LHS Social Studies - Mr. Black - World History



The Industrial Revolution Begins

1. Compare and Contrast As you read, fill out a diagram like the one below. In the diagram, identify characteristics of how people lived before and after the Industrial Revolution.

2.

Sample response: Before: lived in simple cottages in small villages, used handmade tools, read by firelight and candlelight, made clothing by hand, grew own food, exchanged goods in weekly market, traveled by foot or cart; After: lived in growing towns and cities, bought clothing and food produced by someone else, traveled by train or steamship, used new machines

3. Analyze Interactions How did the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century lead to the Industrial Revolution?

Sample response: Scientific inquiry led to a spirit of invention. New inventions fueled the Industrial Revolution by providing the machines to more quickly and easily produce goods.

4. Draw Conclusions During the 1750s, before the Industrial Revolution, why did most people see little of the world?

Most people traveled by foot or by a horse-drawn cart; only a few braved the seas to travel further. This limited the distance people could travel to experience more of the world.

5. Vocabulary: Determine Meaning Reread the text under “A Rural Way of Life,” and notice the adjective rural. What does rural mean? Provide an antonym for the word rural along with three examples of a “rural way of life” before the Industrial Revolution.

Sample response: Rural means “relating to the country.” Examples of a “rural way of life” in the 1750s include living on a farm or in a small village, using candlelight, farming with handmade tools, growing food, making clothes at home, and going to nearby markets on weekends to exchange items. An antonym for rural is urban.

6. Evaluate Explanations Reread the first paragraph to answer the following. What was the first agricultural revolution? Why were the changes that took place in agriculture in the 1700s considered a “second” agricultural revolution?

The first agricultural revolution occurred when humans first learned to farm and domesticate animals. In the 1700s, people made changes that greatly improved the quantity and quality of farm products. These changes were significant enough to consider this era a “second agricultural revolution.”

7. Summarize Why did the population of villages shrink during the agricultural revolution?

Improvements in agriculture and enclosing farms meant that fewer workers were needed on farms. People who had been farmers left villages for cities in search of work.

8. Identify Supporting Details In what ways did a food surplus affect the population at the start of the Industrial Revolution?

A food surplus reduced incidents of famine, and people’s health and hygiene improved. In turn, the population rose, so that more people were available to run the new industrial machines.

9. Identify Cause and Effect How would steam engines improve industry?

Sample response: They provided the power needed to run machines; steam-powered machines were much faster than manually operated ones.

10. Draw Inferences Why was coal a vital power source? What effect might it have on employment?

Coal was needed to provide the energy to power the new machines, especially steam engines. As a result, coal mining became an important job that employed many people in order to supply enough coal to factories.

11. Draw Conclusions How did Britain’s overseas empire contribute to its role in starting the Industrial Revolution?

Because Britain had an empire overseas, it had trading partners and access to more raw materials. The additional trade provided the capital that was needed to develop new businesses.

12. Identify Cause and Effect What role did wealthy investors play in promoting the Industrial Revolution?

Sample response: Wealthy investors want to increase their money, so they invested money in new enterprises that needed capital to buy machines or raw materials.

13. Summarize Explain how the four factors of production are each needed in order to produce goods.

Sample response: Natural resources are needed as raw material for making new goods, and land provides space for factories and warehouses; labor is the number of people able to work, and enough laborers are needed to run the machines to manufacture large quantities of goods; capital is the investment money needed to purchase raw materials and pay salaries and other business expenses; and entrepreneurship is the risk-taking needed to start a new enterprise.

14. Analyze Sequence Why did the flying shuttle require the invention of the spinning jenny?

The flying shuttle allowed weavers to make cloth faster. The weavers demanded more thread so they could make more cloth. The spinning jenny was invented to meet that demand. The spinning jenny could spin several threads at once, helping to fulfill the demand for thread by the weavers.

15. Draw Inferences How did Eli Whitney help the

economy of the American South?

The cotton in the South had seeds and dirt that needed to be removed by hand, requiring significant labor. By inventing a machine to do the work of removing cotton seeds from the fiber, Whitney helped expand the South’s economy.

16. Draw Conclusions What was the relationship between the invention of the water frame and the location of the earliest sheds used for manufacturing? Why were early steam-powered factories built in locations that were different from those of the earliest sheds?

The water frame was a spinning machine that used the energy of water for power. The earliest sheds used in manufacturing were built near streams to tap into the waterpower. Later, steam engines replaced water-powered machines so factories did not need built by sources of water.

17. Analyze Sequence Review the text. Then describe the sequence of improvements in transportation, and explain how each improvement contributed to the Industrial Revolution.

Sample response: Turnpikes were paid for by tolls, which provided more capital to entrepreneurs; canals were built to connect waterways and help coal move easier; railroads replaced canals as the main means of transportation because they could be built on land.

18. Analyze Interactions Explain how iron production and railroading are interrelated.

Because both trains and tracks are made of iron, railroading is dependent on the production of iron.

19. Identify Supporting Details How did Britain try to maintain its lead as the first to industrialize?

The British government passed strict laws regulating the exportation of new inventions so that other countries would not be able to industrialize.

20. Draw Inferences After the new inventions of the textile industry reached the United States, what advantages did the United States have over Britain?

The United States had far more natural resources than Britain, including coal and iron; and the United States borrowed inventions rather than needing the time to create them and improve on them, so the United States was able to quickly industrialize.

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