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AP Biology Topic Video SummariesUnit 4: Cell Communication and Cell CycleSummaries were completed by CB Dahan using the CollegeBoard AP Topic VideosStandard:Video Summary:4.1 Cell Communication● cells use local regulators to communicate across short distances● Cells can release chemical signals with the ability to travel over long distances to target cells of other types● Structure of all locations of the cell membrane and cell wall lab sells to send chemical signals directly into adjacent cells4.2 Introduction to Signal?Transduction● A signal transduction pathway is the binding of signaling molecules to receptors located on the cell surface or inside the cell that trigger vents inside the cell, to invoke a response● Celsius signal transduction pathways to link signal reception with the cellular response (like growth, secretion, and Gene expression).● A signal transduction pathway begins when a receptor/ligand binds to an external receptor or an intracellular receptor● The role of protein modification in signal transduction pathway is to cause a conformational shape change due to the leg and binding. This change elicit in intracellular response, which causes a second messenger to be activated● Phosphorylation cascade is a signaling pathway where one ends in phosphorylate another, cause sing an amplification of the reaction, Leading to the phosphorylation of thousands of proteins4.3 Signal Transduction● The environment is not static organisms need to respond to changes in the environment. The ability to respond to stimuli is a characteristic of life and necessary for survival.● Signal transduction pathways are used to influence cellular responses when the environment changes. Transduction pathways can regulate gene expression in response to changes in the environment or lead to apoptosis4.4 Changes in Signal Transduction Pathways● mutation that alters the legging/receptor specifically can lead to incompatibility, which can alter the signal transduction pathway. The receptor will not undergo proper conformational shape change, resulting in an in active internal pathway.● Chemicals can activate a signal transduction pathway, which can lead to amplification of the pathway● Chemicals in a signal transduction pathway which can lead the pathway not occurring4.5 Feedback● Feedback mechanisms are processes used to maintain homeostasis by increasing or decreasing a cellular response to an event● Negative feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis particular condition by regulating physiological processes● Positive feedback mechanisms amplify responses and processes and biological organisms4.6 Cell Cycle● The role of interphase is to allow nearly divided sales opportunity to grow, maintain a muscle function, and prepare for division● During interphase cell grows, replicate DNA, and prepare for division● Mitosis plays a role in growth, tissue repair, and asexual reproduction● During my ptosis genetic information is transferred● Is equal distribution of cytoplasm to daughter cells● DNA becomes visible and the nuclear envelope disappears during prophase● Chromosomes are aligned across the center of the cell● Double chromosomes are separated into single chromosomes and single chromosomes mind reading opposite sides of the cell● DNA uncoils in the nuclear envelope reappear. Two nuclei form and each nucleus contains a complete genome● Cytokinesis begins at the end of mitosis and separates the cell into two daughter cells4.7 Regulation of Cell Cycle● Checkpoints are regulatory events in the cell● Checkpoint help determine whether the seller is ready to progress through the cell cycle● Proteins are used to activate or inhibit cell cycle activities● Apoptosis and/or cancer can occur when the cells disrupted ................
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