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AP Biology Vocabulary List by ChapterChapter 1BiosphereEcosystemBiological communityPopulationOrganismOrgan systemOrganTissueCellOrganelleMoleculeProducerConsumerDNAGenesGenomeEmergent propertiesNegative feedback regulationPositive feedback regulationTaxonomyNatural selectionScience InquiryObservationDataHypothesisControlled experimentChapter 2MatterElementCompoundTrace elementsAtomNeutronProtonsElectronAtomic nucleusAtomic numberMass numberAtomic massIsotopesRadioactive isotopeEnergyPotential energyKinetic energy Energy levelsValence electronsElectron configurationChemical bondsCovalent bondsIonic bondsHydrogen bondsVan der Waals interactionsMoleculeSingle bondDouble bondTriple bondStructural formulaMolecular formulaElectronegativityNonpolar covalent bondPolar covalent bondAnionCationIonic compoundChemical reactionReactantsProductsChemical equilibriumChapter 3CohesionAdhesionSurface tensionHeatTemperatureSpecific heatHeat of vaporizationEvaporative coolingSolutionSolventSoluteAqueous solutionHydrophilicHydrophobicMolecular massMoleMolar massMolarityHydroxide ionHydrogen ionAcidBasepH pH scaleBuffersChapter 4Organic chemistryTetravalenceHydrocarbonsIsomersStructural isomerGeometric isomerFunctional groupHydroxyl groupCarbonyl groupCarboxyl groupAmino groupSulfhydryl groupPhosphate groupATPChapter 5MacromoleculePolymerMonomerDehydration reactionHydrolysisCarbohydratesMonosaccharidesDisaccharidesPolysaccharidesGlycosidic linkageGlycogenCelluloseChitinLipidsFatty acidGlycerolTriacylglycerolSaturated fatty acidUnsaturated fatty acidPhospholipidsSteroidsCholesterolEnzymesCatalystsPolypeptidesProteinAmino acidsR-groupPeptide bondDenaturationNucleic acidsNucleotidesPyrimidinesPurinesChapter 6 Bound ribosomesCapsuleCell fractionationCell motilityCell wallCentral vacuoleCentriolesCentrosomeChlorophyllChloroplastChromatinChromosomesCiliaCytoplasmCytoskeletonElectron microscopeEndoplasmic reticulumEukaryotic cellExtracellular matrix (ECM)FlagellaFood vacuolesFree ribosomesGap junctionsGolgi apparatusGranaLight/optical microscopeLysosomeMicrotubules/filamentsMitochondriaMitochondrial cristaeMitochondrial matrixMotor proteinsNuclear envelopeNucleolusNucleusPeroxisomePhagocytosisPiliPlasma membraneProkaryotic cellRibosomesRough E.R. Scanning electron microscope (SEM)Smooth E.R. StromaThylakoidsTransmission electron microscope (TEM)Transport vesiclesChapter 7 Selective permeabilityAmphipathic moleculeFluid mosaic modelExtracellular matrixIntegral proteinsPeripheral proteinsTransmembrane proteinsTransport proteinsChannel proteinsCarrier proteinsAquaporinsDiffusionConcentration gradientPassive transportOsmosisIsotonicHypertonicHypotonicLyseOsmoregulationTurgidFlaccidPlasmolysisFacilitated diffusionIon channelsVoltage gated channelsChemically gated channelsActive transportSodium-potassium pumpMembrane potentialElectrochemical gradientProton pumpExocytosisEndocytosisPhagocytosisPinocytosisChapter 8 MetabolismCatabolic pathwayAnabolic pathwayKinetic energyPotential energyChemical energyFirst law of thermodynamicsSecond law of thermodynamicsEntropyGibbs free energyEnthalpyKelvinExergonic reactionEndergonic reactionEnergy couplingAdenosine triphosphatePhosphorylatedActivation energyEnzyme-substrate complexActive siteInduced fitCoenzymeCompetitive inhibitorNoncompetitive inhibitorAllosteric regulationAllosteric inhibitionFeedback inhibitionChapter 9FermentationCellular respirationNAD+Electron transport chainGlycolysisKrebs cycleOxidative phosphorylationSubstrate-level phosphorylationAcetyl CoACytochromeATP synthaseProton motive forceAerobicAnaerobicAlcohol fermentationLactic acid fermentation Chapter 10PhotosynthesisAutotrophHeterotrophMesophyllStomataLight reactionCalvin cycleNADP+NADPHPhotophosphorylationCarbon fixationElectromagnetic spectrumPhotonsChlorophyll aChlorophyll bCarotenoidsPhotosystemPrimary electron acceptorPhotosystem I & photosystem IINoncyclic electron flowCyclic electron flowRubiscoC3 plantsPhotorespirationC4 plantsCAM plantsSucculentChapter 11Signal transduction pathwayLocal regulatorsGrowth factorsParacrine signalingSynaptic signalingHormonal signalingHormonesEthyleneInsulinTranscription factorsG-protein linked receptorsGTPGTPaseKinaseLigand gated ion channel receptorsProtein kinaseProtein phosphatasesSecond messengersCyclic AMP (cAMP)Adenylyl cyclaseInositol triphosphate (IP3)Diacylglycerol (DAG)Scaffolding proteinsChapter 12Cell divisionCell cycleGenomeChromosomesSomatic cellsGametesChromatinSister chromatidsCentromereMitosisCytokinesisMeiosisInterphaseG1 phaseS phaseG2 phaseProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophaseCentrosomeCleavage furrowCell plateBinary fissionCell cycle control systemCheckpointG0 phaseCyclinCyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)ApoptosisDensity-dependent inhibitionAnchorage dependenceCancer cellsBenign tumorMalignant tumorMetastasisChapter 13Genetic variationGenesAsexual reproductionBuddingCloneSexual reproductionKaryotypeHomologous chromosomesSex chromosomesAutosomesDiploid cell (2n)Haploid cell (n)FertilizationZygoteAlternation of generationsSporophyteSporesGametophyteMeiosis IMeiosis IICrossing overIndependent assortmentRecombinant chromosomesRecombination frequencyMap unitsChapter 14Gregor MendelTraitCross pollinationTrue breedingHybridizationP generationF1 generationF2 generationGeneAllelesLocusDominant alleleRecessive alleleLaw of segregationPunnett squareHomozygousHeterozygousPhenotypeGenotypeTestcrossMonohybridsMonohybrid crossDihybridsDihybrid crossLaw of independent assortmentMultiplication ruleAddition ruleComplete dominanceCodominanceIncomplete dominanceMultiple allelesPolygenic inheritancePedigreeCarriersSickle cell diseaseChapter 15Chromosomal theory of inheritanceWild typeMutant phenotypeLinked genesGenetic recombinationLinkage map Parental typesSex-linked geneHemophiliaNondisjunctionAneuploidyTrisomyMonosomyDeletionDuplicationInversionTranslocationChapter 16Watson & CrickWilkins & FranklinDNA structureHershey & Chase ExperimentsAvery, McCarty & MacLeod ExperimentsDouble helixPurinesPyrimidinesComplementary strandsSemiconservative modelOrigins of replicationReplication forkAntiparallel5′ end of DNA strand3′ end of DNA strand5′3′ directionDNA polymerase IIILeading strandLagging strandOkazaki fragmentsDNA ligaseLigatesPrimerPrimaseDNA polymerase IHelicaseTopoisomeraseChapter 17Gene expressionTranscriptionMessenger RNA (mRNA)TranslationRNA processingTemplate strandCodonsNontemplate strandInitiation “start” codonElongationTermination “stop” codonsReading frameRNA polymerasePromoterTerminatorTranscription unitTranscription factorsTranscription initiation complexTATA boxGTP capPoly-A tailRNA splicingIntronsExonsSpliceosomeTransfer RNA (tRNA)AnticodonAminoacyl-tRNA synthetaseRibosomal RNA (rRNA)mRNA binding siteP siteA siteE siteMutationsPoint mutationsBase pair substitutionsSilent mutationsMissense mutationsNonsense mutationsInsertionsDeletionsFrameshift mutationsChapter 18HistonesHistone acetylationDNA methylationHeterochromatinEuchromatinEnhancersActivatorRepressorsCorepressorTransponsonsOperatorOperonRegulatory geneRepressible operonInducible operonlac operonInducerActivatorCell differentiationCytoplasmic determinantsDifferential gene expressionGenomic imprintingDeterminationEpigenetic inheritance Feedback inhibitionProteasomesOncogenesMicro-RNA (miRNA)Chapter 19Viral genomesCapsidViral envelopesBacteriophagesHost rangeLytic cycleVirulent phageRestriction enzymesLysogenic cycleRetrovirusesReverse transcriptaseHIVAIDSVaccinesAntibioticsBinary fissionTransformationTransductionConjugationSex pilusMating bridgePlasmidEpisomeChapter 20Recombinant DNAGenetic engineeringBiotechnologyGene cloningRestriction siteRestriction fragmentsSticky endsCloning vectorDNA denaturationPolymerase chain reaction (PCR)Gel electrophoresisSouthern blottingRestriction length polymorphisms (RFLP’s)Human Genome ProjectDNA microarray assaysGene therapyDNA fingerprintGenetically modified organisms (GMO’s)Chapter 21MorphogenesisApical meristemsBlastulaGastrulaTotipotent cellsStem cellsEmbryonic stem cellsPluripotent cellsInductionEmbryonic lethalsHomeotic genesCell lineageCarpelsStamensPetalsSepalsChimerasHomeoboxHox genesChapter 22Charles DarwinNatural SelectionEvolutionary adaptationEvolutionCarolus LinnaeusTaxonomyFossilsPaleontologyJean-Baptiste de LamarckTheory of use & disuseTheory of inheritance of acquired characteristicsH.M.S. BeagleAlfred Russell WallaceDescent with modificationArtificial SelectionHomologyHomologous structuresVestigial organsMolecular homologiesBiogeographyChapter 23MicroevolutionPopulation geneticsGene poolHardy-Weinberg equilibrium5 Conditions needed for H-W equilibriumGenetic driftBottleneck effectFounder effectGene flowGeographic variationFitnessDirectional selectionDisruptive selectionStabilizing selectionDiploidyHeterozygote advantageSexual selectionChapter 24SpeciationReproductive isolationPrezygotic barriersPostzygotic barriersHabitat isolationTemporal isolationBehavioral isolationMechanical isolationGametic isolationAllopatric speciationSympatric speciationChapter 25PhylogenyFossil recordFossil typesMorphological homologyMolecular homologyAnalogy (analogous structures)Divergent evolutionConvergent evolutionTaxonomyGenus (genera)FamilyOrderClassPhylumKingdomDomainPhylogenetic treesCladogramChapter 51-54Proximate causationUltimate causationFixed Action PatternKinesisTaxisInnate behaviorLearned behaviorHabituationClassical conditioningOperant conditioningAltruismAbioticBioticSymbiosisMutualismCommensalism ................
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