AP Chemistry: Course Introduction Sheet
AP Chemistry: Course Introduction Sheet
Course Description: This course will prepare you to deal with the scientific problems of today. We will emphasize the contemporary aspects of chemistry, as well as the history and theory involved in chemistry. Through this course you will gain the general knowledge of chemistry, as well as problem-solving and decision making that will hopefully relate to your daily lives and assist you in the future.
Course Expectations:
1. Attend class daily! This course will move quickly which makes it easy to fall behind if you are not in class. If you are absent, please see me before school upon your return in order to get the make-up work. We will follow the “X + 1 Rule” ! If you are absent,
you have the number of days that you are absent plus one additional day to make-up all of your work.
2. I recommend that you set-up a “Buddy” system where a friend will pick-up all handouts and provide notes for you during the days that you are absent.
3. Be on time and ready to go when the bell rings.
4. Each day in class you will need your notebook and a calculator. You may leave your text book at home.
5. Be respectful of others in the classroom.
6. Complete your homework assignments. Often there will be a quiz the day after
homework is assigned. The homework grade will be the grade you earn on the quiz!
7. You are expected to be honest and to do your best work.
Grading Scale:
A+ 98-100 B+ 88-89 C+ 75-79 D+ 60-64
A 93-97 B 83-87 C 70-74 D 55-59
A- 90-92 B- 80-82 C- 65-69 D- 50-54
Homework: You will be given an assignment sheet at the beginning of each unit which lists your homework. You will have homework (almost) every night in this class. It is strongly recommended that you do all of the problems, but your grade will be a result of your performance on the quiz that covers the homework.
Come see me if you need help! I will be available before school in 1514. I also have 2nd and 8th periods free. It would be best if you let me know in advance that you are coming since I may have a meeting scheduled.
Study Skills: Learning good study skills is one of the most important things that you should master before you go to college. Most students taking AP chemistry are also taking other AP courses and are likely involved in lots of school activities. In order to survive, you will need to become an expert at time management. The key is not how long you study, but how effectively you are making use of your time. Develop a daily routine where you have a specific time and place to do your homework. Keep up on your readings and homework, try to find a group of students that are interested in forming study groups. Be sure to ask lots of questions during class.
AP Chemistry Unit I Targets Chapters 1-3
By the end of this unit you should be able to . . .
chapter 1
1. define and provide examples for each of the following terms: physical property, chemical property, physical change, chemical change, intensive property, extensive property element, compound, mixture
2. differentiate between the three states of matter.
3. list the commonly used metric prefixes and their meanings.
4. determine the number of significant digits in a measured quantity and determine the appropriate number significant digits in a calculation.
5. convert temperatures between Celsius and Kelvin.
6. perform calculations involving density.
7. convert between units by using dimensional analysis.
chapter 2
1. differentiate between protons, neutrons, and electrons in terms of charge, mass and location in an atom.
2. I can determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in isotopes and in ions.
3. describe the works of John Dalton, J.J. Thomson (cathode ray tube), Robert Millikan (Oil Drop Experiment) and Ernst Rutherford (Gold Foil Experiment).
4. use the periodic table to predict the charges of monatomic ions.
5. use the periodic table to predict whether an element is a metal, nonmetal or a metalloid.
6. write the names and formulas of ionic compounds, molecular/covalent compounds and acids.
7. calculate the atomic weight of an element given the abundances and masses of its isotopes.
8. distinguish between empirical formulas, molecular formulas and structural formulas.
chapter 3
1. predict the products for and write balanced equations for the following types of reactions: combustion, decomposition, sysnthesis (called combination reactions), single displacement and double displacement reactions.
2. interconvert between the number of moles and mass of a substance. I can also use Avogadro’s number and molar mass to calculate the number of particles (atoms, molecules or formula units) making up a substance.
3. calculate the percentage composition of a compound by mass.
4. calculate the empirical formula of a compound, having been given either:
a) mass or % composition, or
b) the mass of CO2 and H2O produced by combustion.
5. calculate the molecular formula, having been given the empirical formula and the molecular weight.
6. use stoichiometry to solve problems involving chemical reactions.
7. determine the limiting reactant in a reaction and determine the amount of excess reactant left over from a reaction.
8. calculate the theoretical and actual yields of a chemical reaction when given the appropriate data.
Target 1. I can define and provide examples for each of the following terms: physical property, chemical property, physical change, chemical change, intensive property, extensive property element, compound, mixture
physical property –
chemical property –
physical change –
chemical change –
intensive property –
extensive property element –
compound –
mixture –
Target 2: I can differentiate between the three states of matter.
|State |Picture |Movement |Shape |Volume |Compression |
| | | | | | |
|Gas | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
|Liquid | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
|Solid | | | | | |
Target 3: I can list the commonly used metric prefixes and their meanings.
|Unit |Giga |Mega |
|Mg-24 |78.70 |23.985 |
|Mg-25 |10.13 |24.985 |
|Mg-26 |11.17 |25.983 |
Example 4: Gallium has two isotopes: Ga-69 (mass of 68.9255 amu) and Ga-70 (mass of 70.9247). If the average atomic mass of gallium is 69.723 amu, what is the relative abundance (in %) for each of the two isotopes of gallium?
Target 8: I can distinguish between empirical formulas, molecular formulas and structural formulas.
Empirical Formula - the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound.
Lets look at ethene, C2H4…
Ethene can undergo polymerization and become a long strand of linked ethene molecules. The empirical formula would be C2H4 but the polymer may have a molecular formula several hundred times larger than the “building block” of the substance.
Molecular Formula - indicates the number of atoms of each element found in each discrete molecule of that compound.
An example of polyethene: C2H4 x 150 = C300H600
Structural Formula - a graphical representation of the molecular structure, showing how the atoms are arranged.
Ethene would look like this:
[pic]
Polyethene would look like this
[pic]
AP Chemistry Name ________________________
Review Chapter 1 and Chapter 2
1. _______ is the state of matter which has a definite volume but no definite shape.
2. Another name for a homogeneous mixture is a(n) ________________.
3. Can the elements in a compound be separated by chemical means? by physical means?
4. List 2 intensive properties and 2 extensive properties.
5. The SI unit for mass is the _______________; the SI unit for length is the _________.
6. Which of the following is the longest distance? 1 km, 106 (m, or 10-6 Mm?
7. 32°F = ________________°C = ___________________ K
8. 17.2 cm + 204.8 mm = ________________ mm
9. Which of John Dalton’s postulates was incorrect about atomic theory? Why?
10. 1 meter = _________________ cm
11. Name an element which is:
a. a gas and also a halogen (assume room T)
b. a metalloid
c. an alkaline earth metal
12. Write the empirical formula for glucose.
13. Write the formula for:
a. a polyatomic anion
b. a monatomic cation
c. any molecular compound
d. magnesium cyanide
e. nickel (II) nitride
f. hyponitrous acid
14. Name each of the following:
a. MnO4-
b. Cr(OH)3
c. NBr3
d. NH4Cl
Target 1: I can predict the products for and write balanced equations for the following types of reactions: combustion, decomposition, sysnthesis (called combination reactions), single displacement and double displacement reactions.
1- ALKALI METALS WITH WATER
M (s) + H2O (l) ----------> MOH (aq) + H2(g)
Na(s) + H2O (l) ----------> NaOH (aq) + H2(g)
K(s) + H2O (l) ----------> KOH (aq) + H2(g)
2- COMBUSTION IN AIR
Hydrocarbon (fuel) + oxygen -------> CO2 + H2O
CH4(g) + O2(g) -----------> CO2(g) + H2O(l)
C3H8(g) + O2(g) -----------> CO2(g) + H2O(l)
CH3OH(l) + O2(g) -----------> CO2(g) + H2O(l)
3- COMBINATION REACTIONS - 2 or more reactants form one product
A + B -------> C (generic equation)
2 Mg(s) + O2(g) --------------> 2 MgO(s)
N2(g) + 3 H2(g) -----------> 2 NH3(g)
4- DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS - one reactant forms 2 or more products
A ----------> B + C (generic equation)
2 KClO3(s) -----------> 2 KCl(s) + 3 O2(g) ; chlorates decompose to form chloride salts and oxygen gas
2 NaN3(s) ----------> 2 Na(s) + 3 N2(g)
CaCO3(s) ---------> CaO(s) + CO2(g) ; metal carbonates decompose to form metal oxides and carbon dioxide gas
Target 2: I can interconvert between the number of moles and mass of a substance. I can also use Avogadro’s number and molar mass to calculate the number of particles (atoms, molecules or formula units) making up a substance.
Avogadro’s Number: A number equal to the number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of C-12. Experimentally we have found this number to be 6.022 X 1023.
Molar mass Avogadro’s #
GRAMS MOLES PARTICLES (atoms, ions, molecules)
Example: How many moles of CO2 are in 10.0 grams of CO2?
Practice 1: How many molecules of H2O are contained in 150. grams of water? SYW!
Practice 2: How many hydrogen atoms are there in 36.0 grams of sulfuric acid? SYW!
Formula weight = sum of atomic weights of the atoms in a formula; we can use the term molecular weight if the substance is a molecular formula or molar mass for either.
Example: Find the formula weight of calcium nitrate.
calcium nitrate is Ca(NO3)2
1 Ca atom = 1(40.1 amu) = 40.1 amu
2 N atoms = 2(14.0 amu) = 28.0 amu
6 O atoms = 6(16.0 amu) = 96.0 amu
___________
164.1 amu
Practice: Find the formula weight of ammonium phosphate.
Target 3: I can calculate the percentage composition of a compound by mass.
Percent Composition: % composition is the % by mass contributed by each element in the substance
(# of atoms of element)(atomic weight) X 100
molar mass of the compound
Example: Find the percentage of nitrogen in calcium nitrate. (Answer is 17.1% N)
Practice: Find the percentage of water in copper sulfate pentahydrate.
Target 4: I can calculate the empirical formula of a compound, having been given either:
a) mass or % composition, or
b) the mass of CO2 and H2O produced by combustion.
mass % ------------> grams of each ---------------> moles of each --------------> empirical element element formula
Example: A compound is 62.58% C, 9.63 % H, and 27.79 % O by mass. Calculate its empirical formula.
Practice: What is the empirical formula of a compound which contains 25.9% nitrogen and 74.1% oxygen? (N2O5)
Determining the empirical formula of a compound from combustion analysis:
Example: Combustion of a 0.2000 gram sample of vitamin C (which contains C, H, and O) yields 0.2998 g of CO2 and 0.0819 g of H2O. Calculate the empirical formula of vitamin C.
Practice: Combustion analysis of toluene, a common organic solvent, gives 3.53mg of CO2 and 0.822mg of H2O. If the compound contains only carbon and hydrogen, what is its empirical formula?
Target 5: I can calculate the molecular formula, having been given the empirical formula and the molecular weight.
Example: A compound is found to contain 16.66 grams of carbon and 3.49 grams of hydrogen.
a. Find the empirical formula. (C2H5)
b. The molar mass is 87. Find the molecular formula: (C6H15)
Target 6: I can use stoichiometry to solve problems involving chemical reactions.
Stoichiometry is a process which uses balanced equations to solve problems.
Example: How many grams of O2 can be prepared from the decomposition of 4.50 grams of potassium chlorate?
Target 7: I can determine the limiting reactant in a reaction and determine the amount of excess reactant left over from a reaction.
Example: In order to bake 1 cake you need the following ingredients:
1 box of cake mix
1 egg
2 cups of flour
1/2 cup of sugar
3 tablespoons of water
Assume that you had 1 dozen eggs, 6 boxes of cake mix, 10 cups of flour, 10 cups of sugar, one quart of oil, and an unlimited supply of water. How many cakes can you make? What is the limiting “reagent”?
Example: A 2.00 gram piece of zinc is placed in 2.50 grams of aqueous silver nitrate.
a) Write the balanced equation.
b) Determine the limiting reagent.
c) How many grams of silver will be formed?
d) How many grams of the excess reactant will be left over?
Target 8: I can calculate the theoretical and actual yields of a chemical reaction when given the appropriate data.
Percent Yield Problems
Definitions:
theoretical yield = the quantity of product that should “theoretically” be produced (if all of the reactant is used up)
actual yield = the quantity of product that is actually produced when the reaction is done in the lab
percent yield = the relationship between the actual yield and the theoretical yield
percent yield = actual yield X 100
theoretical yield
Example: Fe2O3(s) + 3 CO(g) -------> 2 Fe(s) + 3 CO2(g)
If 150.0 grams of Fe2O3 reacts with excess CO, 87.9 grams of Fe is produced. Calculate the % yield.
Law of Definite and Multiple Proportions Experimental Demonstration
Purpose
To experiemntally determine the emperical formula of a copper iodide compound. The compound will either be copper (I) iodide, CuI, or copper (II) iodide, CuI2.
Your instructor will demonstrate a reaction between copper and iodine in the hood. The procedure is as follows:
Procedure
1. Mass an empty beaker.
2. Clean the surface of a Cu strip with steel wool. Place the clean Cu strip into the empty beaker and determine the mass of both.
3. Bend the strip into a concave shape, and sprinkle a small amount of iodine onto it. Under a fume hood and using tongs, heat gently to react the iodine with the copper. The unreacted iodine will leave as a dense, purple gas. The copper iodide product will remain on the slip as a creamy white solid.
4. Carefully place the strip into the beaker and find the mass.
5. Remove the strip from the flask and remove the compound from the strip by scraping it off.
6. Place the cleaned Cu strip in the beaker and find the mass.
Data
mass of copper before . . . . . . . . . . . _______________ g
mass of copper & compound . . . . . . _______________ g
mass of copper after . . . . . . . . . . . . . _______________ g
Calculations
Using the data above, show by calculations whether the formula of the compound is CuI or CuI2.
Discussion Questions
Using complete sentences, explain how the ratio of copper to iodine would be altered if:
a) some of the copper iodide had been knocked off before being massed.
b) some of the copper iodide had been knocked off after being massed.
c) In some procedures, after the copper iodiide is scraped off, the copper strip is rinsed with water and then dried off. How would the copper to iodine ratio be altered if the strip were not completely dried?
d) some scientists dry the strip by heating it over a bunsen burner. If heated too long some dark copper (II) oxide can form on the surface. Explain how this would affect the Cu:I ratio?
AP Chemistry Ch. 3 Review Sheet Name_____________________
Directions: Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper. Show all of your work, label your final answers with correct units, and circle your final answers!
1. Predict the products for the following reactions and write a balanced equation for each:
a) The combustion of glucose.
b) The synthesis reaction between potassium and chlorine gas.
c) The decomposition of magnesium carbonate.
d) Reacting magnesium oxide and water.
e) Reacting sulfur trioxide and water.
f) The decomposition of sodium chlorate.
2. Below is a chart containing data for the three naturally occurring isotopes of Mg:
Isotope abundance (%) mass (u)
Mg-24 78.70 23.98504
Mg-25 10.13 24.98584
Mg-26 11.17 25.98259
Calculate the atomic mass of magnesium.
3. Calculate the percentage of oxygen (by mass) in nickel (II) acetate.
4. Assume you have 5.0 liters of water. Calculate the number of each of the following:
a) the number of grams of water.
b) the number of moles of water.
c) the number of molecules of water.
d) the number of hydrogen atoms in this sample of water.
5. Antifreeze is composed of 51.6 % oxygen, 9.70% hydrogen, and 38.7% carbon by mass. The molar mass of antifreeze is 62.1 g/mol. Calculate its empirical and molecular formulas.
6. Menthol, the substance we can smell in mentholated cough drops, is composed of C, H, and O. A 1.005-g sample of menthol is combusted, producing 0.2829 g CO2 and 0.1159 g of H2O. What is the empirical formula of menthol? If the compound has a molecular mass of 156 g/mol, what is its molecular formula?
7. When a mixture of 10.0 g of acetylene, C2H2, and 10.0 g of oxygen, O2, is ignited, the resultant combustion produces CO2 and H2O.
a) Write the balanced equation for this reaction.
b) Which reactant is the limiting reactant?
c) How many grams of C2H2, O2, CO2, and H2O are present after the reaction is complete?
AP Chemistry Unit I Test Hints
What’s on your test? Anything from chapters 1-3 is fair game . . . even if we have not discussed it in class. Please look at the objectives for each chapter from the beginning of this packet. Test questions are taken from this list. Every unit test after this unit will contain material from previous units. This is to prepare you for the AP exam. Many questions on the AP exam require you to have knowledge of several topics in order to answer the question.
What is the format of the test? Part I will be multiple choice (no calculators) and part II will be free response/problems (you can use calculators). When working out a problem, try to do it in as organized a fashion as possible. You may not get all of the questions correct and the only way I can give you some partial credit is to try to follow your thought process. Always remember to pay attention to significant digits and PLEASE put units on your final answers and circle them.
How hard is the test going to be? The test will be challenging. Please do not get discouraged during the test. Just keep going and answer the questions that you do know. Come back to more difficult questions.
How should you prepare for this test?
1. Reread the chapters . . . it should make more sense now!
2. Check out the practice problems within the chapter.
3. Look over your notes and any handouts.
4. Make sure you can do all of the assigned problems in the book.
5. Get together with a friend who is also taking AP and study together.
6. Come in and see me if you need help.
7. Get plenty of rest and exercise.
8. Memorize those persnickity polyatomic ions and metric prefixes!
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D =
14
6
15
8
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