AP Human Geography



AP Human Geography

Chapter 8

Political Geography

1. What is the difference between old-style geography and human geography?

2. Despite the change in emphasis, why do you still need to know where things are located?

3. How has the nature of conflict changed?

Case Study / Changing Borders in Europe

4. What makes it possible for Germany and France to transcend political differences with regard to who controls the border area of Alsace?

Introduction

5. Why do some people consider national borders more important than physical features?

6. How has the end of the Cold War changed the political landscape?

7. How has globalization encouraged cooperation among states?

8. How has local diversity influenced independence movements around the world?

Key Issue I

Where Are States Located?

Problems of Defining States

9. List the four things an entity needs in order to be considered a state. Name the places that test the definition of a state.

Korea: One State or Two?

10. What are the prospects that North and South Korea will unite into one state?

China and Taiwan: One State or Two?

11. Describe the argument(s) as to why Taiwan is and is not a sovereign state.

Varying Size of States

12. List the top five largest states in the world.

13. What is the most pressing threat to microstates?

Development of the State Concept

14. How was most of the world’s land divided and controlled prior to 1800?

Colonies

15. Describe the difference between colonization and imperialism.

16. What were the main reasons for Europeans establishing colonies?

The Few Remaining Colonies

17. Where are most of the remaining colonies in the world located?

Key Issue II

Why Do Boundaries Between States Cause Problems?

18. What aspect of boundaries are geographers specifically interested in?

Shapes of States

Five Basic Shapes

19. Fill in the chart below with detailed information.

|Shape |Description |Positives |Negatives |Examples |

|Compact | | | | |

| | | | | |

|Elongated | | | | |

| | | | | |

|Prorupted | | | | |

| | | | | |

|Perforated | | | | |

| | | | | |

|Fragmented | | | | |

| | | | | |

Landlocked States

20. What is a landlocked state? Where are most of the world’s landlocked states located? What challenges do landlocked states experience?

Types of Boundaries

21. Why can political boundaries lead to conflict?

Physical Boundaries

22. Fill in the chart with the appropriate information.

| |Description |Positives |Negatives |Examples |

|Desert | | | | |

|Boundaries | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

|Mountain | | | | |

|Boundaries | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

|Water Boundaries | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

23. Why do ocean boundaries cause problems? What is the Law of the Sea?

Cultural Boundaries

24. Fill in the chart with the appropriate information.

| |Description |Positives |Negatives |Examples |

|Geometric | | | | |

|Boundaries | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

|Religious | | | | |

|Boundaries | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

|Language | | | | |

|Boundaries | | | | |

| | | | | |

| | | | | |

Cyprus’s “Green Line” Boundary

25. Describe the geography and demographics of Cyprus.

26. Describe the why the “Green Line” was created and how well has it worked.

Frontiers

27. What is a frontier, and where are they? What is the connection between frontiers and population growth and technological advancements?

Boundaries Inside States

Unitary and Federal States

28. What is the main reason for governments to reconstruct their governments to transfer some authority to local government units?

29. What is a federal state and give some examples? Why is a federal state good for large and/or diverse states?

30. What is a unitary state? What shapes of states lend themselves to be organized in this manner?

Trend Toward Federal Government

France: Curbing A Unitary Government

31. Why is France a good example of a nation-state? Why are they moving towards more federalism?

Poland: A New Federal Government

32. Why did Poland institute a federal system, and what challenges have they faced in this process?

Electoral Geography

33. What is gerrymandering?

34. Why are internal political divisions redrawn every ten years?

35. Who is responsible for redrawing the boundaries? How is this process different in most European countries?

36. Fill in the chart with the appropriate information.

|Type |Description |Who it benefits |Examples |

|Wasted Vote | | | |

| | | | |

|Excess Vote | | | |

| | | | |

|Stacked Vote | | | |

| | | | |

37. Why is gerrymandering potentially damaging to the political process?

Key Issue III

Why Do States Cooperate with Each Other?

Political and Military Cooperation

38. How did the Cold War influence cooperation between states?

The United Nations

39. Why have so many new members been added to the United Nations since 1945?

40. With respect to peacekeeping missions, what difficulties does the UN face?

Regional Military Alliances

Era of Two Superpowers

41. Describe how relative peace throughout the world was maintained during the Cold War.

42. What is Balance of Power, and how is globalization changing the power dynamics in the world?

Military Cooperation in Europe

43. What does NATO stand for, and why was it formed? What was the Warsaw Pact? How have the mission and number of member countries changes in NATO?

44. Fill in the chart with the appropriate information.

|Organization |Reasons for Existence |Members |

|OSCE | | |

| | | |

|OAS | | |

| | | |

|AU | | |

| | | |

|The | | |

|Commonwealth | | |

| | | |

Economic Cooperation

45. What are the two key differences with respect to global power arrangements after the end of the Cold War?

46. What is the EU, and why does it continue to add new states?

47. Who were the original members of the EU? What states are possibly being considered for inclusion into the EU? Why might they not gain admittance?

48. What is the main task of the EU? Why has the EU taken on more importance in recent years?

Key Issue IV

Why Has Terrorism Increased?

49. According to your book, what is the definition of terrorism?

50. How do terrorists attempt to achieve their goals?

51. Why do terrorist rationalize the use of violence?

Terrorism by Individuals and Organizations

52. Why is it difficult to distinguish between terrorism and acts of political violence?

Terrorism against Americans

53. Why do you think most Americans didn’t pay attention to most terrorist attacks prior to 9/11?

September 11, 2001, Attacks

54. Who was most responsible for the terrorist attacks on 9/11?

Al-Qaeda

55. Why did Bin Laden issue a declaration of war in 1998 against the United States?

56. How is Al Qaeda organized from a leadership and geographic perspective?

State Support for Terrorism

58. Fill in the chart with examples for the different levels of support for terrorists.

| |Sanctuary |Providing weapons et. |Planning attacks |

|Libya | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

|Afghanistan | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

|Iraq | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

|Iran | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

|Pakistan | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

Case Study Revisited / Future of Nation-State in Europe

60. Create a “T” chart with information supporting the continued growth of the EU versus reasons why the nation-state is still strong.

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