AP Psychology



AP Psychology

Unit 7A: Memory

Part 1

Key Topics and Terms:

Basic Model of Human Memory

Information Processing Theory

encoding, storage and retrieval

Basic Memory Systems

Sensory memory

Short-term memory

Long-term memory

Working memory

Encoding

Automatic processing

Effortful processing

Serial position effect

Semantic, visual, acoustic encoding

Mnemonics

Chunking

Memory

Memory: Capacity to retain and later retrieve information

persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information

Flashbulb Memory

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Human Memory

Processes

Information-Processing Approach

encoding- converting info. into memory (input)

storage- retaining info. over time (hard drive)

retrieval- locating stored memories (output)

Memory Systems

Types of Memory

sensory- immediate recording of sensations

selective attention- moves info. to short-term memory

short-term- temporary storage system

elaborative rehearsal- moves info. to long-term memory

long-term- holds large amounts of info. for long time

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

Memory Systems

Working Memory

focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information

Encoding: Getting Information In

Encoding

Automatic Processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information

space

time

frequency

well-learned information

word meanings

we can learn automatic processing

reading backwards

Effortful Processing

requires attention and conscious effort

Rehearsal

conscious repetition of information

Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables

Spacing Effect

Serial Position Effect

What Do We Encode?

Semantic Encoding

encoding of meaning

Acoustic Encoding (Phonological)

encoding of sound

Visual Encoding (Structural)

encoding of picture images

Encoding

Imagery

mental pictures

a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding

Mnemonics

memory aids

especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Encoding

Chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units

like horizontal organization--1776149218121941

often occurs automatically

use of acronyms

HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior

ARITHMETIC--A Rat In Tom’s House Might Eat Tom’s Ice Cream

Hierarchies

complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories

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