AP Biology – Unit 2: Origins of Life, Prokaryotic Cells ...



AP Biology

Unit 3 – Origin of Life and Cell Structures & Functions

Test Review Sheet

Test Format:

This test will include 25 multiple choice questions and an open response question.

Key Terms:

Chapter 26 – Evolution of Life on Earth

❑ abiotic

❑ organic monomers

❑ ribozyme

❑ RNA world

❑ primordial soup

❑ oxygen gas in atmosphere

❑ cyanobacteria

❑ endosymbiosis hypothesis

(see Fig. 26.13 (p. 524))

Chapter 27 – Prokaryotes

❑ peptidoglycan

❑ pili

❑ nucleoid region

❑ plasmid

❑ flagellum

❑ taxis (positive/negative; chemo-)

❑ horizontal gene transfer

❑ conjugation

❑ transduction

❑ transformation

❑ symbiosis

❑ endosymbiosis

❑ mutualism

❑ parasitism

❑ commensalism

❑ nucleoid region

❑ capsule

❑ endospore

❑ cyanobacteria

❑ photoautotroph

❑ chemoautotroph

❑ heterotroph

❑ obligate aerobe

❑ facultative anaerobe

❑ obligate anaerobe

Chapter 6 – Cell Structure and Function

❑ eukaryote

❑ prokaryote

❑ cell membrane

❑ nucleus

❑ nuclear envelope

❑ nuclear pore

❑ nucleolus

❑ chromatin

❑ ribosome

❑ smooth ER

❑ rough ER

❑ Golgi apparatus

❑ vesicles

❑ vacuole

❑ lysosome

❑ peroxisome

❑ mitochondrion

❑ chloroplast

❑ cell wall

❑ central vacuole

❑ cytoskeleton

❑ cilia

❑ flagella

❑ plasmodesmata

❑ gap junctions

❑ endosymbiosis hypothesis

Key Concepts:_____________________________________________________________

❑ Changes to earth’s atmosphere over time, and the causes and effects of these changes.

❑ Key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

❑ Key differences between plant, animal, and fungal cells.

❑ Structural adaptations that have helped prokaryotes become widespread on earth.

❑ How prokaryotes impact the environment and other organisms.

❑ How structure relates to function in eukaryotic organelles.

❑ How the endomembrane system (ER, Golgi, vesicles, etc.) produces, processes, and secretes proteins.

❑ Evidence for the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Some Vocabulary Review:

Fill in the blanks with the vocabulary word that best matches the definition.

1. The organelle responsible for carrying out cellular respiration _______________________

2. A structure that may propel the movement of a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell _______________________________

3. A close living relationship between organisms of two species in which both organisms benefit _____________________________

4. An organelle that specializes in making and breaking down hydrogen peroxide ___________________________________

5. This structure allows passage of materials between adjacent animal cells without crossing a membrane _______________________________

6. A small loop of DNA that exists apart from the chromosome in prokaryotic cells _____________________________

7. The specific site where ribosomes are assembled _____________________________

8. Small hair-like projections on prokaryotic cells that enable adhesion to surfaces, and may be specialized for exchange of genetic material _________________________

9. The process in which genetic material is directly transferred from one bacterial cell to another ______________________________

10. The process in which bacteria take up foreign DNA from the environment __________________

11. Composed of rods of protein such as actin or myosin; aides in cell shape, support, and movement ________________________________

12. The “stomach” of a eukaryotic cell which hydrolyzes food and dead organelles _________________________

13. Allows the direct passage of water and nutrients between adjacent plant cells ____________________________________

14. An RNA molecule that acts as a catalyst in its own replication _________________________

|Review Questions |Your answer and notes |

|During the period when life is believed to have begun, the atmosphere on primitive Earth contained abundant amounts | |

|of all the following gases EXCEPT | |

|Oxygen | |

|Hydrogen | |

|Ammonia | |

|Methane | |

|Water | |

|Which of the following best supports the statement that mitochondria are descendants of endosymbiotic bacteria-like | |

|cells? | |

|Mitochondria and bacteria possess similar ribosomes and DNA. | |

|Mitochondria and bacteria posses similar nuclei. | |

|Glycolysis occurs in both mitochondria and bacteria. | |

|Both mitochondria and bacteria have microtubules. | |

|Neither mitochondria nor bacteria possess chloroplasts. | |

|Which of these statements about prokaryotes is correct? | |

|Bacterial cells conjugate to mutually exchange genetic material | |

|Their genetic material is confined within a nuclear envelope. | |

|They divide by binary fission, without mitosis or meiosis. | |

|The persistence of bacteria throughout evolutionary time is due to their genetic homogeneity (i.e., sameness) | |

|Genetic variation in bacteria is not known to occur, nor should it occur, because of their asexual mode of | |

|reproduction. | |

|Which of the following traits do archaeans and bacteria share? | |

|Composition of the cell wall | |

|Presence of a plasma membrane | |

|Lack of a nuclear envelope | |

|Identical rRNA sequences | |

| | |

|1 only | |

|3 only | |

|1 and 3 | |

|2 and 3 | |

|2 and 4 | |

|Which of the following characteristics distinguishes prokaryotic organisms from eukaryotic organisms? | |

|Prokaryotes are unicellular, while eukaryotes are multicellular. | |

|Prokaryotes are aquatic, while eukaryotes are terrestrial | |

|Prokaryotes are structurally less complex than eukaryotes. | |

|Prokaryotes require a host to replicate, while eukaryotes do not. | |

|Prokaryotes lack a cell membrane, while eukaryotes do not. | |

|Which of the following could be best observed by using a compound light microscope? | |

|A eukaryotic cell | |

|A virus | |

|A DNA sequence | |

|The inner structure of a mitochondrion | |

|A nuclear pore | |

|Which of the following cells would most likely have the greatest concentration of densely packed rough endoplasmic | |

|reticulum? | |

|An amoeba engulfing small ciliates | |

|A bioluminescent bacterial cell | |

|A pancreatic cell engaged in the production of digestive enzymes | |

|A functional phloem cell at maturity | |

|An epithelial cell whose DNA is replicating before mitosis | |

|Cells of the pancreas will incorporate radioactively labeled amino acids into proteins. This “tagging” of newly | |

|synthesized proteins enables a researcher to track their location. In this case, we are tracking an enzyme secreted | |

|by pancreas cells. What is its most likely pathway? | |

|ER ( Golgi ( nucleus | |

|Golgi ( ER ( lysosome | |

|Nucleus ( ER ( Golgi | |

|ER ( Golgi ( vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane | |

|ER ( lysosomes ( vesicles that fuse with plasma membrane | |

|Which structure-function pair is mismatched? | |

|Nucleolus: production of ribosomal subunits | |

|Lysosome: intracellular digestion | |

|Ribosome: protein synthesis | |

|Golgi: protein trafficking | |

|Cell wall: regulate traffic in and out of the cell | |

|Which of the following organelles modifies and packages for secretion the materials produced by the ribosomes? | |

|The chloroplast | |

|The Golgi apparatus | |

|The nucleus | |

|The nucleolus | |

|The mitochondrion | |

|A student using a light microscope observes a cell and correctly decides that it is a plant cell because | |

|ribosomes are visible | |

|an endoplasmic reticulum can be seen | |

|it lacks a plasma membrane | |

|it has a large central vacuole | |

|centrioles are present | |

|Membranes are components of all of the following EXCEPT a | |

|microtubule | |

|nucleus | |

|Golgi apparatus | |

|mitochondrion | |

|lysosome | |

|Prokaryotes and eukaryotes share both similarities and differences in the organization of their genetic material. | |

|One difference is that | |

|Eukaryotes organize their DNA in chromosomes, while prokaryotes have plasmids instead of chromosomes. | |

|Eukaryotes have linear chromosomes, while prokaryotes have one circular chromosome. | |

|Eukaryotic DNA is double-stranded, while prokaryotic DNA is single-stranded. | |

|Eukaryotes have DNA and RNA, while prokaryotes have DNA only. | |

|Eukaryotic DNA forms a double helix, while prokaryotic DNA forms a pleated sheet. | |

| | |

|Many pathogenic (infection-causing) bacteria are able to stick to things (walls, desks, mucus membranes) far better | |

|than other, non-pathogenic bacterial strains. This adhesive ability in the pathogenic bacteria is most likely due to| |

|the presence of | |

|one or more flagella | |

|a plasma membrane | |

|a capsule | |

|multiple mitochondria | |

|a peptidoglycan-based cell wall | |

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