Schurz High School



AP Biology - EVOLUTION Unit Review- 2013 - 2014Read Chapters 22 – 25 and review these chapters on your CD. We will NOT be doing chapter 25 in class. The following is NOT a comprehensive list but should guide you in the right direction. Please review the following questions (with answers) along with the notes I gave you. Keep this review sheet until the end of the year so you can use this as a study guide for the AP test!1. Darwin’s Principle of Natural Selectiona. Variation- individuals within a population possess heritable variation within traits- sexual recombination- mutationb. Overproduction- organisms produce more offspring than can survivec. Competition- those individuals with advantageous adaptations will out-compete othersd. Survival & Reproduction -individuals with favorable characteristics tend to have more offspring & pass on these traits to their offspring- alleles for favorable traits increase in the population- individuals are selected, but populations evolvee. Darwin vs LaMarckf. Descent with modification2. Selectiona. directional vs. stabilizing vs. disruptive- be able to read and understand the graphs!- p. 481b. sexual selectionc. genetic drift = effect of chance events- Bottleneck effect (cheetahs)Adaptation Founder’s effect (European settlers in Americas)d. gene flowe. Hardy-Weinberg- 5 conditions/why is it important?/Problems3. Evidencea. biogeography- convergent evolution (analogous structures- p. 465)b. comparative anatomy/Fossilshomologous structures p. 463vestigial structuresc. comparative embryologyd) Molecular Genetics4. Speciationa. biological species concept - population able to interbreed & produce viable, fertile offspringb. allopatric- geographically isolated populationsc. sympatric- populations in same environment adapt to fill different niches- adaptive radiation (Galapagos finches)- mechanisms:pre-zygotic: habitat factors, temporal factors, behavioral factors, mechanical factor, gamete factors - post-zygotic: reduced hybrid viability, reduced hybrid fertilityd. rate of speciation- gradualism (Darwin)- punctuated equilibrium 5. Labs1. Hardy-Weinberg Population Genetics Lab –Parts 8a – e (see Lab Bench website for overview- )Be sure to review the procedures and the conclusions, and understand:a. Factors that affect evolution (changes in allele frequency) in populationsb. How & when to use both H-W formulasc. Compare expected frequencies to actual to test for evolution Sample Multiple Choice Questions (answers at the end)1. The differences in cricket calls among sympatric species of crickets are examples ofa. habitat isolation d. behavioral isolationb. temporal isolation e. geographic isolationc. physiological isolationQuestions 2–3 Use the following information to answer the questions below. A large population of laboratory animals has been allowed to breed randomly for a number of generations. After several generations, 49 percent of the animals display a recessive trait (aa), the same percentage as at the beginning of the breeding program. The rest of the animals show the dominant phenotype, with heterozygotes indistinguishable from the homozygous dominants. What is the estimated frequency of the recessive allele in the gene pool? 0.51 0.49 0.70 0.30 0.07What proportion of the population is probably heterozygous for this trait? 0.07 0.42 0.51 0.09 0.21 The genotype frequencies for the black hair locus are 25% homozygous dominant (BB), 71% heterozygous (Bb), and 4% homozygous recessive (bb). This information shows thatthe dominant phenotype is less fitthere may be a heterozygote advantagethe recessive allele will disappear in a few generationsthe population is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibriumindividuals with the homozygous dominant genotype produce more offspring5. Which of the following principles is NOT part of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection? a. Evolution is a gradual process that occurs over long periods of time.b. Variation occurs among individuals in a population.c. Mutations are the ultimate source of genetic variationd. More individuals are born than will survivee. Individuals that possess the most favorable variations have the best chance of reproducing.6. For some traits (such as birth weight in mammals), natural selection favors individuals that are average and the extremes are selected against. This is known as-diversifying selectiondirectional selectionadaptive radiationdisruptive selectionstabilizing selection7. In a small group of people living in a remote area, there is a high incidence of “blue skin”, a condition that results from a variation in the structure of hemoglobin. All of the “blue-skinned” residents can trace their ancestry to one couple, who were among the original settlers of this region. The unusually high frequency of “blue skin” in the area is an example ofA.. mutation D. sexual selectionB . genetic drift E. heterozygote advantageC. natural selection8. If a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, thenit is evolving to adapt to environmental changesthe frequency of alleles is changing with each generationmutations, immigration, and selective mating are changing allele frequenciesit is not evolving and allele frequencies remain the same with each generationhomozygous recessive individuals are less fitAnswers-1- D2- C3- G4- L5- C6- T7- B8- DMore Evolution Review Questions- 2013– 2014Make sure you’re familiar with the following types of questions. Answers are on p. 4.The process in which a population moves into a relatively unexploited environment and then undergoes rapid evolutionary divergence to produce many separate species is called- (1.) adaptive radiation (2.) convergence (3.) disruptive evolution (4.) punctuated equilibriumMatch #2 – 5 with the appropriate choices-(a.) sympatric speciation d) geographical isolation(b.) allopatric speciation e) genetic drift(c.) reproductive isolation2. Two plant species can often hybridize. The hybrid progeny may become self-fertile through polyploidy, giving rise to a distinct new species. 3. By chance an allele may be eliminated from a population's gene pool. 4. Two large populations once exchanged genes via sexual reproduction. Now if they hybridize, the progeny are infertile. 5. A large population of animals is split in two by a physical barrier. The gene pools of the two resulting populations then diverge until each population becomes a separate species. 6. Geographic isolation allows for the development of new species because- (1.) individuals from separate populations are infertile (2.) it takes a long time for barriers to develop (3.) the environment of the separated population differ enough to select alleles differently (4.) none of these7. Geographical isolation is a prime cause of- (1.) species extinction (2.) speciation (3.) genetic drift (4.) infertility8. The wings of birds and butterflies are _________ structures. 9. The idea that evolution occurs rapidly giving rise to new species in few thousand years is the basis of _______________ concept.? (1.) specialization?? (2.) phylogenetic gradualism? (3.) rapid counterbalance? (4.) punctuated equilibrium10.? All of the following statements concerning the theory of natural selection are true except-(1.)? Organisms produce far more offspring than are required for replacement.(2.)? The individuals in a population show variability in survivability and in their ability to cope with environmental stress.(3.)??The number of offspring that survive to reproduce varies amongst individuals.(4.)? The bodies of organisms in a population change by use and disuse, and the changes are inherited by the next generation. 11. Which of the following is probably the best explanation for the fact that Antarctic penguins cannot fly, although there is evidence that millions of years ago their ancestors could do so? Penguins live on land and feed in the water; therefore they have no need to fly.The Antarctic home of penguins is flat and barren; therefore there is no place to fly.Ancestral penguins without large wings were better able to swim and feed in the water; therefore they passed their genes for shorter wings structure onto their offspring.Ancestral penguins did not use their wings for long periods of time; therefore today’s penguins have only tiny, nonfunctional wings.How does natural selection affect the frequency of mutations? 1. . Under conditions of high selection pressure, beneficial mutations occur more frequently2. . Natural selection does not affect the frequency of mutations All mutations increase when selection pressure is highWhen there is no selection pressure, mutations do not occurAnswers for Evolution Review 2013 - 20141-12-a3-e4-c5-b6-37-28-analogous9-410-411- 312- 2AP Biology 2013 -2014 – Evolution - Possible Free Response Questions You will have to answer TWO of these 10 questions on your test. I would highly recommend that you study and can answer ALL of these before you take the exam.1. In terms of climate and geology, Charles Darwin noted that the Galapagos Islands are nearly identical to the Canary Islands. Darwin was struck, however, by the fact that the Canary Islands, just off the coast of Africa (200km or 120 miles), contain very few unique species. Whereas the Galapagos Islands, over 800km (~500 miles) off the coast of South America, are home to scores of unique species, found nowhere else in the world. Give a concise evolutionary explanation for why remote islands would give rise to unique species, while those relatively close to mainland contain few if any species not found on the mainland.2. Charles Darwin proposed that evolution by natural selection was the basis for the differences that he saw in similar organisms as he traveled and collected specimens in South America and on the Galapagos Islands. Explain the theory of evolution by natural selection as presented by Darwin.3. Although individuals who are homozygous for the sickle-cell allele (HsHs) often die at a young age, the sickle-cell allele (Hs) is common in populations living in areas where malaria is prevalent. (Refer to Lab 8!!)Briefly explain why the sickle-cell allele (Hs) is so common in regions where malaria is found.There are many diseases in which the homozygous recessive genotype is lethal at a young age. If these individuals never reproduce then why does the mutant allele persist in the population? Justify your answer.4. Darwin is considered the "father of evolutionary biology." Four of his contributions to the field of evolutionary biology are listed below. Answer #4a.- The nonconstancy of species- Branching evolution (Phylogeny- Chapter 26), which implies the common descent of all species- Occurrence of gradual changes in species- Natural selection as the mechanism for evolutionDarwin's ideas have been enhanced and modified as new knowledge and technologies have become available. Discuss how TWO of the following have modified biologists' interpretation of Darwin's original contributions.Hardy-Weinberg equilibriumPunctuated equilibriumGenetic engineering5. Biologists are interested in preserving the diversity of living organisms on the planet. a. Explain THREE of the following processes of phenomena, using an appropriate example for each.Mutationadaptive radiationpolyploidypopulation bottlenecksgrowth of the human populationb. For each process or phenomena you selected in (a), discuss its impact on the diversity of life on Earth.6. Charles Darwin proposed that evolution by natural selection was the basis for the differences that he saw in similar organisms as he traveled and collected specimens in South America and on the Galapagos Islands.Explain the theory of evolution by natural selection as presented by Darwin. Each of the following relates to an aspect of evolution by natural selection. Explain each of the following:Natural selection and the formation of insecticide-resistant insects or antibiotic resistant bacteriaSpeciation and isolationNatural selection and heterozygote advantageMuch of the power of the theory of evolution is its ability to provide a sensible framework for understanding the diversity of life. The illustration below shows the forelimbs of a variety of mammals. Describe the diagram and JUSTIFY how this serves as evidence for evolution by natural selection.8. Evolution by Natural Selection has been able to explain both the unity and diversity of life on Earth. Discuss how natural selection explains the following phenomenon and cite an example for each:a. Mimicryb. Convergent evolution9.?? Evolution is one of the unifying concepts of modern biology. Explain the mechanisms that lead to evolutionary change. Describe how scientists use each of the following as evidence for evolution: ????? a.)? Molecular genetics ????? b)?? The fossil record ????? c.)? Biogeography (continental drift) ????? d.)? comparative embryology10.?? Describe the nature of each of the following and discuss the role of natural selection in each situation: ????? a)? Industrial melanism ????? b)? DDT resistance in insects ????? c)? Sickle cell anemia and malaria ................
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