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AP Biology: Cells and Membrane Review IIChapter 4: Cells1. Why are cells small?2. What happens to the surface area to volume ratio of a sphere or cube if the shape increases in size?3. Distinguish between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells – size and structures.4. What are ribosomes made of? What is the function of a ribosome?5. Trace the pathway of a protein that is going to be released from the cell in which it is produced.6. What is the function of the nucleus? Lysosome? Smooth and Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum? Golgi apparatus?7. Describe the structure of the above organelles.8. What is the function of the mitochondria and chloroplast? Describe the structure of these organelles – what makes them different from the organelles of the endomembrane system?9. What are the general functions of the cytoskeleton?10. What are the components of the cytoskeleton?11. Describe the structure of microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate fibers. What is the main function of each fiber?Chapter 5: Membranes1. What are membranes made of?2. Describe the arrangement of the molecules that make up the phospholipid bilayer.3. What is the function of cholesterol in the cell membrane?4. How do plants maintain membrane fluidity when temperatures decrease?5. How do proteins stay embedded in the cell membrane – relate to the characteristics of R groups and the hydrophobic and hydrophilic region of the membrane.6. What types of molecules can easily diffuse through the cell membrane? Why does water have difficulty passing through a cell membrane?7. What factors can influence the rate of diffusion? What is a concentration gradient?8. Know the terms, hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic.9. What happens to a cell if it is placed in a hypotonic solution? A hypertonic solution?10. What is the difference between active and passive transport?11. Describe the sodium / potassium pump.12. What is phagocytosis?13. What is the difference between endocytosis and receptor mediated endocytosis?AP Biology: Cells and Membranes Possible FRQ questions:1. In eukaryotic cells, ribosomes are found both free in the cytosol and attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Proteins are produced on the attached ribosomes are delivered to the ER, while the proteins produced on free ribosomes are delivered to the cytosol. Briefly explain in one or two sentences the two processes in terms of the following:ONE ultimate destination of a protein produced on an attached ribosome, and ONE general function of the protein. (You do not need to identify the specific protein.)One ultimate destination of a protein produced on a free ribosome, and ONE general function of the protein. (You do not need to identify the specific protein.)2. The following data were collected by observing subcellular structures of three different types of eukaryotic cells.Relative Amounts of Organelles on Three Cell TypesCell TypeSmooth ERRough ERMitochondriaCiliaGolgi BodiesXSmall amountSmall amountLarge numberPresentSmall amountYLarge amountLarge amountModerate numberAbsentLarge amountZAbsentAbsentAbsentAbsentAbsentBased on an analysis of the data, identify a likely primary function of each cell type and explain how the data support the identification.3. Plants lose water from their aboveground surfaces in the process of transpiration. Most of the water is lost from stomata, microscopic openings in the leaves. Excess water loss can have a negative effect on the growth, development and reproduction of the plant. Severe water loss can be fatal. Environmental factors have a major impact on the rate of plant transpiration.Transpiration Rate versus TemperatureTemperature (oC)20232728Transpiration Rate (mmol/m2/sec)1.5354.5a. Using the data above and the axes provided, draw a graph showing the effect of temperature change on the rate of transpiration. Explain the shape of the curve from 23 degrees to 28 degrees.b. Humidity is another environmental factor that affects transpiration rate. Using the axes provided, draw a curve that illustrates what you predict would be the rate of transpiration with increasing humidity and constant temperature. Justify the shape of the curve based on your prediction.c. The curve below illustrates the rate of transpiration related to the percent of open stomata on the leaf of a particular plant. Explain why the curve levels off with increasing percentage of open stomata per area of the leaf.d. The data below show the density of stomata on the leaf surfaces if three different species of plants. Describe the environments in which each plant most likely evolved. Justify your descriptions.PlantStomata Density(# of stomata / mm2)In Upper EpidermisIn Lower EpidermisAnacharis00Water Lily4200Black Walnut Tree0465*2 blank areas of graph paper will be provided on the exam4. Glucose and sodium move from the lumen (hollow space) of the small intestine into the blood via transport proteins in the epithelial cells lining the small intestine (Figure 1). Based in Figure 1, describe the direct source of energy used to move glucose into the epithelial cell from the intestinal lumen. Explain how this system maximizes glucose absorption from the intestinal lumen into the epithelial cells and from the epithelial cells into the blood.43338753204845Blood:High Na+Low glucoseBlood:High Na+Low glucose27241503319145Epithelial Layer:Low Na+High Glucose0Epithelial Layer:Low Na+High Glucose8096253204845Intestinal Lumen:High Na+Medium glucose00Intestinal Lumen:High Na+Medium glucose ................
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