Another view of Stalin
FOREWORD............................................................................................................................................................................. 5
INTRODUCTION: THE IMPORTANCE OF STALIN........................................................................................................ 6
STALIN IS OF VITAL IMPORTANCE IN THE FORMER SOCIALIST COUNTRIES................................................................................................ 9
STALIN IS AT THE CENTER OF POLITICAL DEBATES IN SOCIALIST COUNTRIES............................................................................................9
STALIN'S WORK IS OF CRUCIAL IMPORTANCE IN THE THIRD WORLD..................................................................................................... 9
STALIN'S WORK TAKES ON NEW MEANING GIVEN THE SITUATION CREATED SINCE CAPITALIST RESTORATION IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE
.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 11
IN COMMUNIST PARTIES AROUND THE WORLD, THE IDEOLOGICAL STRUGGLE AROUND THE STALIN QUESTION PRESENTS MANY COMMON
CHARACTERISTICS...................................................................................................................................................................... 11
THE YOUNG STALIN FORGES HIS ARMS..................................................................................................................... 13
STALIN'S ACTIVITIES IN 1900¡ª1917..........................................................................................................................................15
THE `SOCIALISTS' AND REVOLUTION............................................................................................................................................. 20
STALIN DURING THE CIVIL WAR..................................................................................................................................................22
LENIN'S `WILL'........................................................................................................................................................................ 25
BUILDING SOCIALISM IN ONE COUNTRY...................................................................................................................32
SOCIALIST INDUSTRIALIZATION.................................................................................................................................. 39
HEROISM AND ENTHUSIASM.........................................................................................................................................................40
CLASS WAR.............................................................................................................................................................................. 43
AN ECONOMIC MIRACLE............................................................................................................................................................. 46
COLLECTIVIZATION.......................................................................................................................................................... 48
FROM REBUILDING PRODUCTION TO SOCIAL CONFRONTATION.............................................................................................................48
Weakness of the party in the countryside.........................................................................................................................49
The character of the Russian peasant............................................................................................................................. 50
New class differentiation................................................................................................................................................. 51
Who controlled the market wheat?..................................................................................................................................52
Towards confrontation..................................................................................................................................................... 52
Bukharin's position..........................................................................................................................................................53
Betting on the kolkhoz .................................................................................................................................................... 54
... or betting on the individual peasant?..........................................................................................................................55
THE FIRST WAVE OF COLLECTIVIZATION......................................................................................................................................... 56
The kulak......................................................................................................................................................................... 56
The kolkhozy surpass the kulaks......................................................................................................................................57
A fiery mass movement.................................................................................................................................................... 58
The war against the kulak............................................................................................................................................... 59
The essential r?le of the most oppressed masses.............................................................................................................60
THE ORGANIZATIONAL LINE ON COLLECTIVIZATION.......................................................................................................................... 61
The Party apparatus in the countryside.......................................................................................................................... 61
Extraordinary organizational measures.......................................................................................................................... 62
The 25,000....................................................................................................................................................................... 63
The 25,000 against the bureaucracy............................................................................................................................... 64
The 25,000 against the kulaks......................................................................................................................................... 65
The 25,000 and the organization of agricultural production.......................................................................................... 65
THE POLITICAL DIRECTION OF COLLECTIVIZATION............................................................................................................................ 66
The November 1929 resolution........................................................................................................................................68
Reject Bukharin's opportunism........................................................................................................................................68
New difficulties, new tasks...............................................................................................................................................69
The January 5, 1930 resolution.......................................................................................................................................70
`DEKULAKIZATION'.................................................................................................................................................................... 71
Kulak rumors and indoctrination.................................................................................................................................... 72
What should be done with the kulaks?............................................................................................................................ 73
Struggle to the end...........................................................................................................................................................74
The resolution on dekulakization.....................................................................................................................................75
The kulak offensive picks up strength.............................................................................................................................. 76
Kautsky and the `kulak revolution'.................................................................................................................................. 77
`DIZZY WITH SUCCESS'............................................................................................................................................................... 78
Stalin corrects..................................................................................................................................................................79
Rectify and consolidate................................................................................................................................................... 80
Right opportunism rears its head.................................................................................................................................... 81
The anti-Communists attack............................................................................................................................................ 82
Retreats and advances..................................................................................................................................................... 83
Remarkable results.......................................................................................................................................................... 83
THE RISE OF SOCIALIST AGRICULTURE........................................................................................................................................... 85
The second wave of collectivization................................................................................................................................ 85
Economic and social creativity........................................................................................................................................86
Investments in the countryside........................................................................................................................................ 88
The breakthrough of socialist agriculture....................................................................................................................... 89
`Colossal support'............................................................................................................................................................90
THE COLLECTIVIZATION `GENOCIDE'..............................................................................................................................................92
COLLECTIVIZATION AND THE `UKRAINIAN HOLOCAUST'..................................................................................95
A BOOK FROM HITLER............................................................................................................................................................... 97
A BOOK FROM MCCARTHY.........................................................................................................................................................99
BETWEEN 1 AND 15 MILLION DEAD........................................................................................................................................... 99
TWO PROFESSORS TO THE RESCUE OF UKRAINIAN NAZIS............................................................................................................... 100
`SCIENTIFIC' CALCULATIONS...................................................................................................................................................... 101
B-MOVIES.............................................................................................................................................................................. 102
HARVEST OF SORROW: CONQUEST AND THE RECONVERSION OF UKRAINIAN NAZI COLLABORATORS..................................................... 103
CONQUEST'S FASCIST SOURCES...................................................................................................................................................107
THE CAUSES OF FAMINE IN THE UKRAINE.................................................................................................................................... 108
UKRAINE UNDER NAZI OCCUPATION............................................................................................................................................111
THE STRUGGLE AGAINST BUREAUCRACY.............................................................................................................. 112
ANTI-COMMUNISTS AGAINST `BUREAUCRACY'..............................................................................................................................112
BOLSHEVIKS AGAINST BUREAUCRATIZATION................................................................................................................................. 113
REINFORCE PUBLIC EDUCATION.................................................................................................................................................. 114
REGULARLY PURGE THE PARTY..................................................................................................................................................115
THE STRUGGLE FOR REVOLUTIONARY DEMOCRACY........................................................................................................................ 116
THE PARTY ELECTIONS IN 1937: A `REVOLUTION'........................................................................................................................117
THE GREAT PURGE........................................................................................................................................................... 118
HOW DID THE CLASS ENEMY PROBLEM POSE ITSELF?..................................................................................................................... 121
Boris Bazhanov..............................................................................................................................................................121
George Solomon............................................................................................................................................................ 122
Frunze............................................................................................................................................................................124
Alexander Zinoviev........................................................................................................................................................125
THE STRUGGLE AGAINST OPPORTUNISM IN THE PARTY................................................................................................................... 126
THE TRIALS AND STRUGGLE AGAINST REVISIONISM AND ENEMY INFILTRATION.................................................................................... 130
The trial of the Trotskyite-Zinovievist Centre................................................................................................................130
Trotsky and counter-revolution.................................................................................................................................................. 131
`Destroy the communist movement'......................................................................................................................................131
Capitalist restoration is impossible....................................................................................................................................... 133
In support of terror and insurrection..................................................................................................................................... 135
The Zinoviev--Kamenev--Smirnov counter-revolutionary group...............................................................................................136
The trial of Pyatakov and the Trotskyists...................................................................................................................... 137
Sabotage in the Urals................................................................................................................................................................. 138
Sabotage in Kazakhstan............................................................................................................................................................. 141
Pyatakov in Berlin..................................................................................................................................................................... 143
Sabotage in Magnitogorsk..........................................................................................................................................................144
The trial of the Bukharinist social-democratic group................................................................................................... 145
The February 1937 decision to purge.........................................................................................................................................145
The Riutin affair.........................................................................................................................................................................148
Bukharin's revisionism...............................................................................................................................................................149
Bukharin and the enemies of Bolshevism.................................................................................................................................. 150
Bukharin and the military conspiracy.........................................................................................................................................153
Bukharin and the question of the coup d'¨¦tat..............................................................................................................................154
Bukharin's confession................................................................................................................................................................ 156
From Bukharin to Gorbachev.....................................................................................................................................................164
The Tukhachevsky trial and the anti-Communist conspiracy within the army..............................................................165
Plot?...........................................................................................................................................................................................166
The militarist and Bonapartist tendency.....................................................................................................................................170
Vlasov........................................................................................................................................................................................171
Solzhenitsyn...............................................................................................................................................................................173
A clandestine anti-Communist organization in the Red Army....................................................................................................175
THE 1937--1938 PURGE........................................................................................................................................................ 183
THE RECTIFICATION..................................................................................................................................................................187
THE WESTERN BOURGEOISIE AND THE PURGE..............................................................................................................................191
TROTSKY'S R?LE ON THE EVE OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR........................................................................ 192
THE ENEMY IS THE NEW ARISTOCRACY, THE NEW BOLSHEVIK BOURGEOISIE...................................................................................... 193
BOLSHEVISM AND FASCISM........................................................................................................................................................195
DEFEATISM AND CAPITULATION IN FRONT OF NAZI GERMANY........................................................................................................ 196
TROTSKY AND THE TUKHACHEVSKY PLOT................................................................................................................................... 197
PROVOCATIONS IN THE SERVICE OF THE NAZIS............................................................................................................................. 199
TROTSKY ENCOURAGED TERRORISM AND ARMED INSURRECTION...................................................................................................... 201
STALIN AND THE ANTI-FASCIST WAR.........................................................................................................................203
THE GERMANO-SOVIET PACT................................................................................................................................................... 203
DID STALIN POORLY PREPARE THE ANTI-FASCIST WAR?.................................................................................................................. 209
THE DAY OF THE GERMAN ATTACK.............................................................................................................................................214
STALIN AND THE NAZI WAR OF ANNIHILATION.............................................................................................................................. 224
STALIN, HIS PERSONALITY AND HIS MILITARY CAPACITIES............................................................................................................... 229
Stalin, the `dictator'....................................................................................................................................................... 230
Stalin, the `hysteric'....................................................................................................................................................... 234
Stalin, of `mediocre intelligence'................................................................................................................................... 238
Stalin's military merits...................................................................................................................................................239
FROM STALIN TO KHRUSHCHEV.................................................................................................................................241
THE U.S. TAKES UP WHERE NAZI GERMANY LEFT OFF................................................................................................................. 243
Gehlen, the Nazi, and the CIA....................................................................................................................................... 243
The nuclear bomb against the Soviet Union................................................................................................................. 244
Anti-imperialist struggle and the struggle for peace.....................................................................................................246
Tito's revisionism and the United States........................................................................................................................249
STALIN AGAINST OPPORTUNISM.................................................................................................................................................. 256
Bourgeois tendencies in the thirties...............................................................................................................................256
Weaknesses in the struggle against opportunism.......................................................................................................... 259
Beria's and Khrushchev's revisionist groups.................................................................................................................260
Stalin against the future Khrushchevism....................................................................................................................... 263
KHRUSHCHEV'S COUP D'?TAT..................................................................................................................................................... 268
Beria's intrigues.............................................................................................................................................................268
Stalin's death................................................................................................................................................................. 270
Khrushchev's intrigues against Beria............................................................................................................................271
The `rehabilitated' enemies........................................................................................................................................... 272
Khrushchev and the pacific counter-revolution............................................................................................................ 273
REFERENCES...................................................................................................................................................................... 275
FOREWORD.............................................................................................................................................................................275
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................................................275
CHAPTER 1............................................................................................................................................................................ 275
CHAPTER 2............................................................................................................................................................................ 278
CHAPTER 3............................................................................................................................................................................ 279
CHAPTER 4............................................................................................................................................................................ 280
CHAPTER 5............................................................................................................................................................................ 288
CHAPTER 6............................................................................................................................................................................ 289
CHAPTER 7............................................................................................................................................................................ 290
CHAPTER 8............................................................................................................................................................................ 295
CHAPTER 9............................................................................................................................................................................ 296
CHAPTER 10.......................................................................................................................................................................... 298
Foreword
That a famous Soviet dissident, now living in `reunited' Germany, a man who in his youth
was so fanatically anti-Stalin that he planned a terrorist attack against him, who filled entire books with
vehement denunciation of Stalin's political line in every possible way, that such a man would, in his old
age, pay homage to Stalin is remarkable.
Many who consider themselves Communist have not shown such courage. It is very
difficult to raise one's feeble voice against the torrents of anti-Stalin propaganda.
Unfortunately many Communists do not feel at ease on this battlefield. Everything that
sworn enemies of Communism had claimed for thirty-five years was supposedly confirmed by
Khrushchev in 1956. Since then, angry, unanimous condemnations of Stalin have come from the Nazis
and the Trotskyists, from Kissinger and Brzezinski, from Khrushchev and Gorbachev, and many
others, each adding to the `proof'. To defend the historic r?le of Stalin and the Bolshevik Party becomes
unthinkable, even monstrous. And most people who firmly oppose the murderous anarchy of world
capitalism have become intimidated.
Today, for a man such as Zinoviev, seeing the destructive folly that has taken hold of the
ex-Soviet Union, with its trail of famine, unemployment, criminality, misery, corruption and interethnic wars, has led to the reassessment of prejudices firmly held since adolescence.
It is clear that, throughout the world, those who wish to defend the ideals of Socialism and
Communism must at least do the same. All Communist and revolutionary organizations across the
globe must re-examine the opinions and judgments that they have formed since 1956 about Comrade
Stalin's work. No one can deny the evidence: when Gorbachev succeeded in eradicating all of Stalin's
achievements, crowning thirty-five years of virulent denunciations of `Stalinism', Lenin himself
became persona non grata in the Soviet Union. With the burial of Stalinism, Leninism disappeared as
well.
Rediscovering the revolutionary truth about this pioneer period is a collective task that must
be borne by all Communists, around the world. This revolutionary truth will arise by questioning
sources, testimony and analyses. Clearly, the aid that might be offered by Soviet Marxist-Leninists,
sometimes the only ones with direct access to sources and to witnesses, will be vital. But today they
work under very difficult conditions.
Our analyses and reflections on this subject are published in this work, Another view of
Stalin. The view of Stalin that is imposed on us daily is that of the class that wants to maintain the
existing system of exploitation and oppression. Adopting another view of Stalin means looking at the
historic Stalin through the eyes of the oppressed class, through the eyes of the exploited and oppressed.
This book is not designed to be a biography of Stalin. It is intended to directly confront the
standard attacks made against Stalin: `Lenin's Will', forced collectivization, overbearing bureaucracy,
extermination of the Old Bolshevik guard, the Great Purge, forced industrialization, collusion between
Stalin and Hitler, his incompetency during World War II, etc. We have endeavored to deconstruct many
`well-known truths' about Stalin, those that are summarized --- over and over --- in a few lines in
newspapers, history books and interviews, and which have more or less become part of our
unconscious.
`But how is it possible', asked a friend, `to defend a man like Stalin?'
There was astonishment and indignation in this question, which reminded me of what an old
Communist worker once told me. He spoke to me of the year 1956, when Khrushchev read his famous
Secret Report. Powerful debates took place within the Communist Party. During one of these
confrontations, an elderly Communist woman, from a Jewish Communist family, who lost two children
during the war and whose family in Poland was exterminated, cried out:
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