Activity#2 - Alvin Independent School District



NOTESPROTEIN SYNTHESISGENETIC CODEPROTEIN SYNTHESIS – OVERVIEWPROTEIN SYNTHESIS – TRANSCRIPTIONPROTEIN SYNTHESIS – TRANSLATIONInitiationElongationTerminationHOMEWORK NAME:_____________________________Complete the following chart comparing DNA and RNA.5-carbon sugarBases PresentDNARNAComplete the following chart comparing transcription and translationTranscriptionTranslationWhat molecules& cell organelles are involvedWhere does the process occur within the cellProductDefinitionDefine codon. The genetic code is redundant but not ambiguous. Explain what this statement means.Use Figure 17.5 page 330 to help you complete the following chart.DNA SequencemRNA CodontRNA AnticodonAmino AcidAAAGTCGGAMethionine or "Start"GATGUGDefine "reading frame" and explain why it is important in translation.DefinitionImportanceMatch the role or job with the correct structure.Initiation sequenceB. PromoterC. RNA polymeraseD. TATA boxE. Termination sequenceF. Transcription factors Adds RNA nucleotides to exposed DNA bases Help RNA polymerase recognize and bind to promoter region Beginning of a gene Region of DNA where RNA polymerase binds and transcription begins End of a gene Short sequence in promoter where transcription factor bindsListed below are the steps in transcription. Put them in the correct order. RNA molecule released RNA polymerase untwists and opens a short segment of DNA RNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the elongating strand of RNA RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of the gene RNA polymerase reaches the termination site; transcription stopsComplete the following chart comparing mRNA and tRNAtRNAmRNAWhat is the function of this molecule?Where and how is this molecule produced?Describe the structure of this molecule.There are 64 codons in the genetic code and there are only 45 distinct types of tRNA. These 45 types of tRNA are enough to translate all 64 codons. Explain how this is possible.Describe the phenomenon known as plete the following information regarding ribosomes.RIBOSOMESStructureCompositionBinding SitesFunctionWhat is the function of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases?List below are the steps involved in the attachment of the amino acid to its tRNA. Put them in the correct order. ATP loses phosphates AMP attaches to amino acid Enzyme active site binds to amino acid and ATP tRNA displaces AMP and binds to amino acidThe attachment of an amino acid to its tRNA molecule is an endergonic reaction. What is the source of energy that drives this reaction?What is the role/job/function of the following during translation?Structure/MoleculeRole/Job/FunctionPeptidyl transferaseRelease factorElongation and translocation require energy. What is the source of this energy?What determines the primary structure of a protein?Describe how a polypeptide can be modified before it becomes fully functional.Identify the following as true of bound or free ribosomes. attached to outside of endoplasmic reticulum unattached, floating in cytosol generally make proteins destined for membrane inclusion or export generally make proteins for use within the cellHow are bound and free ribosomes similar?What determines whether a ribosome will be free or bound? _____________________________________________________________________________Identify each of the following as true of prokaryotes or eukaryotes. lack nuclei cell compartmentalized transcription & translation segregated transcription not segregated from translation translation may begin before transcription is completed mRNA processed (modified) before translationHow are the ends of the mRNA modified during mRNA processing?In general, what happens in RNA splicing?Match the description or function with the correct structure or termBase-pair deletionB. Base-pair insertionC. Base-pair substitutionD. ExonsE. Heterogenous nuclear RNAF. IntronsG. MutagensH. MutagenesisI.MutationsJ. RibozymesK. SnRNPsL. Spliceosome Precursor mRNA; original transcript Coding sequences in mRNA Noncoding sequences in mRNA Small nuclear ribonucleoproteins; participate in RNA splicing; complexes of proteins and small nuclear RNA Catalyzes RNA splicing; composed of pre-mRNA, SnRNPs, and proteins RNA molecules that act as enzymes Permanent changes in DNA Process that creates mutations Agents that causes mutations Type of mutation that involves the replacement of one base for another Type of mutation that involves the insertion of one or more nucleotide pairs Type of mutation that involves the removal or one or more nucleotide pairs Frameshift mutationsA base-pair substitution can result in little or no change if it involves the 3rd base in a codon. Why?Frameshift mutations can result in significant changes to the amino acid sequence in a polypeptide. Why? ................
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