AP Psychology
AP Psychology
Unit 7A: Memory
Part 1
Key Topics and Terms:
Basic Model of Human Memory
Information Processing Theory
encoding, storage and retrieval
Basic Memory Systems
Sensory memory
Short-term memory
Long-term memory
Working memory
Encoding
Automatic processing
Effortful processing
Serial position effect
Semantic, visual, acoustic encoding
Mnemonics
Chunking
Memory
Memory: Capacity to retain and later retrieve information
persistence of learning over time via the storage and retrieval of information
Flashbulb Memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
Human Memory
Processes
Information-Processing Approach
encoding- converting info. into memory (input)
storage- retaining info. over time (hard drive)
retrieval- locating stored memories (output)
Memory Systems
Types of Memory
sensory- immediate recording of sensations
selective attention- moves info. to short-term memory
short-term- temporary storage system
elaborative rehearsal- moves info. to long-term memory
long-term- holds large amounts of info. for long time
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
Memory Systems
Working Memory
focuses more on the processing of briefly stored information
Encoding: Getting Information In
Encoding
Automatic Processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information
space
time
frequency
well-learned information
word meanings
we can learn automatic processing
reading backwards
Effortful Processing
requires attention and conscious effort
Rehearsal
conscious repetition of information
Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables
Spacing Effect
Serial Position Effect
What Do We Encode?
Semantic Encoding
encoding of meaning
Acoustic Encoding (Phonological)
encoding of sound
Visual Encoding (Structural)
encoding of picture images
Encoding
Imagery
mental pictures
a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding
Mnemonics
memory aids
especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
Encoding
Chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units
like horizontal organization--1776149218121941
often occurs automatically
use of acronyms
HOMES--Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior
ARITHMETIC--A Rat In Tom’s House Might Eat Tom’s Ice Cream
Hierarchies
complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories
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