AP Biology – Unit 2: Origins of Life, Prokaryotic Cells ...
AP Biology
Unit 3 – Origin of Life and Cell Structures & Functions
Test Review Sheet
Test Format:
This test will include 25 multiple choice questions and an open response question.
Key Terms:
Chapter 26 – Evolution of Life on Earth
❑ abiotic
❑ organic monomers
❑ ribozyme
❑ RNA world
❑ primordial soup
❑ oxygen gas in atmosphere
❑ cyanobacteria
❑ endosymbiosis hypothesis
(see Fig. 26.13 (p. 524))
Chapter 27 – Prokaryotes
❑ peptidoglycan
❑ pili
❑ nucleoid region
❑ plasmid
❑ flagellum
❑ taxis (positive/negative; chemo-)
❑ horizontal gene transfer
❑ conjugation
❑ transduction
❑ transformation
❑ symbiosis
❑ endosymbiosis
❑ mutualism
❑ parasitism
❑ commensalism
❑ nucleoid region
❑ capsule
❑ endospore
❑ cyanobacteria
❑ photoautotroph
❑ chemoautotroph
❑ heterotroph
❑ obligate aerobe
❑ facultative anaerobe
❑ obligate anaerobe
Chapter 6 – Cell Structure and Function
❑ eukaryote
❑ prokaryote
❑ cell membrane
❑ nucleus
❑ nuclear envelope
❑ nuclear pore
❑ nucleolus
❑ chromatin
❑ ribosome
❑ smooth ER
❑ rough ER
❑ Golgi apparatus
❑ vesicles
❑ vacuole
❑ lysosome
❑ peroxisome
❑ mitochondrion
❑ chloroplast
❑ cell wall
❑ central vacuole
❑ cytoskeleton
❑ cilia
❑ flagella
❑ plasmodesmata
❑ gap junctions
❑ endosymbiosis hypothesis
Key Concepts:_____________________________________________________________
❑ Changes to earth’s atmosphere over time, and the causes and effects of these changes.
❑ Key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
❑ Key differences between plant, animal, and fungal cells.
❑ Structural adaptations that have helped prokaryotes become widespread on earth.
❑ How prokaryotes impact the environment and other organisms.
❑ How structure relates to function in eukaryotic organelles.
❑ How the endomembrane system (ER, Golgi, vesicles, etc.) produces, processes, and secretes proteins.
❑ Evidence for the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Some Vocabulary Review:
Fill in the blanks with the vocabulary word that best matches the definition.
1. The organelle responsible for carrying out cellular respiration _______________________
2. A structure that may propel the movement of a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell _______________________________
3. A close living relationship between organisms of two species in which both organisms benefit _____________________________
4. An organelle that specializes in making and breaking down hydrogen peroxide ___________________________________
5. This structure allows passage of materials between adjacent animal cells without crossing a membrane _______________________________
6. A small loop of DNA that exists apart from the chromosome in prokaryotic cells _____________________________
7. The specific site where ribosomes are assembled _____________________________
8. Small hair-like projections on prokaryotic cells that enable adhesion to surfaces, and may be specialized for exchange of genetic material _________________________
9. The process in which genetic material is directly transferred from one bacterial cell to another ______________________________
10. The process in which bacteria take up foreign DNA from the environment __________________
11. Composed of rods of protein such as actin or myosin; aides in cell shape, support, and movement ________________________________
12. The “stomach” of a eukaryotic cell which hydrolyzes food and dead organelles _________________________
13. Allows the direct passage of water and nutrients between adjacent plant cells ____________________________________
14. An RNA molecule that acts as a catalyst in its own replication _________________________
|Review Questions |Your answer and notes |
|During the period when life is believed to have begun, the atmosphere on primitive Earth contained abundant amounts | |
|of all the following gases EXCEPT | |
|Oxygen | |
|Hydrogen | |
|Ammonia | |
|Methane | |
|Water | |
|Which of the following best supports the statement that mitochondria are descendants of endosymbiotic bacteria-like | |
|cells? | |
|Mitochondria and bacteria possess similar ribosomes and DNA. | |
|Mitochondria and bacteria posses similar nuclei. | |
|Glycolysis occurs in both mitochondria and bacteria. | |
|Both mitochondria and bacteria have microtubules. | |
|Neither mitochondria nor bacteria possess chloroplasts. | |
|Which of these statements about prokaryotes is correct? | |
|Bacterial cells conjugate to mutually exchange genetic material | |
|Their genetic material is confined within a nuclear envelope. | |
|They divide by binary fission, without mitosis or meiosis. | |
|The persistence of bacteria throughout evolutionary time is due to their genetic homogeneity (i.e., sameness) | |
|Genetic variation in bacteria is not known to occur, nor should it occur, because of their asexual mode of | |
|reproduction. | |
|Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share? | |
|Composition of the cell wall | |
|Presence of a plasma membrane | |
|Lack of a nuclear envelope | |
|Identical rRNA sequences | |
| | |
|1 only | |
|3 only | |
|1 and 3 | |
|2 and 3 | |
|2 and 4 | |
|Which of the following characteristics distinguishes prokaryotic organisms from eukaryotic organisms? | |
|Prokaryotes are unicellular, while eukaryotes are multicellular. | |
|Prokaryotes are aquatic, while eukaryotes are terrestrial | |
|Prokaryotes are structurally less complex than eukaryotes. | |
|Prokaryotes require a host to replicate, while eukaryotes do not. | |
|Prokaryotes lack a cell membrane, while eukaryotes do not. | |
|Which of the following could be best observed by using a compound light microscope? | |
|A eukaryotic cell | |
|A virus | |
|A DNA sequence | |
|The inner structure of a mitochondrion | |
|A nuclear pore | |
|Which of the following cells would most likely have the greatest concentration of densely packed rough endoplasmic | |
|reticulum? | |
|An amoeba engulfing small ciliates | |
|A bioluminescent bacterial cell | |
|A pancreatic cell engaged in the production of digestive enzymes | |
|A functional phloem cell at maturity | |
|An epithelial cell whose DNA is replicating before mitosis | |
|Cells of the pancreas will incorporate radioactively labeled amino acids into proteins. This “tagging” of newly | |
|synthesized proteins enables a researcher to track their location. In this case, we are tracking an enzyme secreted | |
|by pancreas cells. What is its most likely pathway? | |
|ER ( Golgi ( nucleus | |
|Golgi ( ER ( lysosome | |
|Nucleus ( ER ( Golgi | |
|ER ( Golgi ( vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane | |
|ER ( lysosomes ( vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane | |
|Which structure-function pair is mismatched? | |
|Nucleolus: production of ribosomal subunits | |
|Lysosome: intracellular digestion | |
|Ribosome: protein synthesis | |
|Golgi: protein trafficking | |
|Cell wall: regulate traffic in and out of the cell | |
|Which of the following organelles modifies and packages for secretion the materials produced by the ribosomes? | |
|The chloroplast | |
|The Golgi apparatus | |
|The nucleus | |
|The nucleolus | |
|The mitochondrion | |
|A student using a light microscope observes a cell and correctly decides that it is a plant cell because | |
|ribosomes are visible | |
|an endoplasmic reticulum can be seen | |
|it lacks a plasma membrane | |
|it has a large central vacuole | |
|centrioles are present | |
|Membranes are components of all of the following EXCEPT a | |
|microtubule | |
|nucleus | |
|Golgi apparatus | |
|mitochondrion | |
|lysosome | |
|Prokaryotes and eukaryotes share both similarities and differences in the organization of their genetic material. | |
|One difference is that | |
|Eukaryotes organize their DNA in chromosomes, while prokaryotes have plasmids instead of chromosomes. | |
|Eukaryotes have linear chromosomes, while prokaryotes have one circular chromosome. | |
|Eukaryotic DNA is double-stranded, while prokaryotic DNA is single-stranded. | |
|Eukaryotes have DNA and RNA, while prokaryotes have DNA only. | |
|Eukaryotic DNA forms a double helix, while prokaryotic DNA forms a pleated sheet. | |
| | |
|Many pathogenic (infection-causing) bacteria are able to stick to things (walls, desks, mucus membranes) far better | |
|than other, non-pathogenic bacterial strains. This adhesive ability in the pathogenic bacteria is most likely due to| |
|the presence of | |
|one or more flagella | |
|a plasma membrane | |
|a capsule | |
|multiple mitochondria | |
|a peptidoglycan-based cell wall | |
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