KEY Mass Extinctions

[Pages:7]Why?

KEY

Mass Extinctions

What is the biological significance of mass extinctions?

Evidence suggests that five mass extinctions have occurred throughout the history of the Earth--the most famous of which led to the extinction of the dinosaurs. Scientists are still studying the causes of these catastrophic events. What can we learn from mass extinctions, and what is their impact on the diversity of life forms found on Earth?

Model 1 ? Extinction Over Time

30

25 20 15 10

5

Total Extinction Rate (families per million years)

0

Paleozoic

Mesozoic

Cenozoic

E O S D C P Tr

J

C

P

N

542 488 444 416 359 299 251 200

145

65.5

23.5 0

Time (millions of years ago)

1. What are the names of the three eras identified on the x-axis in Model 1? The names of the three eras identified in Model 1 are Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic. 2. To what does the y-axis on the graph in Model 1 refer? (Include the unit of this variable.) The y-axis in the graph represents the total number of families that have gone extinct over time. 3. According to Model 1, approximately how long did each of these eras last?

a. Paleozoic 291 million years b. Mesozoic 185.5 million years

c. Cenozoic 65.5 million years

4. The letters below each era refer to discrete time periods that are listed in the table below. Complete the columns to indicate the approximate length of time each period lasted.

Era Paleozoic

Mesozoic Cenozoic

Period Edicaran Ordovician Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene

Length of time (in millions of years) 54 million 44 million 28 million 57 million 60 million 48 million 51 million 55 million 79.5 million 45 million 23.5 million

5. Circle the five major mass extinctions on the graph in Model 1. 6. List the period in which each mass extinction begins and ends.

Mass Extinction 1 begins in Ordovician and ends inSilurian.

Mass Extinction 2 begins in Devonian and ends in Carboniferous.

Mass Extinction 3 begins in Permian and ends in Triassic.

Mass Extinction 4 begins in Triassic and ends in Jurassic.

Mass Extinction 5 begins in Cretaceous and ends in Paleogene. 7. What appears to be one criterion that scientists use when defining the timing of geologic periods?

Scientists use mass extinctions as a way to define the timing of geologic time periods.

8. Scientists name mass extinctions using the name of the time period during which the extinction began. Using this information, with your group name each of the five mass extinctions. Ordovician Mass Extinction, Devonian Mass Extinction, Permian Mass Extinction, Triassic Mass Extinction, and Cretaceous Mass extinction.

9. Carefully study the graph in Model 1.

a. The line on the graph is never flat. What does this tell you about the rate of extinctions over time?

b. The line never reaches zero. What does this tell you? Since the line never reaches zero, this tells us that there is always life on Earth.

2

POGILTM Activities for AP* Biology

10. Species may become extinct for many different reasons. Brainstorm with your group and list five different factors that might cause a large number of species to become extinct.

Read This!

During the Permian extinction, 96% of all marine animal species became extinct. One suggested explanation for this is a series of massive volcanic eruptions that produced enough CO2 to warm the global climate by approximately 6 oC. The leading theory for the Cretaceous extinction (which led to the disappearance of dinosaurs), is that a large extraterrestrial object collided with the Earth and resulted in a cloud of debris that disturbed the global climate.

11. Look at your group's answers to Question 10. Were any of the explanations given in the Read This! box also on your list? If not, add them now.

Mass Extinctions

3

Model 2 ? Diversity of Life

Diversity of Life and Geological Time

1000

900

Number of Families of Organisms

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

Paleozoic

Mesozoic

Cenozoic

E O S D C P Tr

J

C

P

N

542 488 444 416 359 299 251 200

145

65.5

23.5 0

Time (millions of years ago)

12. How is the dependent variable in Model 2 different from that in Model 1? The dependent variable in Model 1 was the number of families that went extinct versus the dependent variable in Model 2 is how many families are living.

13. What is the overall trend shown in the graph in Model 2? The overall trend in the graph in Model 2 is increasing numbers of families of organisms.

14. The number of families of organisms is an indicator of biodiversity. Looking at the graph, what can you conclude about the biodiversity on Earth over the time period shown? Looking at the graph, we can conclude that the biodiversity of life over the time is increasing.

Therefore there are more species living on Earth as time goes on. 15. On the graph in Model 2, mark the location of the five mass extinction events depicted in

Model 1 with arrows.

16. What is the immediate effect of mass extinctions on the number of families of organisms?

The immediate effect of mass extinctions is that the number of families of organisms goes down.

Therefore, the amount of biodiversity on Earth decreases immediately after a mass extinction event. 17. Using the graph in Model 2, estimate how long it takes for the number of families to recover

after a mass extinction. It takes millions of years for the numbers of families of organisms to increase-some recover quicker than others. For example, after the Ordovician extinction, it only takes about 20

4

POGILTM Activities for AP* Biology

million years versus after the Permian extinction, it takes 100 million years.

Mass Extinctions

5

Read This!

Mass extinctions leave behind niches in ecosystems that can be filled by new or existing species that exhibit adaptations allowing them to survive in those spaces. This process is called adaptive radiation. For example, the fossil record shows that mammals living more than 65.5 million years ago were mostly small, rodent-like, burrowing creatures without much diversity. After the Cretaceous mass extinction, however, there was a dramatic increase in the number and types of mammals.

18. Propose an explanation for why small rodents were able to survive the Cretaceous mass extinction.

If rodents were small, they could hide deep within the Earth to shield themselves from some of the global climate change. Small rodents eat less, and can therefore survive much easier than larger organisms when food becomes scarce. Small rodents also tend to hoard food so they could survive for longer periods of time. Also, they reproduce on a much faster scale-allowing them better adapt to a rapidly changing Earth.

19. How did the extinction of the dinosaurs allow the adaptive radiation of mammals to occur?

The extinction of the dinosaurs allowed for small rodents to fill niches that the dinosaurs and other organisms filled before. Since rodents tend to eat a large variety of food, they were able to fill more roles that were previously dominated by dinosaurs. This allowed the rodents to grow in size.

20. What evidence do you see from Model 2 that large scale adaptive radiation occurred following the five mass extinctions? Life on Earth started to diversify as soon as a mass extinction event occurred. This shows that the surviving life started to adapt to a new environment and become different species.

21. Predict what would have happened if all of the early mammals living 66 million years ago had died out in the Cretaceous mass extinction?

22. Many biologists propose that we are currently in a sixth major extinction. If this is true, this mass extinction event may be the first caused by one of the Earth's inhabitants--humans. What human actions do you think may be the cause of the increased rate of extinction today? One of the major actions of humans that is causing an increased rate of extinction is the removal of natural

habitat. When a species loses its habitat, it may not be able to adapt fast enough to survive and may go extinct.

23. What data could you collect that would support the idea that we are currently at the start of the sixth mass extinction? The number of families of organisms on Earth total and the number of families of organisms going extinct. This ratio could help to determine if species are going extinct at a faster rate than they are diversifying-a sign of a mass extinction.

6

POGILTM Activities for AP* Biology

24. In light of your group's answers to the previous questions, what would you predict to be the long-term result of a sixth mass extinction?

Mass Extinctions

7

 ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download