AP Cognitive Psychology Formative Assessment Packet



righttop 40000100000 -2762256798310Name ____________________________________________________________/230 points020000Name ____________________________________________________________/230 points-88903583305*Reminder: Some content may be out of order. Using the index may help you locate the information in a different area of the text.4000020000*Reminder: Some content may be out of order. Using the index may help you locate the information in a different area of the text.36887153390900001143001790700AP Cognitive Psychology Formative Assessment Packet900007300AP Cognitive Psychology Formative Assessment PacketModule 31 – Studying and Encoding Memories (23 points)Ask Yourself (3 points): Imagine having a disease that significantly impaired your memory. Now, imagine having a record-setting ability to remember, like Russian journalist Solomon Shereshevskii. How would each affect your daily routine?Have you used the three parts of your memory system (encoding, storage, and retrieval) in learning something new today?Does it surprise you to learn how much of your memory processing is automatic? What might life be like if all memory processing were effortful?Test Yourself (11 points):Multiple-choice questions test our ____________________. Fill-in-the-blank questions test our _____________________.If you want to be sure to remember what you’re learning for an upcoming test, would it be better to use recall or recognition to check your memory? Why?Memory includes (in alphabetical order) long-term memory, sensory memory, and working/short-term memory. What’s the correct order of these in the three-stage memory model?How does the working memory concept update the classic Atkinson-Shiffrin three-stage information-processing model?What are two basic functions of working memory?What is the difference between automatic and effortful processing and what are some examples of each?At which of Atkinson-Shiffrin’s three memory stages would iconic and echoic memory occur?Multiple Choice (5 points):_____ Caitlan, a fifth grader, is asked to remember her second-grade teacher’s name. What measure of retention will Caitlin use to answer this question?StorageRecognitionRelearningRecallEncoding_____ In history class, James is effortfully connecting the new material to what he has learned in the past. This making of connections in the moment best describes James’Iconic memorySensory memoryWorking memoryEchoic memoryLong-term memory_____ Meloni’s new friend from another state just gave her his phone number. As she goes to enter the number into her contacts list, she finds that she cannot remember all the numbers in their right order. Which of the following is the best explanation for this failure?Being 10 digits long, the number is beyond Miller’s ”magic number.”She was so excited that she could not type the numbers fast enough.She lacks photographic memory.Because the number was so short, she did not pay enough attention to it.Her iconic memory disrupted her encoding of the number._____ Which of the following is most likely to be encoded automatically?The side-angle-side geometry theoremThe names of the last 10 U.S. presidentsWhat you ate for breakfast this morningThe names of your cousinsThe license plate of your new car_____ Which of the following is most likely to lead to semantic encoding of a list of words?Thinking about how the words relate to your own lifePracticing the words for a single extended periodBreaking up the practice into several relatively short sessionsNoticing where in a sentence the words appearFocusing on the number of vowels and consonants in the wordsPractice FRQ (4 points): Last evening, Carlos’ mom told him he needed to buy milk today. So, he hopped on his bicycle this morning and headed to the corner store to pick up a gallon. Explain how both implicit and explicit memories were involved in Carlos’ errand. Remember to write the definitions AND the application in your answer.Sensory Memory/Shot-Term Memory/Long-Term Memory (18 Points)Directions: For each of the following examples, determine if the statement refers to:Sensory MemoryShort-term MemoryLong-term Memory1.____________________This type of storage is generally believed to hold about 7 bits of information. 2. ____________________This type of storage lasts about 1-2 seconds. 3. ____________________This type of storage allows you to remember your fifth birthday party. 4. ____________________Echoic memory and iconic memory are both types of this type of storage. 5. ____________________This type of storage is the outcome of the workings of the hippocampus. 6. ____________________This type of memory storage acts as a filter. 7. ____________________This memory storage allows you to remember the capitals of all 50 states. 8. ____________________This type of memory storage can last up to a few minutes. 9. ____________________The capacity for this type of memory storage can be aided by chunking. 10. ____________________This type of memory storage does not interpret incoming information. 11. ____________________This type of memory storage is important for because it helps to integrate what we already know with incoming information. 12. ____________________This type of memory storage contains the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, and the central executive according to Baddeley’s model. 13. ____________________This type of memory storage allows us to take a ‘snapshot” of our environment. 14. ____________________Retrieval from this type of memory storage may be influenced by the decay theory. 15. ____________________and ____________________If these two types of memories are not sent for further evaluation, they will be lost forever according to the information-processing theory. 16. ____________________The capacity for this type of memory storage is potentially infinite. 17. ____________________This type of memory is also known as working memory. 18. ____________________Maintenance rehearsal can keep a memory in this area of temporary storage a bit longer. Module 32 – Storing and Retrieving Memories (17 points)Ask Yourself (2 points): Can you name an instance in which stress has helped you remember something, and another instance in which you stress has interfered with remembering something?What sort of mood have you been in lately? How has your mood colored your memories, perceptions, and expectations?Test Yourself (6 points):Which parts of the brain are important for implicit memory processing, and which parts play a key role in explicit memory processing?Your friend has experienced brain damage in an accident. He can remember how to tie his shoes but has a hard time remembering anything you tell him during a conversation. How can implicit versus explicit information processing explain what’s going on here?Which brain area responds to stress hormones by helping to create stronger memories?Increased efficiency at the synapses is evidence of the neural basis of learning and memory. This is called ____________________ - ____________________.You have just watched a movie that includes a chocolate factory. After the chocolate factory is out of mind, you nevertheless feel a strange urge for a chocolate bar. How do you explain this in terms of priming?When we are tested immediately after viewing a list of words, we tend to recall the first and last items best, which is known as the ____________________ effect.Multiple Choice (5 points)_____ What two parts of the brain are most involved in implicit memory?Frontal lobes and basal gangliaAmygdala and hippocampusAmygdala and cerebellumCerebellum and basal gangliaFrontal lobes and hippocampus_____ Researchers studying the links among emotion, stress, and memory have discovered thatEmotion blocks memory, and it is generally true that we are unable to recall highly emotional events.Excitement tends to increase the chance that an event will be remembered, but stress decreases the chance that an event will be remembered.Stress tends to increase the chance that an event will be remembered, but excitement decreases the chance that an event will be remembered.Both stress and emotion make events harder to remember.Both stress and emotion make events more memorable._____ Which of the following is an example of a flashbulb memory?Barry remembers an especially bright sunrise because he was by the ocean and the sunlight reflected off the water.Robert remembers that correlations does not prove a cause-effect relationship because his teacher emphasized this fact over and over again.Anna remembers when her father returned from an overseas military deployment because the day was very emotional for her.Kris has stronger memories of her second grade teacher than she does of her third grade teacher because her second grade teacher has the same as her neighbor.Anton remembers a moment from his last homecoming dance because a strobe light seemed to freeze the scene in his imagination._____ John has noticed that he does better on his chemistry exams when he takes them in the same seat that he sits in during class than when he sits in a different seat for exams. If he is properly prepared for each exam, then __________ may explain his difference in scores.RecallContext effectsExplicit memoryThe serial position effectFlashbulb memory_____ Which of the following is an example of the serial position effect?Remembering the most important assignmentRemembering the skills you learned early in life, such as walkingRemembering the beginning and end of your grocery list, but not the items in the middleRemembering the names of co-workers you met at your new jobRemembering where you left your cell phone when you cannot find itPractice FRQ (4 points): You have a friend, Rachel, who cannot remember where she left a check she had received from a relative for her birthday. She remembers having drunk several cups of tea the morning she received the check, and she remembers taking it to her bedroom. Explain how Rachel can take advantage of context-dependent memory and state-dependent memory to remember where in her bedroom she left the check. 3 Memory Processes and Types of Encoding (16 points)Directions: Indicate which memory process is described by each of the following statements: Encoding Storage Retrieval1. ____________________ While taking your final exam you are trying to recall which psychologist used classical conditioning to develop fear in a small boy named “Little Albert” which means you are engaging in which memory process?2. ____________________ While participating in a trivia contest, Noreen hits her buzzer because she knows that Abraham Lincoln was the 16th U.S. president. Which memory process is Noreen using?3. ____________________ Which process is being used when you repeat a phone number over and over so that you can remember it later?4. ____________________ Which memory process is related to keeping information in memory over a long period of time?5. ____________________ Although Terry knew all of the elements of the periodic table last year in chemistry class he cannot answer a particular question on the ACT science section because he simply cannot think of the atomic number for iron. Which of the three memory processes is failing Terry?6. ____________________ Dino is able to hold on to information he learned in his freshman biology class even years later. Which memory process explains how Dino can keep these memories in his long-term memory for such a long time?Directions: Indicate which type of encoding is being described by each of the following statements.Structural/visualacoustic/phonemicsemantic1. When you study by reading or talking aloud you are utilizing ____________________ encoding. 2. Marta is taking a test and she can see the answer to the question in her mind but she cannot come up with the word. Although she remembers where she saw the answer (it was on the top right side of a page next to a cartoon) she cannot recall the answer. Marta’s problem may be because she only encoded the ____________________ information.3. When you add meaning to what you need to remember for example by thinking of a personal example, you enhance the encoding process by using ____________________ encoding. 4. ____________________ According to the Craik and Lockhart levels of processing model, this type of encoding results in shallow processing. 5. ____________________ According to the Craik and Lockhart levels of processing model, this type of encoding results in intermediate processing. 6. ____________________ According to the Craik and Lockhart levels of processing model, this type of encoding results in deep processing. 7. When you put information about a friend’s address into your memory by looking at the address on the invitation you are using ____________________ encoding. 8. ____________________ Which type of encoding creates the strongest and most durable memories? 9. ____________________ Which type of encoding is involved when you choose to think of funny associations to help you remember the names of four new employees that you work with?10. ____________________ After Lillian receives her new locker combination she repeats it to herself aloud ten times in a row to help her put the info into memory. Which type of encoding did Lillian use?Module 33 – Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Improving Memory (17 points)Ask Yourself (3 points):Most people, especially as they grow older, wish for a better memory. Is that true of you? Or do you more often wish you could discard old memories?Can you think of an instance when you were sure you remembered something, only to discover later that your memory—or some aspect of it—was false?Where do you think your own memory strategies need most improvement?Test Yourself (6 points):What are three ways we forget, and how does each of these happen?You will experience less ____________________ (proactive/retroactive) interference if you learn new material in the hour before sleep than you will if you learn it before turning to another subject.Freud believed that we ____________________ unacceptable memories to minimize anxiety.What—given the commonness of source amnesia—might life be like if we remembered all of our waking experiences and all our dreams?Imagine being a jury member in a trial for a parent accused of sexual abuse based on a recovered memory. What insights from memory research should you offer the jury?Give at least eight memory strategies that can help you study smarter and retain more information.Multiple Choice (5 points):_____ Which of the following is an example of anterograde amnesia?Halle can remember how new locker combination, but not her old one.William has lost his memory of the 2 weeks before he had surgery to remove a benign brain tumor.Louis can remember his past, but nothing since experiencing a brain infection 4 years ago.Maddie can’t remember the details of when she was mugged downtown 6 months ago.Kalund knows French, Latin, and Spanish and frequently gets them confused on exams._____ Muhammad has been in his school cafeteria hundreds of times. It is a large room, and there are nine free-standing pillars that support the roof. One day, to illustrate the nature of forgetting, Muhammad’s teacher asks him how many pillars there are in the cafeteria. Muhammad has difficulty answering the question, but finally replies that he thinks there are six pillars. What memory concept does this example illustrate?Storage decayRetrograde amnesiaProactive interferenceRetroactive interferenceEncoding failure_____ What does Hermann Ebbinghaus’ forgetting curve show about the nature of storage decay?A slow, steady decrease as time goes onA rapid initial decline, followed by a leveling offRate of forgetting does not change as time goes onA slow initial decline followed by a rapid loss after several yearsRate of forgetting varies according to the emotional state of the learner_____ Suzanne gets a new phone number. Each time she tries to give someone the new number, she giver her old one instead. The fact that her old number is causing difficulty in her remembering of the new one is an example ofRetroactive interferenceRetrograde amnesiaPrimingProactive interferenceAnterograde amnesia_____ Regarding therapist-guided “recovered” memories of sexual abuse in infancy, which statement best represents an appropriate conclusion about this issue?Therapists who use hypnosis are likely to help their patients retrieve repressed memories.Statistics indicate that childhood sexual abuse rarely occurs; therefore, recovered memories of such abuse must be false.Memories are only rarely recovered; once you are unable to retrieve a memory you will probably never be able to retrieve it.One indicator of whether a recovered memory is true is the patient’s emotional response; only true recovered memories are emotionally upsetting.Since the brain is not sufficiently mature to store accurate memories of events before the age of 4, memories from the first 4 years of life are not reliable.Practice FRQ (3 points):While waiting in the checkout line at the grocery store, you see the cashier next to you get robbed. The police interview you. Describe how the following would hinder your ability to give an accurate description of the robber:Misinformation effectSource amnesiaProactive interferenceInterference / Amnesia Part I (20 points)Directions: Indicate which type of forgetting is indicated in each of the following examples. proactive interference retroactive interference anterograde amnesia retrograde amnesia. Note: some questions may not offer complete definitions and should be marked as NA.1. ____________________ As a result of a serious illness Brady was temporarily unable to remember any of the events that occurred just prior to getting sick. What is causing Brady’s memory problem?2. ____________________ Wyatt is frustrated because he cannot remember his new locker combination because all he can think of is his old locker combination. What is causing Wyatt’s memory problem?3. ____________________ An individual known as Patient H.M. had his hippocampus and parts of the surrounding areas of his medial temporal lobes removed to treat his severe epilepsy. Although the epilepsy was treated he was no longer able to learn new information or form new memories. What caused patient H.M.’s memory problems. 4. ____________________ Adolfo is trying to remember his high school chemistry teachers name but all he can think of is the name of his current college chemistry professor. What is causing Adolfo’s memory problem?5. ____________________ Niles is trying to remember the capital of Honduras to answer a difficult question on his history exam and cannot recall the name of the city despite using a variety of memory retrieval cues. 6. ____________________ In the animated film Finding Nemo, the regal blue tang fish named Dory suffers from severe memory loss. Although Dory is able to remember her past well, she is unable to transfer new information from STM to LTM and as such cannot form new memories. What caused Dory’s memory problem?7. ____________________ Hans a Swedish swing dancer is competing with his partner in a national competition. He is having trouble learning the new routine because his knowledge of the last routine he learned is blocking his memory. What is causing Hans’ memory problem?8. ____________________ After a car accident an individual finds that although they make a complete recovery they cannot remember the events immediately leading up to the accident. They are however able to remember what happened after they arrived at the hospital. What is causing this memory problem?9. ____________________ Leif is experiencing a memory disorder that prevents him from forming any new long term memories. What is the name for Leif’s condition?10. ____________________ Petra is trying to remember what the committee selected as this year’s theme for Prom to tell her mom but for some reason she can only think of last year’s theme. What is causing Petra’s memory problem?11. ____________________ Secret agent and government assassin Jason Bourne suffered a major loss of memory after a severe physical injury and forgot his past and what occurred before he was hurt. What caused Jason Bourne’s memory problem?12. ____________________ Vilhem who is Swedish has started studying Hungarian after he has already learned Romanian. When he is asked a question in Romanian he answers in Hungarian. What is causing Vilhem’s memory problem?13. ____________________ Adaliah is very embarrassed because she just called her new boyfriend by her old boyfriend’s name. She tries to explain to her boyfriend that it is a common error because since she was with her old boyfriend for so much longer that name is preventing her from thinking of his name right now. What caused Adaliah’s memory error?14. ____________________ Fritz is trying to remember the phone number of his best friend when he was a child whose name was Frieda. Fritz and Frieda were friends when he was ten years old and living in San Diego, California. He really wants to get in touch with her but he cannot remember her phone number. 15. ____________________ Following a serious illness which caused damage to the patient’s hippocampus they suffered serious permanent side effects including the inability to create any new long-term memories. What is the name for this memory problem?16. ____________________ In which memory retrieval problem does an individual have a problem recalling previously learned material because more recent learning has blocked these memories?17. ____________________ In which condition do individuals experience a loss of memory for events that occurred before a traumatic event or brain injury or brain illness? The amount of memory lost may be for as short as a few minutes or many years. 18. ____________________ In which memory retrieval problem does an individual have a problem recalling newly acquired information because older learning is blocking these memories?19. ____________________ In this condition individuals experience an inability to create new long term memories after a traumatic event or brain injury or brain illness. 20. ____________________ Individuals who suffer severe anterograde and or retrograde amnesia as a result of damage to their medial temporal lobes still have the ability to use and create new procedural memories. This is due to the fact that these memories are related to a different are of the brain. Which area of the brain is most associated with procedural memory?Interference and Amnesia - PART II (4 points)Directions: Create an original example for each of the two types of interference and each of the two types of amnesia. This will serve as practice for an FRQ on this topic. Remember to include both the definition and application to your scenario.Proactive Interference:Retroactive Interference:Anterograde Amnesia:Retrograde Amnesia:Forgetting (12 points)Directions: For each of the following scenarios or definitions indicate what type of forgetting explained in each example.RepressionDecayAlzheimer’s diseaseRetrograde amnesiaAnterograde amnesiaRetroactive interferenceProactive interference1. ____________________ Jessica used to play volleyball when she was younger. When she played as a kid the rules were that if the ball hit the net on the serve, the other team scored a point. Now the rules have changed and if the ball hits the net on the serve it is still played. Unfortunately, Jessica cannot get the old rule out of her head and now she never goes after the ball when it hits the net. 2. ____________________ Bria was involved in a bad trampoline accident and can no longer remember what happened right before the accident. 3. Some of the final symptoms of ____________________ include: changes in mood or behavior, changes in personality, and loss of initiative.4. ____________________ Blake is studying for his midterms. First he studies psychology and then he studies sociology. When he is done he can barely remember anything for psychology because sociology is fresh in his mind. 5. ____________________ Van was in a horrible car accident when he was younger. Now when asked about the accident he cannot recall anything about the accident. What BEST explains his action?6. ____________________ In the movie 50 First Dates the main character is in a car crash. She now relives every day of her life as that fatal day because she cannot make any new memories. 7. ____________________ You lost your debit card. Now you have a new pin and every time you try to remove money from your account you keep getting denied because you can only remember your old pin. What are you experiencing?8. ____________________ Sue has to give a speech this Friday in class. When Friday morning comes she runs late to school and misses her presentation. What BEST explains his action?9. Talle is cramming right before the test as he rereads his notes over and over again. He repeats the information to prevent the process of ____________________ which would cause him to forget the material. 10. ____________________ After Clive Wearing got ill, he struggled to make new memories. 11. Lucy has been struggling lately with memory loss. She also has difficulty performing familiar tasks and problems with language. She may be experiencing the early stages of ____________________.12. ____________________ Missy has been watching every season of Grey’s Anatomy. The current season is preventing her from recalling the characters from the first season. Module 34 – Thinking, Concepts, and Creativity (10 points)Ask Yourself (1 point): Imagine patiently waiting your turn at a store, and then having some later-arriving adults attended to before you. The clerk also wants to check inside your bag before you leave the store. What might all this say about the “teenager” prototype the clerk seems to have?Test Yourself (1 point): According to Robert Sternberg, what are the five components of creativity? Multiple Choice (5 points):_____ The mental activity associated with remembering, thinking, and knowing is calledCognition.A concept.A prototype.Convergent thinking.Divergent thinking._____ Which of the following refers to the narrowing available problem solutions with the goal of determining the best solution?Allowing for incubationsDivergent thinkingDeveloping expertiseConvergent thinkingExperiencing other cultures_____ Producing valuable and novel ideas best defines which of the following?PrototypingCognitionIntrinsic motivationVenturesome personalityCreativity_____ When asked to think of a bird, many people think of a robin. In this case a robin is people’s _____ for a bird.PrototypeConceptCreative ideaConvergent groupingCognition_____ Your teacher asks how many uses you can think of for a pencil. She is testing yourConvergent thinking.Intrinsic motivation.Divergent thinking.Protypes.Concept.Practice FRQ (3 points): A drug company is seeking to develop a new medication. Explain how the following elements of creativity could assist with the process.ExpertiseDivergent thinkingIntrinsic MotivationModule 35 – Solving Problems and Making Decisions (20 points)Ask Yourself (1 point): People’s perceptions of risk, often biased by vivid images from movies or the news, are surprisingly unrelated to actual risks. (People may hide in the basement during thunderstorms but fail to buckle their seat belts in the car.) What are the things you fear? Are some of those fears out of proportion to statistical risk? Are you failing, in other areas of your life, to take reasonable precautions?Test Yourself (11 points):Why is news so often focused on “something that hardly ever happens”? How does knowing this help us assess our fears?Match the process or strategy listed below (1-10) with its description (a-j) (10 points)._____ Algorithm_____ Intuition_____ Insight_____ Heuristic_____ Fixation_____ Confirmation bias_____ Overconfidence_____ Creativity_____ Framing_____ Belief perseveranceInability to view problems from a new angle; focuses thinking but hinders creative problem solving.Methodological rule or procedure that guarantees a solution but requires time and effort.Your fast, automatic, effortless feelings and thoughts based on your experience; huge and adaptive but can lead you to overfeel and underthink.Simple thinking shortcut that enables quick and efficient decisions but puts us at risk for errors.Sudden Aha! Reaction that instantly reveals the solution.Tendency to search for support for your own views and to ignore contradictory evidence.Holding on to your beliefs even after they are proven wrong; closing your mind to new ideas.Overestimating the accuracy of your beliefs and judgments; allows you to be happier and to make decisions more easily, but puts you at risk for errors.Wording a question or statement so that it evokes a desired response; can mislead people and influence their decisions.The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.Multiple Choice (5 points)_____ A methodical, logical rule that guarantees solving a particular problem is called a(n)Heuristic.Algorithm.Insight.Mental set.Confirmation bias._____ Thom believes that his congresswoman is an honest woman. He looks for examples of her giving to charity and ignores her ethics violations, which have recently been in the news. Thom is being affected byConfirmation bias.Intuition.Mental set.The availability heuristic.Overconfidence._____ Thom still believes that the congresswoman is an honest person even after she is arrested and sent to jail. Thom is now experiencingFraming.Intuition.Insight.Belief perseverance.Confirmation bias._____ Many people prefer meat that is 80 percent lean instead of 20 percent fat, even though they are the same thing. Which concept is being used when the same information is present in a more desirable way?IntuitionInsightFramingOverconfidencePerseverance_____ After seeing a news story about a kidnapping, we are more afraid of kidnapping, even though it is a very rare occurrence. Which of the following is the term for this phenomenon?Intuition insightConfirmation biasBelief perseveranceMental setAvailability heuristicPractice FRQ (3 points): A teacher received false information that one of your friends is a cheater. Explain how each of the following can lead the teacher to continue in this false belief:OverconfidenceMental setConfirmation biasRepresentative, Availability and Anchoring Heuristics/Bias and Algorithm (9 points)Directions: Read the following statements and determine if each example refers to:representative heuristic availability heuristic anchoring biasalgorithm1. ____________________ Kelly has just been involved with a car accident, now every time she gets into her car, she believes that she is much more likely to be involved in a car accident that she had previously thought.2. ____________________ Stacey has been watching the presidential debates to be sure that she is a well-informed voter regarding the issues of the upcoming election. Stacy identifies as a Republican. As she watches the debate, the Democratic candidate makes some very good points, however, Stacy is unable to move from her negative views of the candidates and after the debate her opinion of both candidates has not moved very far from her original thoughts. 3. ____________________ Teddy wants to run a statistical analysis on the data that he has collected for his Advanced Placement Psychology course. He plugs all of the information into a computer and then runs an analysis of the data. How is the computer analyzing the data to produce the calculations that Teddy requests?4. ____________________ Jennifer has a disagreement with her math instructor; she now believes that her math instructor does not like her. Each time she enters the class she immediately thinks about this disagreement, as a result Jennifer is very tentative in class and is reluctant to respond to questions, this has negatively impacted her grade. What method of problem solving applies to this situation?5. ____________________ Darren worked for a time as a waiter at a retirement home, on occasion people were impatient with him and could be rude. Now, Darren believes that all individuals who live in retirement homes are rude and impatient. What method of problem solving is Darren using?6. ____________________ Kari has been saving money for college for the past four years; she thinks that she is close to her goal amount of $30,000 which is helpful as she is currently a senior in high school. Kari begins to look for a university she might want to attend. Once Kari starts looking at the cost of college she runs across a number of places that would cost 30,000 in a single year. Kari is reluctant to move from her original view that she can find a four-year university that will not exceed her $30,000 budget. What method of problem solving has Kari employed?7. ____________________ As Debbie completes her daily word search there are three words she is having difficulty finding. In order to be sure to solve the problem with 100% accuracy, she looks at every possible word combination to find these last three words. What method of problem solving is Debbie using?8. ____________________ A dog viciously attacked Andrew when he was four, now that he is seven, he thinks that all dogs are mean and vicious. What method of problem solving is Andrew using?9. ____________________ Sophie is having an argument with her parents regarding her curfew, her parents bring up issues of safety and curfew laws, Sophie is hesitant to seriously consider these points and will only concede that she should perhaps come home fifteen minutes earlier than she had originally proposed. What method of problem solving has Sophie displayed?Module 36 – Thinking and Language (19 points)Ask Yourself (4 points):In what ways do you adapt your language to different situations (in class, among friends, with family)? Is this something you do automatically, or does it require effort?Consider a language you began to learn after learning your first language (if you later learned to speak a second language at home, if you are learning a second language at school, or if you just picked up some words or phrases from a new language while traveling). How did your learning this other language differ from learning your first language? Does speaking it feel different?There has been controversy at some universities about allowing fluency in sign language to fulfill a second-language requirement for an undergraduate degree. As you start planning for your own college years, what is your opinion?Do you use certain words or gestures that only your family or closest circle of friends would understand? Can you envision using these words or gestures to construct a language, as the Nicaraguan children did in building their version of sign language?Test Yourself (8 points):How many morphemes are in the word cuts? How many phonemes?What was the premise of researcher Noam Chomsky’s work in language development?Why is it so difficult to learn a new language in adulthood?What is the difference between receptive and productive language, and when do children normally hit these milestones in language development?If children are not yet speaking, is there any reason to think they would benefit from parents and other caregivers reading to them?____________________ is one part of the brain that, if damaged, might impair your ability to speak words. Damage to ____________________ ____________________ might impair your ability to understand language.To say that “words are the mother of ideas” assumes the truth of what concept?What is mental practice, and how can I help you to prepare for an upcoming event?Multiple Choice (4 points):_____ In the word “prepare,” each “r” can be considered aBabble.Morpheme.Semantic.Phoneme.Thought._____ Eighteen-month-old Becca is in the telegraphic speech phase. Which of the following best represents something she might say?“Mama”“Yogurt please”“Katie fall”“The dog is fuzzy”“I love you mommy”_____ The prefix “pre” in “preview” or the suffix “ed” in “adapted” are examples ofPhonemes.Morphemes.Babbling.Language development.Grammar._____ The idea that language develops because of an inborn language acquisition device was proposed byWernicke.Broca.Skinner.Chomsky.Sternberg.Practice FRQ (3 points): After an accident, Josh lost his ability to both speak and understand spoken language. Explain how the following terms relate to the situation:AphasiaBroca’s areaWernicke’s areaModule 60 – Introduction to Intelligence (10 points)Ask Yourself (1 point):The modern concept of multiple intelligences (as proposed by Gardner and Sternberg) assumes that the analytical school smarts measured by traditional intelligence tests are important abilities but that other abilities are also important. Different people have different gifts. What are yours?Test Yourself (2 points):How does the existence of savant syndrome support Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences?Joseph, a Harvard Law School student, has a straight-A average, writes for the Harvard Law Review, and will clerk for a Supreme Court justice next year. His grandmother, Judith, is very proud of him, saying he is far more intelligent than she ever was. But Joseph I also very proud of Judith: As a young woman, she was imprisoned by the Nazis. When the war ended, she walked out of Germany, contacted an agency helping refugees, and began a new life in the United States as an assistant chef in her cousin’s restaurant. According to the definition of intelligence in this unit, is Joseph the only intelligent person in this story? Why or why not?Multiple Choice (4 points):_____ An intelligence test that ass a person how many uses they can think of for a golf ball is most likely testing a person’s _____ intelligence.LinguisticPracticalCreativeSpatialAnalytical_____ According to Charles Spearman and others, _____ underlies specific mental abilities and is measured by every task on an intelligence test.Savant syndromeGeneral intelligence (g)Factor analysisIntelligenceEmotional intelligence_____ Victor is blind, unable to speak, and understands very few words. He is however, able to hear a piece of music once and play it back flawlessly on the piano. Victor’s abilities best represent someone withAnalytical intelligence.A high g factor.Savant syndrome.Emotional intelligence.Intrapersonal intelligence._____ Which of the following is not a component of emotional intelligence?Understanding emotionsPerceiving emotionsUsing emotionsManaging emotionsInventing emotionsPractice FRQ (3 points): Mark and Bill are planning to open a piano-moving business and are hoping for great success. Explain how each element of Sternberg’s intelligence theory could help them be successful in their business.Module 61 – Assessing Intelligence (14 points)Ask Yourself (2 points):What achievement or aptitude tests have you taken? In your opinion, how well did these tests predict what you’d learned or what you were capable of learning?Are you working to the potential reflected in your standardized test scores? What, other than your aptitude, is affecting your school performance?Test Yourself (5 points):What did Binet hope to achieve by establishing a child’s mental age?What is the IQ of a 4-year-old with a mental age of 5?An employer with a pool of applicants for a single available position is interested in testing each applicant’s potential. To determine that, she should use an ____________________ (achievement/aptitude) test. That same employer wishing to test the effectiveness of a new, on-the-job training program would be wise to use an ____________________ (achievement/aptitude) test.What are the three criteria that a psychological test must meet in order to be widely accepted? Explain.Correlation coefficients were used in this section. Here’s a quick review: Correlations do not indicate cause-effect, but they do tell us whether two things are associated in some way. A correlation of -1.00 represents perfect ____________________ (agreement/disagreement) between two sets of scores. As one score goes up, the other score goes ____________________ (up/down). A correlation of ____________________ represents no association. The highest correlation, +1.00, represents perfect ____________________ (agreement/disagreement): As the first score goes up, the other score goes ____________________ (up/down).Multiple Choice (4 points):_____ A test developer defines uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group. Which of the following best describes this process?Reliability testingValidationContent validationStandardizationPredictive validity_____ Which of the following is the best example of an aptitude test?Atul answers questions about the rules of the road.Mr. Anderson’s AO Psychology test covers the material from the current unit.Sherjeel takes the ACT for college admission.Jeffrey is required to translate 50 Mandarin sentences for his final exam.Lucy and Meghan discuss what they might study in college._____ If a test yields consistent results upon retesting, it can be said to have a high degree ofReliability.Validity.Content validity.Predictive validity.Normal curve._____ Which of the following can be used to demonstrate that only about 2 percent of the populations scores at least two standard deviations above the mean on an intelligence test?Reliability testAptitude testPredictive validity testTest-retest procedureNormal curvePractice FRQ (3 points): Name and briefly describe the three essential principles of test construction.Module 62 – The Dynamics of Intelligence (11 points)Ask Yourself (1 point): How do you feel about placing children of all ability levels in the same classroom? What evidence are you using to support your view?Test Yourself (3 points):Researcher A is well-funded about how intelligence changes over the life span. Researcher B wants to study the intelligence of people who are not at various life stages. Which researcher should use the cross-sectional method, and which the longitudinal method?Why do psychologists not diagnose an intellectual disability based solely on a erson’s intelligence test score?The Smiths have enrolled their 2-year-old son in a special program that promises to assess his IQ, and if he places in the top 5 percent of test-takers, to create a plan that will will guarantee his admission to a top university at age 18. Why is this endeavor of questionable value?Multiple Choice (4 points):_____ Which of the following is a longitudinal study?Researchers test the intelligence of all the students in a high school.Intelligence tests are given to the residents of a nursing home.Researchers randomly select 50 students from a high school with 2000 students. The 50 students are given intelligence tests.A group of college juniors is given an extensive battery of tests over a period of 2 days.A group of kindergartners is given an intelligence test. They are retested every other year for 30 years._____ Which of the following best represents crystallized intelligence?Jake can solve math word problems quickly.Grandpa Milt is good at crossword puzzles.Aliyah has a knack for training dogs.Anna writes creative computer programs.Heng takes a different route each day on his walk._____ Hal scored an 89 on an intelligence test when he was 16. Now, at age 56, he is interested in what his score would be as an adult. The score he is most likely to ear on the new test would be49.70.92.129.140._____ Intellectual disability is defined by both IQ and which of the following?Chronological ageMental ageAdaptive abilityPhysical conditionHeritabilityPractice FRQ (3 points): Provide three pieces of evidence that explain why more intelligent people might live longer.Cognitive Psychology Unit Practice FRQs (10 points)Amelia, a high school junior, is enrolled in a public speaking course in school that requires the students to memorize several speeches they will give to the class.Explain how the following items will help her in the course (3 points):Broca’s areaEchoic memoryMnemonicsExplain how the following will hinder her in the course (2 points):SyntaxOverconfidenceGeorge, a senior in high school, was reminiscing with his friends about their first homecoming dance. He has many good memories of the dance, but is unable to remember the songs the band played in the middle of the dance. Explain how each of the following psychological concepts terms could help George’s recollection or memory of his freshman-year homecoming dance. (2 points)Flashbulb memoryMood-congruent memoryExplain how each of the following psychological concepts could hinder George’s recollection or memory of his freshman-year homecoming dance. (3 points)Serial position effectRetroactive interferenceMisinformation effect ................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download