:I am a member of a group of primates that includes monkeys and apes, and my name means “humanlike”:I am a member of a group of primates whose only living species is modern humans, Homo sapiens:I am a condensing cloud of gas and dust in space:Answer the questions to show your understanding of the vocabulary words.Which is an example of using relative dating, measuring the decay rate of isotopes or comparing the age of nearby rock layers?Which is an example of a ribozyme, a ribosome with the traits of an enzyme, or RNA with the traits of an enzyme?Which is a more likely place for cyanobacteria to live, within stromatolites in the ocean, or within particles in the air?Which event occurred during the Cambrian explosion, the origin of the solar system, or the diversity of many animal species?Does the theory of endosymbiosis describe the evolution of bacteria or of eukaryotic cells?Does Radiometric dating measure age using radio waves or isotopes of elements?Does a half-life refer to the time it takes for an unstable isotope to decay, or the time it takes for half of a population to go extinct?What is more likely to be an example of an index fossil, a trilobite found in a rock layer, or a woolly mammoth preserved in ice?Is a nebula the possible beginning of Earth’s formation, or a solid object from space that impacted early Earth?Is an era better represented by the Paleozoic, or by the Cambrian explosion?Is an epoch larger or smaller than an era? ................
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