Psychology: Essay Planner (AJW)



AO1 Features of study to be embedded into AO3 chains of reason (think! thorough and accurate)Create a chain focusing on….(think well developed and coherent, slow down and proof read!)Inject a “competing argument” (follow it through, grasp the significance!)Sample details: 48 boys and 48 girls from Stanford nursery school (mean age 52 months)Strengths of the methodology (think sandwich model, think links!) Strength; size of sample (generalisability)Weakness of the methodology: Weakness; not representative of older participants, Stanford=well educated/well-off familiesDesign: Matched pairs; IV: whether Pps saw real aggression, screen aggression with human character or screen aggression with cartoon cat character; DV: number of agg. acts (imitative and non-imitative)Strength; matched pairs enhances internal validity as avoids participant variables relating to individual differences in aggression levels. The matching was done by the experimenter and nursery schoolteacher on 4x5 point scales to establish inter-rater reliability (Pearson’s=0.80)Standardised procedure: Children were shown the potato prints/stickers; models shown the tinker toys. Model plays with tinker toys (1 min) then spends rest of time aggressing BoBo; highly choreographed (punches head, pommels with mallet, tosses doll about, kicks it) all done 3 times while saying set phrases (e.g. “sock him in the nose”, ”pow!”) Movie group: colour movie (10 mins) Pps see exact same behaviour (same actors, same moves) as group 1 except on screen. Cartoon condition, all same aggression except performed by female adult in cat costume(high pitched voice, fantasy land setting, music at start and end of cartoon, feline movements)Strength: Standardised procedure=reliability, replicabilityWeakness: Standardised procedure in lab setting detracts from ecological validity4614545-16573500Evaluate/Assess a theory/explanation: ATCHOO(BC) – GRAVEEvaluate Bandura (1963)-477520-3302000Collecting the data (DV): Children were first frustrated in lab 2 using the highly attractive toys that they were told were not for them. Then they came into the testing lab containing 3ft Bobo and some other toys that were more aggressive (mallet, dart guns) and some that were less aggressive (tea-set, crayons, bears, dolls etc) all toys in fixed position for each child. 20 mins, one way mirror, a priori coding observation schedule, 5 second intervals (point sampling) totalling 240 observations per child. Strength: Controlling confounding variables, e.g. differing levels of frustration when entering room 3; standardised in lab 2Strength: laying toys out exactly the same ; (replicable)Strength: one way mirror (covert observation)– validity, removes demand characteristicsStrength: A priori coding every 5 seconds, improves accuracy of the record, strengths of quan data, good inter-rater reliabilityWeakness: Ethics: deliberately making the children upset by not allowing them to oly and making them feel inferior.Weakness; ethics, children don’t know they are being observedWeakness; misses some behaviours due to pre-determined categories, however the observations schedule was pretty detailed, misses strengths of qual dataThe male model was scorer for all experimental Pps (40% were also scored by another researcher to assess inter-rater reliability.Conflicting evidence (think sandwich model, think links!)Weakness: the scorer knew which experimental group they were in –researcher bias Weakness of the evidence:BUT good reliability for his observations (90%)Results of the study re imitated aggression:The study shows that the amount of imitative aggression for the group exposed to screened violence was not significantly different to those exposed to real violence, e.g, filmed violence is modelled to same extent as real violenceReal life application (think sandwich model, think links!)Society neds to consider what is show on TV as it will be modelled, also thought he flip side is that pro-social behaviour modelled onscreen could lead to more prosocial behaviour, e.g. SABIDO TECHNIQuEWeakness of the application or another application that is not well explained:The study was with toddlers and so Sabido technique may not be as effective as the study suggests it ought to be, however this is not the case plenty of evidence to show Sabido does work.Balanced conclusion:Think, balanced and nuanced Highly scientific study with many strengths and the applications have been outstanding, link to recognition of Bandura with the medal for science. More qual research on people’s relationships with TV characters would be very interesting. Also video games etc.-3790956165215004441825645096500 ................
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